tion of gifts of personal property is twofold; donatio inter vivos (a gift between the living) denotes the ordinary kind of gift, which goes into effect at once and has no reference to future events; in this last particular it is distinguished from donatio mortis causa (a gift because of—that is, in expectation of-death). This last form of gift is usually intended to avoid the necessity of making a will when circumstances render that impossible or difficult; only personal property can pass in this way; the transfer must be made when the death of the donor appears imminent, there must be actual or constructive delivery of the property, and the gift takes effect only upon the death of the donor. The gift, therefore, is really a conditional one and may be revoked upon the death of the donor. A gift inter vivos, on the contrary, is absolute, and not revokable. All kinds of personal property are subject to these two forms of gift, including even a chose in action, that is, property of which the owner has not the actual possession but the right of possession, and which he may reduce to possession by legal action. Such a right, in case of its gift to another must, be transferred by a duly executed written assignment. The only cases when a gift of personal property inter vivos is revocable are when they are prejudicial to the legal rights of creditors, when the donor is legally incapable of making the gift, or when the transaction is vitiated by fraud. The phrase donatio propter nuptias (a gift on account of marriage) was used in the civil or Roman law to designate the sum paid by a husband as the offset to the wife's dowry; this was considered partly as jointure for the wife in case of her survival, partly as security for the return of the wife's dowry to her heirs if she survived her husband. It is a general rule of law that a donation is not to be presumed; unless, that is, there is specific evidence to the contrary it will be assumed that the transfer of valuable property was made in expectation of a reasonable return; thus the support of a child by a relative not his parent will render any estate which he may possess or come into liable for compensation; and it has even been held that under special circumstances a father may maintain a claim for the expense of sustaining his child where the latter possesses a separate estate. The principles of the common law in regard to donations, as above briefly enunciated, are followed closely by the statutes and decisions of England and the United States. A special use of the word donation in this country is in the term donation lands, which were certain lands set apart by the state of Pennsylvania after the Revolution, in the northwest part of its territory, as a gift to its citizens who had served in the Revolutionary army.

DONATION OF CHARLEMAGNE was a gift made by Charlemagne to Pope Adrian I. in A.D. 774, of his conquests in Italy. It was also a confirmation of the Donation of Pepin (q.v.), but the extent and general conditions are not known.

DONATION OF CONSTANTINE was a forgery of uncertain date but probably published about 750 A.D., professing to be a gift in the year 324, of Rome and Italy from Constantine to Sylvester I., then Pope. The fraud was exposed by Laurentius Valla.

DONATION OF PEPIN is a term used to designate a gift made by Pepin, father of Charlemagne, to Pope Stephen in A.D. 755. Pepin was the first Frankish king whose election and consecration received the pope's sanction, and he also consecrated him anew in the church of St. Denis in Paris. In return for this Pepin was soon called upon to assist the pope in maintaining his temporal sovereignty. This he did by marching into Italy at the head of a large army against the Lombard king, Astolphus, whom he compelled to raise the siege of Rome, to abandon the city and exarchate of Ravenna, and also several cities that had formerly belonged to Greece, the keys of which he presented to the pope.

DONA'TI'S COMET, discovered June 2, 1858. It was nearest the earth Oct. 10, when its apparent length, 51,000,000 m., made it a sight of wonderful magnificence. Its distance in aphelion is estimated at 15 billions m., and its return to the solar system is not expected till the year 3808.

DO NATISTS were the followers of Donatus, a Numidian bishop who opposed the election of Cecilianus in 311 A.D. to the bishopric of Carthage, on the ground of the ordination having been performed by one who had been a traditor, or traitor-that is, one who, during persecution, had given up the sacred books to the pagan authorities; and also because Cecilianus had exhibited great hostility towards the victims of the late persecution. After some time, the council of Arles (Aug. 1, 314 A.D.) decided against Donatus, who in a short time seceded from the Catholic church, and formed a distinct sect, which, by 330, had 172 bishops in northern Africa. The D., like the followers of Novatian (q.v.), went upon the principle, that the essence of the true church consisted in the purity and holiness of all its members individually, and not merely in its apostolical and Catholic foundation and doctrine. They therefore both excommunicated all lapsed and gross offenders, not receiving them again but on being re-baptized, and also held that the efficacy of the sacraments depended on the worthiness of the administrator. Driven to fanaticism by the oppression of the secular power, they not only denied to the state all right to meddle with ecclesiastica! affairs, but bands of Donatist ascetics collected, attacked the imperial troops (348), and continued to devastate Mauritania and Numidia for a dozen years. In the beginning of the 5th c., they seem to have almost

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equaled the Catholics in number, and the eloquence of Augustine and these verities of Honorius were exercised upon the sect in vain; they continued to exist as a separate body. But by adopting a more prudent plan of proceeding, the Catholic bishops had, by the end of the 6th c., induced most of those that had left to return to the bosom of the church; and in the 7th c. the D. were extinct. Donatism is regarded by Neander (see Dogmengeschichte, translated into English by J. E. Ryland: Bohn, vol. ii. page 394) as a reaction against that form of Catholicism, which conceived the church to be an outward organism, continued by the succession of bishops, who formed the necessary medium of communication with Christ, and for partaking in the Holy Spirit and salvation." "Whoever is shown to be a Christian in a right and lawful manner, is to me a Catholic," was a saying of the D.; while the church in general, guided by Augustine, wished to let the worthy and unworthy remain mixed together, and to defer the separation to the final judgment." Thus, while the D. had the merit of superior strictness of theory, it must be acknowledged that their views were less practical than those of their opponents.

DONA TUS, ÆLIUS, a well-known grammarian and commentator, who taught grammar and rhetoric at Rome about 355 A.D., and was the instructor of St. Jerome. He wrote treatises, De Literis; Syllabis; Pedibus et Tonis; De Octo Partibus Orationis; and De Barbarismo; Solecismo, etc., the best edition of which is in Lindemann's Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum (vol. i.). These writings form together a pretty complete course of Latin grammar, and in the middle ages were the only text-book used in the schools, so that Donat came, in the w. of Europe, to be synonymous with grammar, or with the elements of any science. The Donat into Religion is the title of a book by an English bishop, and there was an old French proverb, Les diables estoient encore à leur Donat (The devils were yet in their grammar). The Latin grammar of D. has formed the groundwork of the elementary treatises on that subject to the present day. D. was one of the first books on which the art of printing by means of letters cut on wooden blocks was tried, and copies of these Donatuses are reckoned among the greatest of bibliographical curiosities. The author also wrote a commentary on Terence, of which we possess only a part extending to five comedies, to be found in the edition of Terence by Kloz (2 vols., Leip. 1838).

From this D. we must distinguish a later grammarian, TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DONATUS, from whom we have a very worthless life of Vergil, prefixed to many editions of that poet, and fragments of a commentary on the Æneid.

DO NAUWÖRTH, a t. of Bavaria, situated at the confluence of the Wernitz and the Danube, about 25 m. n.n. w. of Augsburg. It is well built, in the form of an amplitheater, round the side of a hill, and is surrounded by walls. It was formerly a free imperial city of considerable importance, but it has declined in population, which in 1890 was only 3733. It is historically interesting, however, as the main cause of the thirty years' war; the severity of the punishment meted out to the inhabitants in 1607, in consequence of their adoption of the reformed doctrines, and their assault on a Roman Catholic procession of the "Host," having led to the formation of the Protestant league, and Catholic union, the opponents in that long and severe struggle. It is likewise associated with the name of Marlborough, who stormed and carried the intrenched camp of the Bavarians here in 1704. Also, on the 6th Oct., 1805, the French, under Soult, obtained a victory here over the Austrians, under Mack.

DO'NAX, a genus of lamellibranchiate mollusks, of the family tellinide, with shell of two equal valves, which close perfectly, and are of a triangular form, prettily striated from the beak to the margin, the beak occupying the obtuse angle of the triangle. The species of D. are generally small. Several are found on the British 90asts. The fossil species are not numerous, and belong to the eocene formation.

DON BENITO, a t. of Spain, in the province of Badajoz, 55 m. e. of the city of that name. It is situated near the left bank of the Guadiana, and is in general well built, with wide and tolerably clean streets. It has several squares, the chief of which is lined with the principal structures in the town, including the town-hall, prison, and a convent; and in the center is a public promenade. D. B. has manufactures of woolens, wine, and oil, and its proximity to the Guadiana affords it great trading facilities. Pop. 1887, 16,287.

DON CAR'LOS. See CARLOS.

DONCASTER, a municipal borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, on the right bank of the Don, on the Great North road, 35 m. s. of York. The country around is flat, but beautiful. Fine old elms line the broad and level road from the south. D. is very clean and well built. The High street is a mile long. It has manufactures of iron, brass, sacking, linen, and agricultural machines. Its corn-market is one of the largest in the kingdom. Pop. '91, 25,936. D. was the ancient Danum, and lay on the Roman road from York to Lincoln. Roman coins, urns, and a votive altar have been found here. It was the Dona Castre of the Saxons. The Saxon Northumbrian kings had a palace here. D. was burned by lightning in 759, and frequently ravished by the Danes. It has long been famous for its annual races, begun in 1703, and held a mile s.e. of the town in the second week of Sept. Col. St. Leger, in 1776, founded stakes

which have been yearly run for by the best horses in England. On an eminence 5 m. w.s.w. of D. are the ruins of Conisborough castle, a Norman-Saxon round tower, 37 ft. in diameter and 86 ft. high, with walls 15 ft. thick, strengthened by square buttresses reaching the whole height. The door is arrived at by an external flight of 37 steps, and within is a cylinder open to the heavens.

DON COSSACK, a government in Russia in Europe, n.e. of the sea of Azov, on the river Don; 61,886 sq. m.; pop. '95, 2,222,755. The country is generally level and sandy, and the climate mild, though in winter there are sometimes very cold and severe storms. Cattle-raising is the principal business; hemp and flax are raised, and wine, salt, and caviare are among the exports. Seat of government, Novo-Tcherkask.

DONDO, a town in the Portuguese colony of Angola, West Africa, on the Coanza river. It has a small population, but is important as a centre of the caravan trade. It contains a small fort. On the opposite side of the Coanza are coal mines, and the Loanda railway is only a few miles distant. The swampy ground in the vicinity makes the place exceedingly unhealthful.

DONDRA HEAD, the most southerly extremity of Ceylon, is in lat. 5° 55′ n., and long. 80° 38′ east. As compared with cape Comorin, the corresponding point in the peninsula of Hindustan, it more directly faces the Indian ocean, and lies nearer the grand thoroughfares of eastern commerce.

DONEGAL, a seaport in the s. of Donegal co., at the mouth of the Eske, on a shallow creek of Donegal bay, 11 m. n.n.e. of Ballyshannon. It lies in a rich alluvial tract, surrounded on three sides by hills, behind which rise lofty picturesque mountains. On the river is Donegal castle, formerly belonging to the O'Donnels of Tyrconnel. On the shore are the ruins of a Franciscan monastery, founded in 1474 by Hugh O'Donnel. Pop. '91, less than 1500.

DONEGAL, a maritime co. of Ireland, in Ulster province, bounded on the n. and w. by the Atlantic. It has a very extensive and much indented coast-line, off which lie numerous islands. The surface is, for the most part, mountainous, moory, and boggy, with many small lakes and rivers. Some hills exceed 2000 feet in height. It has several rivers, of which the Foyle is the largest. Lough Derg is the largest lake. The minerals are not of importance and the inhabitants are mainly occupied with agriculture. Formerly, owing to the number of inaccessible retreats and the abundance of turf-fuel, it was the chief seat of illicit distillation in Ireland. In the county are some of the most congested districts in Ireland, and to relieve the pressure of population on subsistence, a royal commission on public works in 1887 advised the construction of railways. Since that time railway lines have been greatly extended in the county. Linen and woolen manufactures are carried on, and the female population is largely engaged in the working of muslin. Many of the inhabitants on the coast are occupied in the fisheries. The fine scenery in the northern part of the county draws many tourists, and the county contains interesting memorials of St. Columba, and the famous St. Patrick's purgatory, situated on an island in Lough Derg (q. v.). The population since 1841 shows a continual decrease, being at that date 296,448, and in 1891, 185,635. It returns four members to Parliament.

DONELSON, ANDREW JACKSON, 1800-71, American politician, nephew of Andrew Jackson, graduated at the U. S. Military Academy, and served for some time afterward in Florida, but resigned in 1822, studied law and was admitted to the bar in the following year. On Jackson's election to the presidency he was his private secretary, and in 1844 was appointed chargé d'affaires to the republic of Texas, with which he negotiated a treaty of annexation. He was afterwards minister to Prussia and to Germany, and in 1856 was a candidate of the American party for the presidency, but was defeated, after which he retired to private life.

DON ELSON, FORT, on Cumberland river, Tenn., 12 m. e. of Fort Henry. It was an important point in the war between the states, and was strongly held by the confederates until Feb., 1862, when the Union forces under Grant laid siege to it. Buckner, the confederate commander, asked for terms, to which Grant replied: “No terms except unconditional surrender will be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works." Before night the fort and 8000 prisoners were surrendered.

DONETZ', a river in s. Russia, a tributary of the Don. It is 673 m. long, and is chiefly in the country of the Don Cossacks. It is navigable to Zmiev.

DONGAN, THOMAS, Earl of Limerick, 1634-1715; b. Castletown, co. Kildare, Ireland. He served in the English and French armies with the rank of col., was appointed lieut.gov. of Tangier, 1678, and gov. of the province of New York, 1682. Being a Roman Cath. he was at first looked upon with suspicion by the colonists, but he showed himself champion of their interests, managed the relations between the English, French, and Indians with great sagacity, granted a charter to the city of Albany, 1686, which still remains the basis of its municipal rights, and refused to carry out the instructions of King James II. to introduce French priests among the Five Nations, on the ground that the measure was dangerous to English power on the continent. He was obliged to resign, 1688; returned to England, 1691; and succeeded to the title of Earl of Limerick by the death of his bro., 1698.

DONG-NAI' or DONAI, is the name of a river in Lower Cochin-China. It flows into the sea in the n.e. of the delta of the Mekong.

DONGOLA, the name of a province in Eastern Africa, traversed in its central part by the valley of the Nile. The Mamelukes took possession of the country in 1820, but it was regained for Egypt by Ibrahim pasha, and remained under Egyptian control till the Mahdist revolt in 1886, when it passed under the power of the rebels. After the revolt Egypt reoccupied the northern part of Dongola, but the country was not fully restored to Egyptian rule till 1896, when an army under the Sirdar made an expedition into that region. The Dervishes offered slight resistance, the town of Dongola was captured by the Egyptians on September 23rd, and the whole province was reannexed. The province comprises the towns of New Dongola (Dongola Marakah) and Old Dongola. The former is situated on the Nile, and is the capital of the province, having been built about the year 1820 around the administrative buildings erected there by the Egyptian government. It has a considerable trade and a government factory. The population is estimated at 10,000. Old D. is a ruined town on the right bank of the Nile about 75 miles s.s.e. of New D.

DONIPHAN, a co. in n.e. Kansas, on the Nebraska border and the Missouri river; crossed by the old California overland route; 378 sq.m.; pop. '90, 13,535.

is chiefly prairie, and the soil good. Co. seat, Troy.

The surface

DO'NIS CONDITIONAL'IBUS, STATUTE DE, called also the statute of Westminster the Second, 13 Edw. I. c. 1, is the statute which first established in England the power of creating an entail (q.v.).

DONIZETTI, GAETANO, composer, b. in Bergamo, Italy, Nov. 29, 1797; d. there April 8, 1848. He studied at the Naples Conservatorio under Simon Mayr, and began to write operas, which gave him a local reputation. In 1830 he produced Anna Bolena in Milan, which brought him universal fame. His first operas were imitations of Rossini, but in his late works the dramatic element was more conspicuous, and he seems to have forshadowed Verdi. Donizetti wrote more than sixty operas, including: Enrico di Borgogna, Venice (1818); Elizabetta a Kenilworth, Naples (1828); Lélisire d'amore, ib. (1829); Anna Bolena, Milan (1830); Parisina, Florence (1833); Torquato Tasso, Rome (1833); Lucrezia Borgia, Milan (1834); Maria Stuarda, Naples (1834); Lucia di Lammermoor, his masterpiece, ib. (1835); Marino Faliero, Paris (1835); Belisario, Venice (1836); La fille du regiment, Paris (1840); La Favorita, ib. (1840); Linda di Chamonix, Vienna (1842); and Don Pasquale, Paris (1843). He also wrote church, chamber, and pianoforte music. See Filippo Cicconetti, Vita di G. Donizetti (Rome, 1860). Much of Donizetti's work is mediocre and therefore doomed to oblivion, owing to the haste and carelessness with which he wrote. He was known

to strike off the score of an opera in two days, and the last act of Favorita is said to have been written in a single night.

DON'JON, or DUNGEON, the principal tower or keep (q.v.) of a castle (q.v.) or fortress. It was so called either from being placed on a dun or elevation, natural or artificial, or because, from its position, it dominated (Lat. dominio, corrupted into domgio, dongeo) or commanded the other parts of the fortress. From the circumstance that the lower or under-ground story of the donjon was used as a prison, has come the modern meaning of the word. See CASTLE.

DON JUAN is a legendary and mythical personage like Dr. Faustus. The two have been made the representatives of two different tendencies, both proceeding from the same principle-from the principle, namely, of unbelief and godlessness, which necessarily turns self into either a god or a beast-the principle of subjectivism, or selfishness become dominant. In Faust, expression has been given to the subjective idealism of the Germanic nations, their tendency to subtle speculation and a rationalism antago nistic to faith.

Although Faust and D. J. have thus the same source and the same termination, yet, as they proceed from opposite poles, they stand in contrast to each other, and, as was natural, have found different vehicles of expression-Faust in poetry, D. J. in music. The ideal of the D. J. legend is presented in the life of a profligate who gives himself up so entirely to the gratification of sense, especially to the most powerful of all the impulses, that of love, that he acknowledges no higher consideration, and proceeds to murder the man that stands between him and his wish, fancying that in so doing he had annihilated his very existence. Partly in wanton daring, partly to allay all uneasy misgiving, he then challenges that spirit in which he disbelieves to demonstrate to him its existence in the only way he holds valid-namely, through the senses. When this actually happens, when the spirit proves its existence and power by animating the marble statue which he had, with daring mockery, invited as his guest, and summoning him to the final tribunal, compels him to acknowledge the supremacy of spirit, and the worthlessness of a merely sensuous, godless, and immoral existence, it is all over with him, he is crushed, and sinks into hell.

This ideal career is aptly enough localized in one of the most luxurious cities of the once world-monarchy of the Saracens-viz., Seville-and the characters wear the names of the ancient noble families of the place. The hero of the story, D. J., is described as

a member of the celebrated family Tenorio, and is represented as living sometimes contemporary with Peter the Cruel, sometimes with Charles V. The chief aim of his sinful career is the seduction of the daughter of a governor of Seville, or of a nobleman of the family of the Ulloas. Being opposed by the father, he stabs him in a duel. He then forces his way into the family tomb of the murdered man, within the convent of San Francisco, causes a feast to be prepared there, and invites the statue which had been erected to his victim to be his guest. The stone guest appears at table as invited, compels D. J. to follow him, and, the measure of his sins being full, delivers him over to hell. At a later period, the legend came to be mixed up with the story of a similar profligate, Juan de Maraña, who had in like manner sold himself to the devil, but was at last converted, and died as a penitent monk in the odor of sanctity.

The genuine legend of D. J. was first put into form by Gabriel Tellez (Tirso de Molina), in El Burlador de Sevilla y Convivado de Piedra. This drama was transplanted to the Italian stage about 1620, and soon found its way to Paris, where numerous versions of it, among others Molière's Festin de Pierre (1669), made their appearance. It was brought on the English stage by Shadwell under the title of The Libertine (1676). In the end of the 17th c., a new Spanish version of Tellez's play was prepared by Antonio de Zamora, and brought on the stage. It is this version that forms the groundwork of the later Italian versions and of Mozart's opera. It was first put into an operatic form by Vincenzo Righini in Il Convitato di Pietra (1777); the text of Mozart's Don Giovanni was written by Lorenza da Ponte (1787). Through this famous opera the story became popular all over Europe, and has since furnished a theme for numbers of poets, playwrights, and writers of romance. A. Dumas has a drama, Don Juan de Maranna, Byron's Don Juan follows the name, and in so far the character of the original; and Prosper Mérimée's novel, Les Ames du Purgatoire, ou les Deux Don Juan, is founded upon it.

DONKEY, a quadruped of the genus Asinus. Its name is thought by some to be derived from its dun color with the suffix key referring to its diminutive size. As this animal is particularly noted for its obstinacy, the name is often applied to an obstinate or wrongheaded fellow. For a general description of the animal, see Ass.

DONKEY ENGINE, a small steam-engine, used in factories and especially on shipboard, as auxiliary to a large engine, drawing its steam from the main engine, and employed for pumping water into the boiler, raising and lowering goods and heavy weights, working the ship's rigging, raising anchors, working the fire apparatus, and like purposes.

DONLEY, a co. in n.w. Texas; formed 1876; and organized in 1882; crossed by Salt Fork of Red river; 908 sq. m. Pop. '90, 1056. Co. seat, Clarendon.

DONNE, John, D.D., the son of an eminent merchant, cadet of an ancient family in Wales, was b. in London in 1573. His parents were Catholics, and he was educated in that faith. At the age of 11, he went to Oxford, where he remained three years; thereafter, he removed to Cambridge. Although he greatly distinguished himself at these seats of learning, the faith of his parents prevented him from taking a degree. At the age of 17, he entered Lincoln's Inn, to read for the bar; and while so engaged, he carefully studied the principal points in dispute between Catholics and Protestants, and finally joined the latter. About this time, he wrote several of his minor poems, the erotic heat of which contrasted strangely with the austerity of his later years. In 1594, he went abroad, and lived for three years in Spain and Italy. On his return, he was made secretary to Lord Ellesmere, then lord keeper of the great seal. Here he fell in love with that nobleman's niece, and they were privately married. When the union was discovered, D. was imprisoned by his enraged father-in-law. After his liberation, he recovered his wife by legal process, and, without settled employment, went to reside at the house of sir Francis Wooley, a kinsman of his wife. After the death of sir Francis, he removed to London, and lived with sir Robert Drury, in Drury lane. With sir Robert he went to Paris; and on his return, at the instigation of James I., who was delighted with the Pseudo-Martyr, a book which D. had written against the Catholics, he entered holy orders. He was made D.D. by the university of Cambridge; and after accompanying an embassy to the queen of Bohemia, he was made on his return dean of St. Paul's, and vicar of St. Dunstan's. A fever carrried him off in 1631. His life has been written by Izaak Walton-forming one of the group of "lives" so praised by Wordsworth in a celebrated sonnet.

D.'s works consist of satires, elegies, religious poems, complimentary verses, and epigrams: they were collected and published by his son in 1650. An earlier but imperfect collection appeared in 1633. D. is usually considered as the first of a series of poets of the 17th c., who, under the infelicitous name of the metaphysical poets, fill a conspicuous place in English literary history. The directness of thought, the naturalness of description, the rich abundance of genuine poetical feeling and imagery, now began to give way to cold and forced conceits, and elaborate exercises of the intellect. Yet it is generally acknowledged that, amid much rubbish, there is not a little real poetry, and that of a high order, in Donne. His fancy was rich and subtle, his wit singularly keen and poignant, and his word-painting such, that, if he had possessed, in addition, music and sensibility, he would probably have enjoyed a perpetual popularity.