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circle of branched or plumed gills. The species are found in all seas, many in those of Britain; but they are more numerous in the southern hemisphere. Some of them attain a considerable size. Few of them inhabit deep water. They crawl on rocks, sea-weeds, etc., where they are often left by the tide, or swim in a reversed position; the foot, made concave by muscular action, serving to buoy them up. Some of them are pretty and interesting inmates of the aquarium. Gosse mentions, that specimens of D. bilamellata were very social in confinement, continually finding out one another, and crawling close up together."-A Naturalist's Rambles on the Devonshire Coast. DORIS, a small mountainous district of ancient Hellas, between Phocis, Ætolia, Locris, and Thessalia, was the earliest home of the Dorians. With its four towns, Boium, Cytinium, Erineus, and Pindus, it formed the Doric Tetrapolis, which was afterwards completely destroyed by the Macedonians, Ætolians, and other nations, so that at the time of the Romans, only a few remains of these towns were visible.-D. was also the name of a district in Asia Minor, on the coasts of Caria, inhabited by colonists from the Peloponnesus; it formed a hexapolis.—In modern Greece, D. forms an eparchy of the government of Phocis.

DORKING, or DARKING, a t. in England, in the middle of Surrey, stands in a picturesque valley on the left bank of the Mole, 23 m. s. w. of London by road. It lies on the Roman road which ran between London and Chichester. Pop. '91, 7132. Its chief trade is in flour, lime, and chalk from the adjacent pits. D. gives its name to a peculiar breed of domestic fowl.

DORMANT (Fr. sleeping). In heraldic representation, an animal dormant has its head resting on its forepaws, whereas an animal couchant has its head erect.

DORMANT VITALITY is a term used to designate a peculiar condition which is manifested by many organized beings, and which is characterized by an apparent suspension of all the vital actions. Beings in this state can scarcely be said to be alive, since they exhibit no vital activity, nor can they be designated as dead, since that implies their incapability of resuming their former state; hence, since they retain their peculiar attributes without manifesting them, the term D. V. seems the most appropriate for them. This condition may result either from the withdrawal of the stimuli necessary for the maintenance of vital actions (as water, heat, etc.), or it may proceed from some change in the organism itself, whereby its power of responding to these stimuli is for a time diminished or lost. We shall illustrate our meaning by a few striking examples of each kind of dormant vitality.

1. D. V. from the withdrawal of the necessary stimuli.

Seeds deprived of access to air and moisture may retain their vitality for an enormous time. "I have now before me," says Dr. Lindley, "three plants of raspberries which have been raised in the gardens of the horticultural society, from seeds taken from the stomach of a man whose skeleton was found 30 ft. below the surface of the earth, at the bottom of a barrow that was opened near Dorchester. He had been buried with some coins of the emperor Hadrian, and it is probable, therefore, that the seeds were 1600 or 1700 years old." A more remarkable illustration of the vitality of seeds is afforded by a case communicated to Dr. Carpenter, and published in his General and Comparative Physiology the facts of which may be shortly stated as follows: In a town in the state of Maine, about 40 m. from the sea, a well was being dug, and at a depth of about 20 ft. a stratum of sand was found, which excited interest, from the circumstance that no similar sand was known to exist nearer than the sea-beach. It was, in the first instance, collected in a heap, but was subsequently scattered about the spot on which the heap had stood. In a year or two, when the very existence of the sand was almost forgotten, it was observed that a large number of small trees were growing up on the ground where it had been strewed. They turned out to be beach plum-trees, and they actually bore the beachplum, which had never before been seen except immediately upon the sea-shore. These trees had therefore sprung up from seeds which were in the stratum of sea-sand that had been pierced by the well-diggers, and had probably retained their vitality through a period of time beyond the estimation of human calculation-the period, namely, in which the sea had gradually receded 40 m. from its present limits.

Among the lower animals, we find several of comparatively complex structure, in which D. V. can be induced for a considerable period, as, for instance, several years by the abstraction of their moisture. The well-known rotifer, the wheel-animalcule, may be reduced to a state of perfect dryness, and kept in this condition for a great length of time (certainly three or four years, and some writers say far longer) without evincing a sign of life, and yet it will immediately revive on being moistened. The tardigrades, an allied tribe, have been desiccated by the most powerful means which chemistry affords, and have been then heated to a temperature of 250°, and have still been revived by water, although in their active state a temperature of 120° destroys them. In Woodward's Manual of the Mollusca, cases are recorded of living snails crawling out of shells which were supposed to be empty, and in which they must have been dormant for several years, and the eggs of snails and others of the lower animals have a still greater power of revivification after drying. Sir James Emerson Tennent describes various fishes in Ceylon which bury themselves in the mud when the pools or tanks dry up, and remain torpid until the periodic rains of that country ensue, and previous observers

had noted similar facts in other tropical countries. Humboldt relates that crocodiles and boas are sometimes found alive, though torpid, in hardened mud, and revive on the application of water.

A diminution of temperature will induce this phenomenon in many animals. In one of capt. sir James Ross's voyages, several caterpillars having been exposed to a temperature of 40° below zero, froze so completely that, when thrown in a tumbler, they chinked like lumps of ice. When thawed, they resumed their movements, took food, One of them, which had been frozen and became transformed into the chrysalis state. In the North American lakes, and thawed four times, subsequently became a moth. frozen fishes are often found in the ice, which revive when gently thawed. Spallanzani kept frogs and snakes in a torpid state for three years in an ice-house, and then revived them by warmth. The same capability does not exist, at all events to the same extent, in the warm-blooded animals. A total suspension of vital activity in a bird or a mammal for any length of time, from the prolonged application of severe cold, or from any other cause, is never followed by recovery. The stories of certain birds burying themselves in the mud during winter, are regarded by the best authorities as more than questionable; and in hibernating mammals (see HIBERNATION), the suspension is not total. How we are to explain, or whether we ought to believe, the remarkable cases of certain Indian fakirs, who are stated to have the power of suspending all their vital activity for days, or even weeks, we do not know. The late Mr. Braid, of Manchester, published a collection of these cases, directly obtained from British officers who had been eyewitnesses of them in India, in his Observations on Trance or Human Hibernation, 1850. We quote one of these, vouched for by sir Claude Wade. The fakir was buried in an underground cell, under strict guardianship, for six weeks; the body had been twice dug up by Runjeet Singh (at whose court the exhibition came off) during the period of interment, and had been found in the same position as when first buried. In this and in all the other recorded cases, the appearance of the body when first disinterred is described as quite corpse-like, and no pulsation could be detected at the heart or in the arteries. The means of restoration employed were chiefly warmth to the vertex, and friction to the body and limbs.

2. Dormant vitality from changes within the organism.

The insect world affords us the chief illustrations of this variety of dormant vitality. The pupa or chrysalis stage of insect life is in itself one of dormant vitality, uncon nected with any of the external influences which we have been describing. That this stage may be much shortened by artificial heat, and prolonged by artificial cold, has been known since the time of Reaumur; but, as the following case shows, there are other causes inherent in the animal itself, which tend at a certain time to prolong the pupa condition. In the papilio machaon there are two generations every year; for the butterfly that comes forth in the early summer lays eggs which rapidly pass through all the phases of insect life, and produce another set of eggs later in the season, whose larva or caterpillars turn into pupa before the winter. The pupa stage of the first brood (in July) lasts only 13 days, while that of the second brood (which commences in Sept.) lasts 9 or 10 months, the butterfly not appearing until the following June. The differ ence of temperature is obviously quite insufficient to account for the great diversity between the two periods. Several other similar cases may be found in Kirby and Spence's Entomology.

DORMER, or DORMER WINDOW, is a window placed in a small gable rising out of a sloping roof, often made use of for the purpose of enlarging and lighting the attic or garret-rooms of modern houses. It is also popularly known as a storm-window. Dormers do not appear to have been invented before the middle of the 14th century.

DORMITORY (Fr. dormitoire, from Lat. dormire, to sleep), a sleeping apartment in a Dormitories are usually of considerable monastery, or other religious establishment.

size, sometimes having a range of cells parted off on each side.

DORMOUSE, Myoxes, a genus of rodent quadrupeds, ranked by some naturalists in the family murida (rats, mice, etc.), and by others in the family sciurida (squirrels, etc.); being, in fact, a connecting link between the one family and the other. Their habits resemble those of squirrels; the dentition, however, more nearly agrees with that of mice. There are four molar teeth on each side in each jaw: the upper jaw has not the anterior rudimentary fifth molar, characteristic of squirrels. The molars have their summits marked by transverse ridges. There are no cheek-pouches. The ears resemble those of mice. The fore-paws have each 4 toes and a rudimentary thumb; the hindfeet have 5 toes. The fur is very fine and soft. The tail is long, and in the different species exhibits characters variously intermediate between those of mice and squirrels. This genus and the closely allied genus graphyurus are remarkable as the only genera The species of D. are beautiful little animals, of rodents in which there is no cæcum. natives chiefly of the s. of Europe. Some species are also found in Africa, and the genus graphyurus is entirely African. The only British species of D. is the COMMON D., RED D., or MUSCARDINE (M. avellanarius), an inhabitant of woods in some parts of England. It is about the size of a common mouse, with head proportionally large; has a rather pointed muzzle, large prominent eyes, and a flattened tail, thickly clothed with rather long hair; and is of a tawny red color on the upper parts, and white beneath

Dorset.

It is extremely gentle and easily tamed, feeds on beechmast, acorns, hazel-nuts, grain, etc., and spends the colder parts of winter in a state of torpidity, although in mild weather it wakens up to consume a little of the store of food which, like squirrels, it lays up for that season. Before its hibernation begins, it is generally very fat, nor does it become emaciated by hibernating. It makes a nest of tangled or interlaced herbage opening from above, usually in copse or underwood; and produces about 4 young ones at a birth. It often assumes a remarkable posture in feeding, suspending itself by its hind-feet; more generally it sits upon its haunches, and holds its food in its fore-paws. This species is found in all parts of continental Europe, from the Mediterranean to Sweden.-The FAT D. (M. glis) is a larger species, grayish brown, about the size of a rat, with tail very like that of a squirrel, a native of the s. of Europe, where it inhabits forests, leaping from branch to branch with great agility. It is eaten by the Italians, as it was by the ancient Romans, who highly esteemed it, and fattened it for the table in receptacles called gliraria.-The GARDEN D. (M. nitela), common in Europe as far n. as Poland, is frequently found in gardens, and even in outhouses. It is often very destructive of the fruit of wall and espalier trees. It is rather smaller than the fat D., grayish brown, black round the eyes, and has the tail tufted only at the extremity. All the species of D. hibernate; and from this circumstance the name seems to be derived (Lat. dormio, to sleep).

DORNBIRN, a t. of Austria, in the n. w. of Tyrol, about 8 m. s. of the eastern extrem ity of the lake of Constance, is situated on the Lossen, a small mountain stream. The houses are widely scattered. The women of D. are chiefly employed in muslin embroidery; the men are for the most part carpenters, and are principally engaged in the construction of wooden houses, which are carried in detached pieces to the market-town (Bregenz), and are thence exported. Pop. '90, 10,678.

DORNER, ISAAK AUGUST, D.D., b. Würtemberg, 1809; son of a Lutheran minister; studied at Tübingen, and a professor there in 1838. Soon afterwards he was professor of divinity and councilor of the consistory at Königsberg. From 1847 to 1853, he held a chair at Bonn, then removed to Göttingen; and in 1862, was appointed professor of systematic theology and exegesis in the university of Berlin. His best known work is the History of the Development of the Doctrine of the Personality of Christ. Others, translations of which have been published, are: Christliche Glaubenslehre, 2 vols., 1880; Gesammelte Schriften aus dem Gebiet der Systematischen Theologie; and Exegese und Geschichte. He d. at Wiesbaden, 1884. Uniting great learning and deep thinking, he was a strong upholder of evangelical Christianity as opposed to German rationalism. On a few points, mostly eschatology, his views have been criticized as divergent from the prevalent theology.

DORNICK, DORNIC, DORNOCK, a species of figured linen, for a full description of which see Ure's Dict. of Arts and Manufactures. Dornicks were formerly made in considerable quantity at Dornich, or Tournay, in the Netherlands, and hence their name. From this place, the manufacture was probably carried to Norfolk by the Dutch, who emigrated thither during the persecution of the duke of Alva. By a statute, 5 and 6 Ed. VI. c. 24, this manufacture, or “mystery,” carried on at Norwich, is carefully protected. All persons except those residing in Norwich or Pulham, are forbidden to carry on the "mystery," under pain of forfeiture of the article, and of the sum of 68. 8d. for every six yards so made. By 4 Will. and Mary, c. 5, s. 2 (68), a duty of 10 per cent, in addition to duties previously levied, is laid on all tapestry or dornicks imported, except from France. It is scarcely necessary to add, that these stringent provisions are no longer in observance.

DORNOCH, a royal burgh and co. t. of Sutherlandshire, situated near the entrance to the DORNOCH FIRTH-an inlet of the North sea, running 25 m. inland, and separating Sutherland from Ross-shire. The cathedral stands in the center of the town, and is an object of considerable attraction. It is said to have been begun in the 11th c. by St. Bar, and was enlarged in 1270 by bishop Gilbert Murray. It was burned in 1570, and thereafter partially repaired. In the year 1837, it was to a certain extent restored by the late duchess of Sutherland. It is in the shape of a cross, and is surmounted with a tower and clock spire. The interior is fitted up and used as the parish church. D. was, in olden times, the residence of the bishops of Sutherland and Caithness. The west tower of the bishop's palace stands immediately opposite to the cathedral.

DOROG, or HAJDU-DOROG, a t. of Hungary, 20 m. n.n.w. from Debreczin, situated in the midst of a very fertile district. The pop., about 8,700 in number, are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits.

DOROGOBUSH, or DOROGOBOUGE, a t. of Russia, in the government of Smolensk, is situated on the left bank of the Dnieper, about 50 m. e.n.e. of Smolensk. It is a small town, but pretty, and well built, and has some manufactures. Pop. about 8500. At D., the French under Eugène, in their retreat from Moscow, encountered many disasters.

DORP, a former town in Prussia, in the government of Düsseldorf, 17 m. n.e. of Cologne; population, 1885, 13,285. In January, 1889, it was united with Solingen.

DORPAT, or DERPT (Russian, Yuriev, its official name; Esthonian, Tartolin), a t. of Russia, in the government of Livonia, is situated on the Embach, here crossed by a fine granite bridge, 150 m. n.e. of Riga, and is built in the form of a semicircle. It consists of a town proper, with two suburbs. Its streets are straight and clean; its houses, which are mostly of one story, are built of brick or wood, have handsome fronts, and are often showily painted. It is the winter residence of the Livonian nobles and gentry. The Domberg hill, at the n.w. extremity of the town, is tastefully laid out in avenues and promenades; its summit, formerly the site of a cathedral, destroyed by fire in 1775, is now occupied by an observatory, the university library, schools of anatomy and natural history, museums, etc. The observatory-one of the most renowned in Europe, and long presided over by the celebrated Struve-possesses a great refracting telescope, presented by the emperor Alexander I. The university, founded in 1632 by Gustavus Adolphus, suppressed in 1656 by the Muscovites, and re-established by Alexander I. in 1802, is also famous. It supports a large staff of 70 professors and lecturers, and is well attended. It had the privilege of self-government till 1889, when it was deprived of it by the Russian government. It was also required to use the Russian language in instruction. It is also the chief school of the Protestant clergy in Russia, and the Reformed synod of Wilna send their students hither. D. has a well-known botanical garden. D. was formerly a walled town, and the ramparts still exist, but have been converted into public walks. Pop. est. (1892) 34,897.

DORR, JULIA CAROLINE RIPLEY, b. South Carolina, 1829; was educated in the North, her father having settled in Rutland, Vt., where she was married, 1847. She has published a number of novels, Lanmere, Sibyl Huntington, Expiation, etc.; several volumes of poems, Vermont, Friar Anselmo, Afternoon Songs, Poems, etc.; and has been a frequent contributor to periodicals. Her later works include, Periwinkle (1893), The Flower of England's Face (1895), A Cathedral Pilgrimage (1896), etc.

DORR, THOMAS WILSON, 1805-54; b. R. I.; graduate of Harvard, 1823. He was the leader of a party in 1840-41 whose object was to extend the right of suffrage in Rhode Island, it being much restricted by property qualifications, and otherwise. This party framed a new constitution, which was voted on, Dec., 1841, when it was claimed that a clear majority of the male citizens of the state voted for its adoption. In April, 1842, an election for state officers under this constitution was held, and Dorr was chosen governor. In May the new government undertook to organize and assume full power. They were resisted by the regular state government, and made some show of using force, but there was no actual fighting. Before the close of the month the Dorrites were scattered, and their leader was arrested, tried for treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life, June 25, 1844. In 1847, he was released under an act of general amnesty, and in 1851, was restored to civil and political rights.

DORRE ISLAND, lying to the north of Dirk-Hartog island in lat. 25° 10' s., forms, like its southern neighbor, part of the breastwork of Shark Bay, in western Australia. DORR'S REBELLION. See DORR, THOMAS WILSON.

D'ORSAY, ALFRED GUILLAUME GABRIEL, Count, 1798-1852; a famous leader of society in London and Paris, who was not only the beau ideal of social elegance, but a man of universal intellectual and artistic gifts. Through his mother, by a morganatic marriage, he was a grandson of the king of Würtemberg. When young he served in the French army, and in 1822, while stationed at Valence, on the Rhone, he made the acquaintance of the earl of Blessington and his family, an event which affected the course of his after life. In Dec., 1827, he married lady Harriet Gardner, 15 years of age, the daughter of the earl of Blessington by his first wife. The union was not happy and was dissolved soon after Blessington's death in 1829. The widowed countess was accompanied to England by D'Orsay, and the two lived in the same house, their residence becoming a resort of the fashionable artistic and literary society of London. The count's charming manner, brilliant wit, and artistic faculty were accompanied by benevolent moral qualities which endeared him to all his associates. He was always a Bonapartist, and naturally hastened to Paris in 1849, all the more readily because his home in London had been broken up through bankruptcy. The countess went with him, but died a few weeks after their arrival. He then endeavored to support himself by paint. ing portraits. Only a few before days his death he was appointed director of fine arts.

DORSE (Gadus callarias, or Morrhua callarias), a fish of the same genus with the cod, haddock, etc.; plentiful in the Baltic and in other northern seas, but scarcely known on the coasts of Britain. It never attains so great a size as the cod, being seldom more than 2 ft. in length, but much resembles it in form and color, although its color is more variable, from which it has received the name of VARIABLE COD. It is also called the BALTIC COD. It differs from the cod in the greater length of the upper jaw. It is in great request on the coasts of the Baltic.

DORSET, EARL OF. See SACKVILLE.

DORSETSHIRE, or DORSET, a maritime co. in the s. of England, on the English channel, between Devonshire and Hampshire. Its greatest length is 58 m.; greatest breadth, 40; average, 21; area, 627,265 acres; a third being arable, a ninth waste, and the rest in pasture. The coast-line is 75 m. long, with some cliffs and headlands. St. Alban's Head is 344 ft. high. Portland isle (q. v.) is connected with the mainland by a remarkable formation known as Chesil bank. The surface is uneven and bleak. Chalk downs run along the s. coast, and through the middle of the county nearly from e. to The highest point is Pillesden Pen, 934 feet. The chief rivers are the Stour and the Frome. Geologically, D. consists of strata of plastic clay, chalk, oolite, lias,_with some weald and greensand. Remains of colossal reptiles have been found at Lyme Regis. Pop. '81, 190,979; '91, 194,487.

W.

DORSEY, JAMES OWEN, American anthropologist, was b. in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 31, 1848; was ordained in 1871, and did missionary work among the Indians. From 1878 until his death in 1895, he continued researches in ethnology and linguistics for the Bureau of Ethnology. Among his works are Omaha Sociology and The Dhegiha Language, Myths, Stories and Letters; published by the Bureau of Ethnology.

DORSEY, SARAH ANNE, 1829-79; b. Natchez, Miss.; d. New Orleans; daughter of Thos. G. Ellis. She was a student of Sanskrit, and of the Aryan philosophy; and published the novels, Athalie, Lucia Dare, Agnes Graham, and Panola. She was widely known for her charities. Mrs. D., who as a slaveholder was attentive to the comfort and religious culture of her slaves, was a warm friend of Jefferson Davis; and left by bequest to his family such estate as the fortunes of the war had spared to her.

DORSEY, STEPHEN W., b. Vt., 1842; received an academic education; served in the civil war; was elected U. S. senator as a republican from Ark., 1872. He was implicated in the "Star Route" scandals, but was acquitted, 1882. He was an efficient worker and leader in the presidential campaign of 1880.

DORSHEIMER, WILLIAM, b. Lyons, Wayne co., N. Y., 1832. He studied at Phillips academy, Andover, and Harvard coll.; practiced law in New York; was U. S. attorney, Northern District of New York, 1867; lieut.-gov. of N. Y., 1874-80; representative from New York in XLVIIIth and XLIXth congresses. He died 1888.

DORSIBRANCH'IATES, worms living in mud or sand, or swimming in the sea, whose respiratory organs are in the form of tufts or branchial appendages along the back or sides. One species, the lob-worm, is greatly prized in Europe for fish bait. The eunice, another species, has been known to reach the length of 4 feet.

DORSTE NIA. See CONTRAYERVA.

DORT, or DORDRECHT, a t. of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, situated on an island formed by the Maas, about 12 m. s.e. of Rotterdam. An inundation in 1421, in which upwards of 70 villages were destroyed and 100,000 people drowned, separated the site upon which D. stands from the mainland. D. is fortified on the s. side, and its position is naturally so strong, that though frequently besieged, it has never been taken. It is one of the oldest towns in Holland, and some interesting historical particulars attach to it. Here, in 1572, the states of Holland, after their revolt from Spain, held their first assembly, and declared the prince of Orange to be the only lawful governor of the country. In 1618-19, the conclave of Protestant divines known as the synod of Dort, met here and condemned the doctrines of Arminius as heretical, and affirmed those of Calvin. (For an account of the questions at issue, see ARMINIUS.) The Gothic buildings in which the synod sat, whose miraculous labors, according to the president's closing address, “made hell tremble," is now used as a public-house, and the particular room in which they met is degraded into a dancing-saloon. Among the prin cipal buildings of D. are a Gothic church with a tall square tower, and containing a beautiful marble pulpit, and the town-hall. The town is traversed by canals, and the Rhine and the Maas afford it great facilities for trade. Large ships can go quite up to the quays. Gigantic wood-rafts, valuing sometimes as much as $150,000 each, obtained from the Black Forest and Switzerland, come down the Rhine to D., which has numer. ous saw-mills, ship-building docks, salt and sugar refineries, bleacheries, and manufac tures of tobacco, white-lead etc. It has also considerable trade in corn, flax, oil, timber, and salt fish. Pop., Dec. 31, 1895, 36,089.

DORTMUND, the most important t. of Westphalia, on the Cologne and Minden railway, is situated on the Emscher, 47 m. n.n.e. of Cologne. It is the center of a mining district, with numerous foundries, and the head-quarters of the mining authorities of Westphalia. D. was formerly surrounded by massive walls, but the greater part of these have been removed, and the town is now quite modern in its aspect. Its history goes back into the earliest middle-age traditions, figuring in the time of Charlemagne under the names of Throtmanni, Tremonia, Trotmunde, and Dortmunde. Subsequently it became a free Hanse town, but was ceded to Prussia in 1815, at the congress of Vienna. The town-hall of D. is one of the oldest in Germany. D. is an important railway center, and manufactures railway material on a large scale. Coal and iron are wrought in the neighborhood; and in D. are a great number of beer-breweries. Pop. '95, 111,235.

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