DONNELLY, IGNATIUS, an American author, born in Philadelphia, 1831, where he was educated in the public schools, and, having studied law, was admitted to the bar. Removing to Minnesota in 1857, he was elected lieutenant-governor of the state in 1859 and again in 1861. He served as a republican member from Dec. 7, 1863, to March 3, 1869. Besides his journalistic work as the editor of an anti-monopolist newspaper from 1873 to 1878, he is the author of an Essay on the Sonnets of Shakespeare, of Atlantis, the Antediluvian World, 1882, in which he tried to prove the existence in ancient times of a large island in the ocean opposite the straits of Gibraltar, known to early writers as Atlantis; and in 1883, of Ragnarok, the object of which was to demonstrate that the deposits of clay, gravel, and decomposed rocks, characteristic of the drift age, were the result of contact between the earth and a comet. His work, The Great Cryptogram (1887), from its application of Bacon's word-cipher (mentioned in De Augmentis) to the first folio of Shakespeare's plays, and its alleged proof of Bacon's authorship of the Shakespearian drama, attracted considerable attention. His other works include Cesar's Column (1891), The Golden Bottle (1892), The American People's Money (1895), etc.

DON'NYBROOK, or ST. MARY'S OF DONNYBROOK, a village and parish in Dublin co., Ireland; now included in Pembroke, a western suburb of Dublin. The parish contains the villages of Donnybrook, Irishtown, Merrion, Ringsend, and Sandymount. The vil lage of Donnybrook was long noted for its fair (begun under king John), kept up for half the month of August every year. In later times the fair lasted only a week. It was long notorious as a season of debauchery and fighting, and in 1855 was finally abolished. DONT, JACOB, violinist, b. in Vienna, March 2, 1815; d. there, Nov. 8, 1888. He studied the violin in the Conservatorium in Vienna, where he was professor of this As a solo and quartet player, he was much instrument from 1873 until his death.

esteemed. He also published works of value for the violin.

DON QUIXOTE. See CERVANTES.

DOO, GEORGE THOMAS, one of the best English_historical engravers of the present day, was b. in the parish of Christ Church, Surrey, Jan. 6, 1800. He was undoubtedly best known by his famous plate of "Knox Preaching before the Lords of the Covenant," after Wilkie; while his admirable rendering of Eastlake's "Italian Pilgrims coming in sight of Rome," his exquisitely finished heads of women and children, after Lawrence, his engravings from Raffaelle, Correggio, and others, have succeeded in winning for him a very high place in the estimation of the admirers of his laborious art. In 1851, he was elected a fellow of the royal society, and, in 1856, a royal academician. He was appointed chairman of the engravings committee of the London international exhibition of 1862. In 1864, he completed, after eight years' work, a large engraving of He d. 1886. the "Raising of Lazarus," by Sebastian del Piombo.

DOOLY, a co. in s.w. Georgia, on Flint river; 705 sq.m.; pop. '90, 18,146, inclu colored. The land is fertile, but much of it is occupied by pine forests. The chief proCo. seat, Vienna. ductions are corn, cotton, and molasses.

DOOM or DUM PALM (Hyphane Thebaica), a species of palm remarkable for the repeated forkings of its stem. It is a native of upper Egypt and of the central parts of Africa. In some districts, it is the most plentiful tree, sometimes even forming forests, sometimes growing amidst the very sands of the desert. Its leaves are fanshaped. Ropes are made of the fiber of its leaf-stalks. Its fruit is about the size of an orange, but of a somewhat elongated irregular shape; the outer skin is red, and this being peeled off, a considerable thickness of a spongy dry substance is found within it -also part of the pericarp-which has an insipid sweetness, and a remarkable resemblance to gingerbread, so that the tree is sometimes called the GINGERBREAD-TREE. This substance is used as an article of food, and an infusion of it as a beverage. The infusion is cooling, gently aperient, and very salutary in fevers. The albumen of the seed is hard and semi-transparent, and is turned into beads and other little ornaments. Each fruit contains one seed.

DOOMSDAY BOOK. See DOMESDAY BOOK.

DOOMSTER. See DEEMSTER.

DOON, & Scotch river, rising in the s.e. of Ayrshire in Loch Enoch. It runs n.w. through Loch Doon (5 m. by 4 m., amid treeless mountains), past Dalmellington, Burns's monument, and Alloway kirk, to the firth of Clyde, 2 m. s. of Ayr. It is 30 m. long. On leaving Loch Doon, the river flows through Glen Ness, a huge rocky and wooded ravine, not surpassed in picturesque beauty by any similar scenery in Scotland. On an islet in the loch are the ruins of Doon castle, where Edward, brother of Robert Bruce, is said to have lived. Burns has immortalized the D. in song.

DOOR AND DOORWAY, in art. The form of the doorway is determined by the architectural style of the building in which it is placed. In classical buildings, it is generally rectangular in form, though both Greeks and Romans, following the Egyptians, amongst whom the practice was almost universal, occasionally diminished the opening towards the top; and the Romans, in later times, very frequently threw over it the circular arch, which was the characteristic feature of their style. Egyptian doorways are known to us, for the most part, only by the examples which remain in monumental structures; and these, like the other members of the style as thus exhibited, are of gigantic proportions. The doorway of the temple at Edfu measures 74 ft. to its summit, but the lintel and cornice which cover it are so deep and massy as to occupy a space of no less than

23 ft, so that the height of the aperture is only 51. With the Egyptians, the doorway was an architectural object of very great importance. On either side of it, colossal statutes or obelisks were placed, and the approach to it was often lined with rows of gigantic sphinxes.

The Greek doorway was surrounded by moldings, and as the lintel or top-stone which covered it projected on both sides beyond the jambs, the moldings which ran round both jutted out at the place of meeting, forming a sort of shoulders, as in a doorway of Erechtheium. This arrangement, however, was by no means uniform, the moldings of the jambs being frequently quite separated from those of the architrave. The doors themselves, in antiquity, in private dwellings, were generally of wood; and in structures devoted to religious or public purposes, of metal, and occasionally of marble. They were generally paneled, and turned on pivots working in sockets. With the exception of the forms of the windows, and the tracery and foliage of the pillars, doorways are the most characteristic feature in all the styles of Gothic architecture. In the earliest, which we in this country are in the habit of calling Saxon, and which on the continent is commonly known as Romanic, they are of course very plain. There is seldom more than a few simple moldings, surrounding a semicircular arch, and in some of the earliest examples, the head of the opening is covered by two flat stones, leaning upon each other in the center, and their other ends being placed on the imposts, so as to form a triangle. In the Norman style, they become gradually more ornamental. The arch still continued in general to be semicircular, though there are a few instances of the segmental or horse-shoe arch. As the style advanced, the moldings and enrichments became more various. Of these, that which is most characteristic of the style is the zigzag molding. Circular or octagonal shafts were now frequently placed in the jambs, and these, too, were often ornamented with zigzag or spiral moldings, their capitals being enriched with foliage or grotesque heads or figures. The opening of the doorway often does not rise higher than the springing of the arch, and in this case it is generally flat, the semicircular space between it and the arch being frequently ornamented with a sculptured representation of some scriptural subject. The few Norman doors that exist are devoid of ornament, with the exception of projecting nails, and a simple iron scroll-work projecting from the hinge, and stretching to a greater or less extent over the door. As the doorway adheres strictly to the characteristics of the style, early English doorways of course generally terminate in pointed arches. In these the moldings are more numerous, the jambs contain a greater number of small shafts, some of which occasionally stand quite free, and on the whole the work is richer in form, and more finished in execution. The opening of the doorway is now frequently divided into two, either by a single shaft or a clustered column. In the decorated style, the doorways are not in general so deeply recessed as in the early English; and this circum stance takes from them in richness more than they gain in elegance by their greater height, and by the more delicate character of their ornamentation. In these, the mold ings are commonly enriched with flowers or foliage, either in running patterns or placed separately at short intervals. Of these, the commonest are the ball-flower (q. v.), and a flower of four leaves, which often projects boldly, and produces a fine effect. The iron scroll-work on the doors resembles that in the former style, except that the terminations are more frequently worked into leaves or flowers. In other cases, the doors are paneled, and covered with characteristic tracery. In the perpendicular style, though the door continues to be arched, it is usually placed under a heavy square external molding. The doorway in this style loses much of the depth and richness which belongs to it in the earlier styles which we have been considering. Shafts are still used in the jambs, though not always, and they are generally small and few in number; the capitals of the jambs rarely possess the same richness of foliage, and frequently consist merely of plain moldings. One or more large hollows are often left in the jambs, forming small niches, which frequently contain statues. This latter characteristic seems to be peculiar to the perpendicular style. In the door ways, as well as in the windows of this style, the fourcentered arch came into general use, but two-centered arches, and, in small doorways, ogees, are frequently to be met with. The doors in the perpendicular style, when ornamented, are usually paneled, the upper parts being sometimes covered with tracery, but the fine iron scroll-work of the earlier styles had entirely disappeared.

DOOR, the movable panel by which the opening to an apartment, closet, or passage is closed. Doors are made of wood, iron, bronze, or stone. When moving horizontally on hinges, they are called swing-doors; when two such are used to close one opening, they are folding-doors. Sliding-doors are those which move on rollers, and may be pushed aside. A jib-door is one which is concealed as much as possible when shut. A trap-door is one which opens vertically over a horizontal opening, as a hole in a floor, etc. When a small door closes an opening cut in a larger one, it is usually called a wicket.

Doors are commonly made of wood, and these we shall first describe. The most simply made door is constructed of several boards joined together at their edges by a rebate, or a plowed and tongued groove (see CARPENTRY); these are held together by a transverse piece simply nailed to each board; this is called a ledge, and the door thus made, a ledge door. These are commonly used for workshops, stabling, etc..

This frame has but when durability and appearance are to be combined, a stout frame is first made, See CARPENTRY. its parts joined together by mortise and tenon. The horizontal pieces of one or more openings-usually four-which are filled with thin pieces called panels, fitted into grooves plowed in the edges of the frame. the frame are, according to their position, called the top-rail, bottom-rail, lock-rail, and frieze-rail. The lock-rail is that to which the lock is fixed, the frieze-rail intermediate between the middle and top-rail in large doors. The extreme vertical parts of the frame to which the rails are fixed are called stiles, and the intermediate vertical part, a mounting. Doors are named one, two, four, six, etc., paneled doors, and are further described by the kind of molding which surrounds the panel, and from the description of panel. The main object of framing, besides appearance, is to counteract the tendency of the wood to warp, by binding the different parts together with pieces having their fibers at right angles to each other.

In many old buildings, the outer, and even some inner doors are made of massive oaken planks, bound together with ornamental iron straps. Iron doors are chiefly used to intercept fire. For this purpose, they are best made of wrought iron, with double sides. Bronze doors are sometimes used for churches and other large buildings. They are usually ornamented with castings in high and low relief. Those of the baptistery of the cathedral of Florence, by Ghiberti, and the pantheon of Rome, are among the most celebrated examples. A few examples of marble doors exist, chiefly in cemeteries and some Belgian churches.

DOOR, a co. in n.e. Wisconsin, between Green bay and lake Michigan; 450 sq.m.; Co. seat, Sturgeon Bay. pop. '90, 15,682. Agriculture is the chief business.

DOO'RA. See DURRA.

DOOR-KEEPER, in the senate and house of representatives of the federal congress, and in the corresponding bodies in state legislatures, an officer chosen by vote of the He announces messages from presidents, body who has general charge of the rooms. governors, or the co-ordinate legislative bodies; attends to the dispatch of documents, and assists the sergeant-at-arms in keeping order.

DOORN, in English, thorn, is a common name in s. Africa. It indicates various communes in the Cape Colony. It also designates two rivers, distinguished as Great and Little, both of them joining the Olifant, or Elephant, on the right, but the smaller from the s.e., and the larger from the north-east.

DOORN BOOM, Acacia horrida, the most common tree in the wastes of s. Africa. The name D. (thorn-tree), given to it by the Dutch colonists, and the botanical specific name, are due to the number and sharpness of its spines. It seldom much exceeds 30 ft. in height, but its timber is hard and tough, and is much used for house-carpentry, etc. See ACACIA.

DOOS TEE, a river of Beloochistan, running s. through the entire country, and falling It is about 900 m. long. into the Arabian sea.

DOQUET, or DOCKET (from the same root as dock, to cut off or clip), a small piece of paper or parchment, containing a brief or summary of a large writing. All attestations or declarations annexed to written instruments are called doquets, more particularly those that are done by a notary. The notarial D. is said to be the most ancient example of fixed style in Europe; and though latterly appropriated to the instrument of sasine, it was formerly common to all solemn instruments. It consisted of a Latin attestation, holograph of the notary, annexed to the notarial instrument prepared by him. The name of the notary was set forth, and the authority mentioned, by which he had been appointed to be a notary. In the case of an instrument of sasine, it stated that he was personally present with the witnesses; that he saw, knew, heard, and noted the circumstances mentioned in the sasine; that he prepared the instrument, and the number of pages it contained. In addition to his subscription, the notary was formerly in use in Scotland to add his signum, which was a flourish of the pen, called a paraph or ruck. Latterly, he only subscribed the document on each page; and on the last page, opposite to the D., he added to his subscription the motto which he had assumed on his admisThe notarial D. of instruments of sasine was superseded by 8 and 9 sion as a notary. Vict. c. 35, s. 5. See DOCKET.

DOR. See DUNG BEETLE.

DOR, or MONT DOR (often written less properly Mont d'Or), a chain of mountains in France comprised in the great group of the Auvergne (q. v.) mountains in the depart ment of Puy-de-Dome. They are clearly of volcanic formation, and rise in the Puy-deSancy, which is the highest peak of central France, to the height of 6,190 feet.

DORA D'ISTRIA. See GHIKA (HELENA).

DORAK', a t. of Persia, in the province of Khuzistan, situated on a marshy plain at the junction of the D. with the Jerrahi. It is surrounded by a mud-wall, and defended by a fort. By a canal which unites the D. with the river Karun, a considerable trade Population estimated at from 6000 to 12,000. is carried on.

DORAN, JOHN, PH.D., a copious contributor to miscellaneous literature, descended from an old Irish family of Drogheda, was b. in London in 1807. In early life he resided in France and Germany, and was chiefly educated by his father. So early as 1822, he produced the melodrama of The Wandering Jew, and at the age of 20 became the editor of the Literary Chronicle. In 1835, he wrote a history of Reading, but from that time till 1854, he confined his labors to the periodical press. In the latter year he published Habits and Men, followed by Table Traits and Something on them. Lives of the Queens of England of the House of Hanover appeared in 1855; Knights and their Days, in 1856; Monarchs retired from Business, in 1857; History of Court Fools, in 1858; New Pictures and Old Panels, in 1859; The Princes of Wales, in 1860; and a Memoir of Queen Adelaide, in 1861. In 1864, he produced Their Majesties' Servants, a history of the stage from Betterton to Kean; in 1868, Saints and Sinners; and in 1873, his most interesting work, an account of Mrs. Montague and the "blue stockings" of her day, under the title of A Lady of Last Century. In 1876, he published Mann and Manners, the letters of sir Horace Mann to Horace Walpole. His last work, London in Jacobite Times, appeared in 1877. Besides being a large contributor to miscellaneous literature, Dr. D. several times edited the Athenæum, and at his death, 25th Jan., 1878, he was editor of Notes and Queries.

DORCAS SOCIETY, the name given to an association of ladies who supply clothes to necessitous families. The name is taken from Acts ix. 39: " And all the widows stood by him weeping, and shewing the coats and garments which Dorcas made, while she was with them."

DORCHESTER, a co. in s.e. Maryland, on Chesapeake bay, intersected by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore railroad; 610 sq.m.; pop. '90, 24,843, inclu. colored. Productions, wheat, corn, etc. Co. seat, Cambridge.

DORCHESTER, a co. in Quebec, Canada, bordering on Maine, and drained in part by Chaudière river. Pop. '91, 19,042. Co. seat, St. Henedine.

DORCHESTER, Daniel, d.d., b. Massachusetts, 1827; educated at Wesleyan univ., Conn.; Meth. Epis. clergyman since 1847, and a presiding elder for three terms of four years each; member of Conn. state senate, 1854, and chairman of commissioners on idiocy, 1854-55; member of Mass. house of representatives, 1882; historiographer of N. E. Methodist Historical soc. 1881-85; pres. of national league (non-sectarian) for suppression of liquor traffic, 1885. Among his published works are: Concessions of Liberalists to Orthodoxy (1878); Problems of Religious Progress (1881); Giving and Worship (1882); The Liquor Problem in All Ages (1884). He has high standing as a religious statistician.

DORCHESTER, a municipal, and till 1885 a parliamentary borough, the co. town of Dorsetshire. It has a considerable trade in ale and beer, and sends much butter to London. Pop. '91, 7946. D. was the Roman Durnovaria or Durinum, a walled town with a fosse, and a chief Roman British station. Parts of the wall, 6 ft. thick, remained till 1802. Near D. are the remains of the most perfect Roman amphitheater in England, 218 by 163 ft., and 30 ft. deep, the seats rising from the arena, cut in the chalk, and capable of holding 13,000 spectators. There is also a Roman camp with a ditch and high vallum. Near D. is a large British station with three earthen ramparts, a mile and a half in circuit, and pierced by intricate passages, and inclosing barrows. The inner rampart is 60 ft. high, Here, in 1685, judge Jeffreys, in his "bloody assize," sentenced to death, in two days, 109 persons implicated in Monmouth's rebellion.

DORCHESTER, was formerly a town in Norfolk co., Mass., but since 1870 a ward of the city of Boston; pop. '90, 18,048. The locality was settled by Puritans from Dorchester, Eng., under the lead of the Rev. John White, who landed at Nantasket, June 11, 1630. The codfishery, so important to New England, originated in Dorchester, and there was erected the first mill in America driven by water-power. Large portions of this district are exceedingly attractive, with beautiful suburban residences.

DORDOGNE, a river rising in s. central France, running w. through the departments of Corrèze, Lot, and Dordogne, and falling into the Garonne, 13 m. n. of Bordeaux; about 260 m. long, and navigable for 150 miles.

DORDOGNE, a department in the s.w. of France, formed of the ancient province of Périgord, with small portions of Limousin, Angoumois, and Saintonge. Area, 3,546 sq. m. Pop. '96, 464,822. The surface is for the most part hilly, and covered with broom and underwood, with here and there a valley of extraordinary beauty and fertility, inclosed with hills, the sides of which are generally clothed with vineyards. There is a great deficiency of corn, but the want, as an article of food for the inhabitants, is supplied to some extent by the immense produce of the chestnuts.

DORDRECHT. See DORT.

DORÉ, PAUL GUSTAVE, a French artist of great and versatile power, was b. at Strasburg in 1832. He was educated at Paris, and very early gave indication of superior ability. His first attempts were sketches, contributed to the Journal pour Rire and others of the Paris periodicals. In 1855, he exhibited his picture of the "Battle of the

Alma," which was followed by the "Battle of Inkerman" in 1857. In this year he first became heard of in England by the reissue of his illustrations of the legend of the "Wandering Jew," the power of weird and grotesque imagination displayed in which could not fail to arrest attention. The success of this work might seem to have determined the future career of the artist, who afterward chiefly worked as an illustrator. His productiveness in this field is amazing. Doré illustrated editions of Rabelais, of the Contes Drolatiques of De Balzac, of Dante's Divina Commedia, of Don Quixote, of Lafontaine's Fables, of Milton, and of the Bible-all of which bear the impress of his original genius. Besides these, he illustrated Tennyson's works, Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, the Atala of F. Chateaubriand, and a tour in Valencia, besides executing Doré from time to time reproduced and a vast mass of miscellaneous work. exhibited in Paris and London many of his designs. The "Doré Gallery," used for "Christ leaving the Prætorthis purpose, was a resort in London for several years. The slightest of D.'s productions shows that ium" is his most important painting. he is at once artist and poet, and excites a greater interest than many works more free from hastiness and mannerism. In 1861, D. received the decoration of the legion of honor. He had some reputation as a sculptor. He d. 1883.

DO'RIA, ANDREA, a noble Genoese, and one of the greatest admirals of his age, was b. at Oneglia in 1468. At an early age, he took service in the guard of the pope, Innocent VIII., and afterwards distinguished himself in the battles which the Milanese and It was D. who, in 1503, the French fought against Genoa and the kings of Aragon.

after a short campaign, crushed the rebellion in Corsica. When Genoa, in 1513, got rid of the French domination, D. was appointed capt.gen. of the galleys, in which capacity he carried on a war of extermination against the dangerous_swarms of African pirates who infested the Mediterranean. During the war between Francis I., king of France, and Charles V., emperor of Germany, and king of Spain, D. commanded the French fleet, reinforced by his own galleys, and inflicted everywhere severe losses upon the enemy. After the defeat of Francis I. near Pavia, D. accepted the command of the papal fleet; but upon the return of the king from his captivity, entered once more the French service, with the title of high-admiral of the Levant. He blockaded Genoa, for having espoused the cause of the emperor, and putting to flight the party of the Adorni, took the town. On finding the independence of his country threatened by the French, D. with his whole force went over to the emperor, and by so doing hastened the deliverIn 1529, D. entered Genoa without resistance, ance of Italy from French domination.

and refusing the title of sovereign, which was offered by the emperor, established there a popular form of government, which remained in vigor up to the end of the republic. The grateful country decreed him the title of "Father of Peace;" and the emperor, in whose service D. continued, conferred upon him the order of the golden In 1532, D. won a decisive victory over fleece, together with the principality of Melfi.

the Turks near Patras, and the conquest of Tunis (1535) was chiefly his work. He took part in the joint expedition against the Turks under Barbarossa in 1539, and in another against Algiers in 1541, where he lost 11 of his own galleys. The tranquillity of his last years was disturbed by the conspiracy of Fieschi. D. took fierce revenge upon the conspirators for the death of his nephew Gianettino. D. died without offspring, in 1560, at Genoa, in his 93d year.

DO RIANS, one of the four principal peoples of Greece, who took their name, according to the legend, from Dorus, the son of Hellen, who settled in Doris; but Herodotus says that in the time of king Deucalion they inhabited the district Phthiotis; and in the time of Dorus, the son of Hellen, the country called Histiæotis, at the foot of Ossa and Olympus, But the statement of Apollodorus is more probable, according to which they would appear to have occupied the whole country along the northern shore of the Corinthian gulf. Indeed, Doris proper was far too small and insignificant a district to furnish a sufficient number of men for a victorious invasion of the Peloponnesus. In this remarkable achievement they were conjoined with the Heracleidæ, and ruled in Sparta. Doric colonies were then founded in Italy, Sicily, and Asia Minor. Strikingly as all the four nations of Greece differed from each other in language, manners, and form of government, the D. in particular differed from the Ionians. The former preserved a certain primitive solidity and earnestness, but with it something coarse and hard. See O. Müller's Die Dorier (2 vols., Breslau, 1824; 2d ed. 3 vols, 1844). The Doric dialect bore the same character; it was harsh and rough, while the Ionian was soft and polished, yet the former had something venerable from its antiquity, and was therefore employed in hymns and choruses. In philosophy, the influence of the Doric character was particularly visible in the Pythagorean school and its attachment to the aristocracy. It is no less traceable in architecture in the strong unadorned Doric pillars, which form so marked a contrast to the slender and decorated Ionian columns.

DOR'IC ORDER. The oldest, strongest, and simplest of the three orders of Greek architecture. See COLUMN; ENTABLATURE; GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE.

DO'RIS, a genus of gasteropodous mollusks of the order nudibranchiata, the type of a family called doride, and sometimes popularly SEA-LEMONS. The body is oval, the abdomen flat, the back flat in some and elevated in others, the mouth a small proboscis with two small tentacula, the vent situated in the back, and surrounded by a