Douglas.

5. Sir William of Douglas, distinguished in the family traditions as William the Hardy, had all the daring and restless spirit which was characteristic of his descendants. His first appearance is in 1267, when his head was nearly severed from his shoulders in defending his father's English manor from a foray of the men of Redesdale. Twenty years later, he is found at the head of an armed band, carrying off his future wife, a wealthy widow, Alionora of Lovaine, from the manor of her kinsfolks, the La Zouches, at Tranent, in Lothian. We hear of him immediately afterwards as spoiling the monks of Melrose, deforcing the king's officers in the execution of a judgment in favor of his mother, unlawfully imprisoning three men in his castle of Douglas, and beheading one of them, He was the first man of mark who joined Wallace in the rising against the English in 1297; and for this his lands of Douglas were wasted with fire and sword, and his wife and children carried off by Robert Bruce, the young earl of Carrick, then a partisan of England. But the knight of Douglas soon left the insurgent banners, and submitting to his old patron, king Edward I., to whom he had again and again sworn fealty, was sent prisoner to the castle of York, where he died about 1302. It appears that he possessed lands in one English, and in seven Scottish counties-Northumberland, Berwick, Edinburgh, Fife, Lanark, Ayr, Dumfries, and Wigton.

6. The history of his son, the Good Sir James of Douglas, is familiar to every one, as Bruce's greatest captain in the long war of the succession. The hero of seventy fights, he is said to have won them all but thirteen, leaving the name of the black Douglas" -so he was called from his swarthy complexion-as a word of fear by which English. mothers stilled their children. He was slain in Andalusia, in 1330, on his way to the Holy Land with the heart of his royal master, and dying unmarried, was succeeded by his brother.

7. Hugh of Douglas, of whom nothing is known except that he made over the now great domains of his family, in 1342, to his nephew Sir William of Douglas (son of a younger brother of the good sir James-sir Archibald of Douglas, regent of Scotland, slain at Halidon hill in 1333).

He

EARLS OF DOUGLAS.-Hitherto, the Douglases had no higher title than that of knight; but in 1357, sir William of Douglas, who had fought at Poitiers, and distinguished himself in other fields, was made earl of Douglas, and afterwards by marriage became earl of Mar. His ambition aimed at still greater things, and in 1371 he disputed the succession to the Scottish crown with Robert II. (the first of the Stewarts). claimed as a descendant of the Baliols and Cummings; and his pretensions were abandoned only on condition that his son should marry the king's daughter. He died in 1384. His son James, second earl of Douglas and Mar, the conqueror of Hotspur, fell at Otterburn in 1388; and as he left no legitimate issue, the direct male line of William the Hardy and the good sir James now came to an end. His aunt had married for her second husband one of her brother's esquires, James of Sandilands, and through her lord Torphichen is now the heir general and representative at common law of the house of Douglas.

""

The earldom of Douglas, meanwhile, was bestowed on an illegitimate son of the good sir James-Archibald, lord of Galloway, surnamed the Grim. By his marriage with the heiress of Bothwell, he added that fair barony to the Douglas domains; and having married his only daughter to the heir-apparent of the Scottish crown, and his eldest son to the eldest daughter of the Scottish king, he died in 1401. His son and successor, Archibald, fourth earl of Douglas, was, from his many misfortunes in battle, surnamed "the Tyneman," i.e., the loser. At Homildon, in 1402, he was wounded in five places, lost an eye, and was taken prisoner by Hotspur. Next year, at Shrews bury, he felled the English king to the earth, but was again wounded and taken prisoner. Repairing to France, he was there made duke of Touraine, and fell at Verneuil in 1424. He was succeeded by his son Archibald, who distinguished himself in the French wars, and dying in 1439, was buried in the church of Douglas, where his tomb yet remains, inscribed with his high titles of "duke of Touraine, earl of Douglas and of Longueville, lord of Galloway, Wigton, and Annandale, lieutenant of the king of Scots. His son and successor, William, a boy of sixteen, is said to have kept a thousand horsemen in his train, to have created knights, and to have affected the pomp of parliaments in his baronial_courts. His power and foreign possessions made him an object of fear to the Scottish crown; and, having been decoyed into the castle of Edinburgh by the crafty and unscrupulous Crichton, he was, after a hasty trial, beheaded, along with his brother, within the walls of the castle, in 1440. His French duchy and county died with him; his Scottish earldom was bestowed on his grand-uncle (the second son of Archibald the Grim), James, surnamed the Gross, who in 1437 had been made earl of Avondale. He died in 1443, being succeeded by his son William, who, by marriage with his kinswoman (the only daughter of Archibald, fifth earl of Douglas, and second duke of Touraine), again added the lordship of Galloway to the Douglas possessions. He was, for a time, all-powerful with king James II., who made him lieut.gen. of the realm; but afterwards losing the royal favor, he seems to have entered into a confederacy against the king, by whom he was killed in Stirling castle, in 1452. Leaving no child, he was succeeded by his brother James, who, in 1454, made open war against king James II., as the murderer of his brother and kinsman (the sixth and eighth earls of Douglas). The issue seemed doubtful for a time,

but the Hamiltons and others being gained over to the king's side, Douglas fled to England. The struggle was still maintained by his brothers, Archibald, who by marriage had become earl of Murray, and Hugh, who in 1445 had been made earl of Ormond. They were defeated at Arkinholm in May, 1455, Murray being slain on the field, and Ormond taken prisoner, and afterwards beheaded. Abercorn, Douglas, Strathaven, Thrieve, and other castles of the Douglases, were dismantled; and the earldom of Douglas came to an end by forfeiture, after an existence of 98 years, during which it had been held by no fewer than nine lords. The last earl lived many years in England, where he had a pension from the crown, and was made a knight of the garter. In 1484, he leagued himself with the exiled duke of Albany to invade Scotland. He was defeated and taken prisoner at Lochmaben, and, on being brought to the royal presence, is said to have turned his back upon the king. The compassionate James III. spared his life, on condition of his taking the cowl. "He who may no better be, must be a monk," muttered the old man, as he bowed to his fate. He died in the abbey of Lindores, in April, 1488; and so ended the elder illegitimate line of the Douglases.

EARLS OF ANGUS.-Meanwhile a younger illegitimate branch had been rising to great power. William, first earl of Douglas, was the faithless husband of a faithless wife. She was believed to have had a paramour in sir William Douglas of Liddesdale. Her jealous husband, who slew that "flower of chivalry," had himself shared the affections of the wife of his wife's brother, Margaret Stewart, countess of Angus and Mar. The issue of this amour, which in that age was accounted incestuous, was a son George, who, in 1389, had a grant of his mother's earldom of Angus; married, in 1397, the youngest daughter of king Robert III.; was taken prisoner at Homildon in 1402, and died of the plague in England in the following year. He was succeeded by his son William, who, dying in 1437, was succeeded by his son James, who died without issue, when the title reverted to his uncle. George, fourth earl of Angus, took part with the king against the Douglases in 1454; his loyalty was rewarded by a grant of their old inheritance of Douglas-dale; and so, in the phrase of the time, the Red Douglas"— such was the complexion of Angus-"put down the Black." He died in 1462, being succeeded by his son Archibald, surnamed Bell-the-Cat, and sometimes also called the great earl. After filling the highest offices in the state, and adding largely to the family possessions, he retired to the priory of canons regular at Whithorn, in Galloway, where he died in 1514. Having outlived his eldest son, he was succeeded by his grandson, Archibald, who, in 1514, married the queen-dowager of Scotland, Margaret, sister of Henry VIII. of England, and widow of James IV. of Scotland. The fruit of this marriage was a daughter, Margaret, who, marrying the earl of Lennox, became the mother of Henry, lord Darnley, the husband of queen Mary, and father of king James VI. The earl of Angus had, for a time, supreme power in Scotland, but in 1528, the young king, James V., escaped from his hands, and sentence of forfeiture was passed against Angus and his kinsmen. The king swore that while he lived the Douglases should have no place in his kingdom; and he kept his vow. On his death in 1542, Angus returned to Scotland, and was restored to his honors and possessions. He died at Tantallon in 1556. His nephew, who succeeded him, died two years afterwards, leaving an only son, Archibald, eighth earl of Angus. This "good earl," as he was called, died in 1588, when his title devolved on his kinsman William, the grandson of sir William Douglas of Glenbervie, second son of Archibald Bell-the-Cat. Dying in 1591, he was succeeded by his son William, who next year obtained from the crown a special recognition of his high privileges as earl of Angus, of taking the first place and giving the first vote in parliament, of leading the vanguard in battle, and of bearing the crown in parliament. He seems to have been a man of scholarly tastes, and is said to have written a history of the Douglases. Having turned Roman Catholic, he was forced to leave Scotland, and spent his latter years in exercises of devotion at Paris, where he died in 1611, being succeeded by his son.

MARQUISES AND DUKE OF DOUGLAS, AND LORDS DOUGLAS.-William, eleventh earl of Angus, was created marquis of Douglas in 1633, and dying in 1660, was succeeded by his grandson James, who died in 1700, leaving issue one son and one daughter. The son Archibald, third marquis of Douglas, was created duke of Douglas in 1703, and died childless in 1761, when his dukedom became extinct, and his marquisate devolved on the duke of Hamilton, as descended in the male line from William earl of Selkirk, third son of the first marquis of Douglas. His grace's sister, lady Jane Douglas, born in 1698, and married in 1746 to sir John Stewart of Grandtully, was said to have given birth at Paris to twin sons in 1748. One of them died in 1753; the other, in 1761, was served heir of entail and provision general to the duke of Douglas. An attempt was made to reduce his service, on the ground that he was not the child of lady Jane Douglas; but the house of lords, in 1771, gave final judgment in his favor. He was made a British peer in 1790, by the title of baron Douglas of Douglas castle, which became extinct on the death of his son James, fourth lord Douglas, in 1857, when the Douglas estates devolved on his niece, the countess of Home. The title of earl of Angus was claimed in 1762, as well by the duke of Hamilton as by Archibald Stewart, afterwards lord Douglas; but neither urged his claim to a decision, and the title is still in abeyance. The right attached to it of bearing the crown of Scotland, was debated before the privy council in 1823, when it was ruled that lord

Douglas.

Douglas's claim to that honor, being a claim of heritable right, fell to be decided in 8 court of law. It has been supposed that the motto of the Douglas arins, Jamais arrière, 'Never behind," alludes to the peculiar precedence inherent in their earldom of Angus. The bloody heart commemorates Bruce's dying bequest to the good sir James; the three stars which the Douglases bear in common with the Murrays, seems to denote the descent of both from one ancestor.

EARLS OF MORTON.-Sir Andrew of Douglas, who appears in record in 1248, was apparently a younger son of sir Archibald, or Erkenbald, of Douglas, the sec ond chief of the house. He was the father of William of Douglas, who, in 1296, swore fealty to king Edward I. for his lands in West Lothian, and who was probably the father of sir James of Douglas-surnamed of Lothian, to distinguish him from his kinsman of Clydesdale-who, in 1315, had a grant from Bruce of the lands of Kincavil and Calder-clere. He died about 1320, being succeeded by his son, sir William of Douglas of Liddesdale, who acquired the lordship of Dalkeith (by resig nation of the Grahames), the barony of Aberdour in Fife, lands in Tweeddale, and great territories in Liddesdale, Eskdale, and Ewesdale which had been forfeited by the Soulises and Lovels. In 1335, he had a grant of the earldom of Athol, but resigned it in 1342. The knight of Liddesdale-as he was called by his contemporaries, who regarded him as "the flower of chivalry "-was assassinated in 1253 by his kinsman, William first earl of Douglas, partly to revenge his wife's dishonor, partly to revenge the death of sir David of Barclay, who had been assassinated at the instance of the knight of Liddesdale, in revenge for the slaughter of his brother John. Dying childless, he was succeeded by his nephew, sir James of Douglas of Dalkeith. This great chief, who died in 1420, saw Froissart sit as a guest at his board; himself possessed books of law, grammar, logic, and romance; and enjoined in his will that all the volumes which he had borrowed from his friends should be returned to them. His alliances were as princely as his life. His first wife was a daughter of "Black Agnes," the heroic countess of Dunbar; his second was a sister of king Robert II.; and he matched his eldest son, sir James of Douglas of Dalkeith, with a daughter of king Robert III. Their grandson married a daughter of king James I., and in 1458, was created earl of Morton. His grandson, the third earl, dying without male issue in 1553, the earldom devolved on his daughter's husband, the regent Morton-James Douglas, great-grandson of Archibald Bell-the-Cat. After his fall, the title went to Archibald eighth earl of Angus; and when he died childless in 1588, it passed to the lineal male descendant of sir Henry of Douglas (the son of sir John of Douglas, the brother of the knight of Liddesdale), sir William Douglas of Lochleven, who thus became seventh earl of Morton. His losses in the great civil war compelled him, in 1642, to sell Dalkeith to the earl of Buccleuch, and his Tweeddale and Eskdale lands to others; but Aberdour and other old domains of the family still remain with his successor, the earl of Morton, who, there is every reason to believe, descends legitimately in the male line from William of Douglas, the great progenitor of the race in the 12th century.

EARLS, MARQUISES, AND DUKES OF QUEENSBERRY; EARLS OF MARCH, AND EARLS OF SOLWAY.-James, second earl of Douglas and Mar-the hero of Otterburn-had an illegitimate son, sir William of Douglas of Drumlanrig, whose descendants were created viscounts of Drumlanrig in 1628, earls of Queensberry in 1633, marquises of Queensberry in 1682, dukes of Queensberry in 1684, earls of March in 1697, and earls of Solway in 1706. On the death of the fourth duke of Queensberry in 1810, that title, with the barony of Drumlanrig and other lands, went to the duke of Buccleuch; the title of marquis of Queensberry, with the baronies of Tinwald, Torthorwald, etc., went to the heir-male of the family, sir Charles Douglas of Kelhead; and the title of earl of March, with the barony of Neidpath, went to the earl of Wemyss. The title of earl of Solway had become extinct in 1778.

EARLS OF SELKIRK, FORFAR, AND DUMBARTON; VISCOUNT BELHAVEN, AND LORDS MORDINGTON.-In 1646, the third son of the first marquis of Douglas was created earl of Selkirk. In 1651, the eldest son of the same marquis was created earl of Ormond, and in 1661, earl of Forfar. In 1675, the fourth son of the same marquis was created earl of Dumbarton. In 1641, the second son of the tenth earl of Angus was created lord Mordington. In 1633, sir Robert Douglas of Spot, a descendant of the Morton family, was created viscount of Belhaven. Of all these titles, that of the earl of Sel kirk is the only one not now dormant or extinct.

A History of the Houses of Douglas and Angus, by David Hume of Godscroft, was published at Edinburgh in 1644, in 1 vol. fol., and reprinted in 1748 in 2 vols. 8vo. It preserves the traditions of the family, and has some literary merit, but its accuracy is not to be trusted. The earlier history of the Douglases has been critically examined by the late George Chalmers in his Caledonia, vol. i. pp. 579-84 (Lond. 1807); by Mr. Riddell in his Remarks upon Scotch Peerage Law, pp. 174-78 (Edin. 1833); by Mr. Cosmo Innes, in the Registrum Episcopatus Morariensis, pp. xliv.-xlvii. (Edin. 1837); and the Liber S. Marie de Calchou, vol. i. pp. xxvii., xxviii. (Edin. 1846); and by Mr. Joseph Robertson in the Origines Parochiales Scotia, vol. i. pp. 152-60 (Edin. 1851). descent of the houses of Angus and Dalkeith was first ascertained by Mr. Riddell in hif Remarks upon Scotch Peerage Law, pp. 154-64 (Edin., 1833); and in his Stewartiana, pp. 82-4, 137-42. The charters and correspondence of the Morton family have

The

Douglas been edited for the Bannatyne club by Mr. Cosmo Innes in the Registrum Honoris de Morton (Edin., 1853, 2 vols. 4to).

DOUGLAS, GAWYN or GAVIN, a Scottish poet, was the third son of Archibald, fifth earl of Angus, and was b. in the year 1474 or 1475. He was educated at St. Andrews for the church, and was early appointed to the rectory of Hawch or Prestonkirk. In 1501 he was made dean or provost of the collegiate church of St. Giles. From the marriage of his nephew, the sixth carl of Angus, to the widowed queen of James IV., Douglas expected rapid preferment; but the jealousy of the nobility and the regent Albany was such that D., who had through the influence of the queen obtained the bishopric of Dunkeld directly from the pope, was tried before the Scottish peers, found guilty of conspiring against the privileges of the crown, and condemned to imprisonment. After reconciliation with the regent, he was set at liberty in about a year, and inducted into his bishopric. Owing to his nephew's ill-treatment of the queen, who thereupon joined with the regent against the Douglases, Gavin D. was deprived of his bishopric, on which he went to England to obtain the aid of Henry VIII. He was, however, suddenly cut off at London by the plague in 1522, and was buried in the Savoy church. One of Ď.'s earliest poetic efforts was a transiation of Ovid's Remedy of Love, but it has not been preserved. In 1501, he wrote his Palace of Honor, addressed to king James IV. The leading idea of the poem, and some of the details, resemble Chaucer' Temple of Fame. King Hart, the only other long poem of D., presents a metaphorical view of human life. But the most remarkable production of this author was a transla tion of Virgil's Eneid into Scottish verse, which he executed in the years 1512 and 1513, being the first version of a Latin classic published in Britain. It is generally allowed to be a masterly performance, though in too obsolete a language ever to be popular. D.'s verse is far from rhythmical to modern ears; yet the felicitous character of his allegories, and the rich beauty of his descriptions, might well tempt the lovers of genuine poetry to give him a trial. A collected edition of his works in four volumes was issued under the superintendence of John Small, M.A., in 1874.

DOUGLAS, GENERAL SIR HOWARD, Bart., G. C. B., son of admiral sir C. Douglas, was b. at Gosport in 1776. Entering the army when young, he served in Spain and Portugal He was governor of New Brunsin 1808 and 1809, and again in Spain in 1811 and 1812. wick from 1823 to 1829, lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands from 1835 to 1840, and from 1842 to 1847 was M.P. for Liverpool. In 1851, he became a gen. in the army, and col. of the 15th regiment of foot. He has written several treatises, among which are An Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges, and the Passage of Rivers in Military Operations (Lond. 1816); a treatise on Naval Gunnery (1819; 4th edit., 1855); Observation on Carnot's Fortification, etc. His treatise on Naval Gunnery is regarded as a standard authority in foreign countries, although his recommendations were not acted upon by the British admiralty until 13 years after the publication of his work. He censured the conduct of the war in the Crimea in 1855, and declared that Sebastopol could not be reduced unless by a change in the plan of operations, such as he traced. He also published Considerations on the Value His prophecy was verified by the event. and Importance of the British and North American Provinces, and a treatise entitled Naval Evolutions. He died Nov., 1861.

DOUGLAS, JOHN, D.D., was the son of a respectable shopkeeper of Pittenweem, Fifeshire, and was b. there in 1721. In 1736, he entered St. Mary's college, Oxford, where he took his bachelor's degree after five years' study. D.'s life is little more than a chronicle of his very numerous preferments, which ended in his being translated to the see of Salisbury in 1791. He died on the 18th May, 1807. D. only occasionally resided on his livings. He generally spent the winter months in London, and the summer months at the fashionable watering-places, in the society of the earl of Bath, who was his great patron. He was devoted to literature; but most of his productions were only interesting to his own time. Among other works chiefly of a pamphlet kind, he wrote a Vindication of Milton from the Charge of Plagiarism, adduced by Lauder (1750); A Letter on the Criterion of Miracles (1754); an ironical pamphlet against the Hutchinsonians and Methodists, entitled The Destruction of the French Foretold by Ezekiel (1759); and the Introduction and Notes to Captain Cook's Third Voyage (1781).

DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD, 1813-61; a statesman; born Brandon, Vt., d. Chicago. His father, a respectable physician, died when he was two months old, leaving the The son lived with her on a farm until he was 15 mother in straitened circumstances. years old, when he apprenticed himself to a cabinet-maker. Before the end of two years his health failed and he abandoned his occupation. After attending Brandon academy for one year, he removed with his mother to Canandaigua, N. Y., and resumed his studies in the academy there, at the same time beginning to prepare himself for the legal profession. In 1833, he went to Winchester, Ill., walking a part of the way for lack of funds, and opened a school, which he taught for three months, still pursuing his studies for the bar. In 1834, he was admitted to practice and within a year was elected attorney-general for the state. He resigned this office, Dec., 1835, on being elected a member of the legislature. In 1837, he was appointed register of the United States land office at Springfield, but resigned in 1839. In 1837, he was nominated for member of congress by the democratic party, and came very near an election. In 1840.

he was appointed secretary of state of Illinois. In 1841, he was elected a judge of the supreme court of the state by the legislature, but resigned in 1843 to become again a candidate for congress. He was elected this time by over 400 majority, and re-elected for two successive terms. He resigned after his election for the third time, to accept the post of senator of the United States for six years from Mar. 4, 1847. As a member of the house of representatives, he took an active part in the political discussions of the time. In the Oregon controversy he took extreme ground against Great Britain, claiming the whole territory for the United States up to lat. 54° 40'. He was also an earnest advocate for the annexation of Texas, and es chairman of the committee on territories, 1846, reported the joint resolution declaring that country to be one of the states of the American union. He was an ardent supporter of President Polk in the war with Mexico. The bills to organize the territories of Minnesota, Oregon, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, Kansas, and Nebraska, were all reported by him, as were also those providing for the admission to the union of the states of Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, and Oregon. He was a strenuous opponent of the "Wilmot proviso," and of every other measure for resisting the extension of slavery by federal action, holding to the doctrine called "squatter sovereignty"-the doctrine, in other words, that the settlers in a territory had the right to say whether they would have slavery or not. In Aug., 1848, however, he so far relinquished this doctrine as to propose an amendment to the Oregon bill, extending the Missouri compromise line of 36° 30' to the Pacific, thus prohibiting slavery in the region n. of that line, and recognizing it in that s. thereof. The amendment prevailed in the senate, but was lost in the house of representatives. The land was now filled with excitement upon the slavery question, and the compromise measures of 1850 were devised and passed as a "final settlement" of the controversy. Instead of quieting the agitation, however, they fanned it to an intenser heat. In 1852, D. was an unsuccessful candidate for the democratic nomination for president of the United States. During the congressional session of 1853-54, he reported the bill to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, the freedom of which from slavery was solemnly guaranteed by the Missouri compromise of 1820. This restriction Douglas now proposed to repeal or disregard, leaving those territories under the doctrine of " squatter Sovereignty," open to the introduction of slavery. The enactment of this measure created intense excitement in the northern states, and D. was hotly denounced. From this time forward the question of the extension or non-extension of slavery was the paramount issue before the country-the compromise measures of 1850 proving utterly abortive as a means of stopping anti-slavery agitation. In 1856, D. was again a candidate for the presidential nomination of his party, but James Buchanan gained the nomination. In 1858, desiring a re-election to the senate, he engaged in a political canvass of the state of Illinois-Abraham Lincoln, the republican candidate for senator, being his antagonist. They spoke from the same platform in regular debate, upon conditions mutually agreed to, in every quarter of the state. A majority of the popular vote was cast against him, but D. carried the legislature by a small majority, and was consequently re-elected to the senate. He was in favor of the annexation of Cuba to the United States, and a warm champion of the Pacific railroad. In the presidential election of 1860, the democratic party was divided, D. being supported by the northern and Breckinridge by the southern section. The republicans nominated and elected Abraham Lincoln. After the beginning of the war between the states, D. took strong ground in favor of the union, giving his influence to uphold the general government. During his last illness, he dictated for publication a letter in which he declared it to be the duty of all patriotic men to sustain the union, the constitution, the government, and the flag, against all assailants. He was short of stature, but stoutly built, and was familiarly called "the little giant." He was endowed with qualities which gave him great power over masses of men. His first wife (1847) was Martha, daughter of Col. Robert Martin of Rockingham co., N. C.; his second, Adele, daughter of James Madison Cutts of Washington. By his first wife he had three children. See Lives, by Sheahan (N. Y. 1860); Flint (Phila., 1860).

DOUGLASS, DAVID BATES, 1790-1849; b. N. J.; graduate of Yale, 1813. He went into the army, and was one of the defenders of fort Erie, for which he was breveted captain. In 1815, he was assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy at West Point; in 1819, astronomical surveyor in fixing the boundary with Canada from Niagara to Detroit, and the next year in the same capacity further west. In 1832, he accepted the professorship of civil architecture in the university of New York, and prepared the designs for the building on Washington Square. He surveyed the region of Croton river, with a view to a supply of water for the city; his plan was accepted, and he was appointed chief engineer. In 1839, he planned and laid out Greenwood cemetery. From 1841 to 1844, he was president of Kenyon college. In after years he laid out cemeteries at Albany and Quebec. His last official position was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Hobart college.

DOUGLASS, FREDERICK, American orator and journalist, was born at Tuckahoe, near Easton, Maryland, about 1817. His father was a white man, his mother a negro slave, and he was reared as a slave on the plantation of Col. Edward Lloyd until 10 years old, when he was transferred to a relative of his owner at Baltimore. There he