worked in a ship-yard, and taught himself to read and write. At the age of 21, he escaped to New York, and thence to New Bedford, in Massachusetts, where he married a woman of color, and worked until 1841, when he attended an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, and spoke so eloquently on the subject of slavery, that he was employed as an agent of the Massachusetts anti-slavery society, and lectured for four years with great success. In 1845, he published his autobiography, and accepted an invitation to make a lecturing tour in Great Britain, where, in 1846, a contribution of £150 was made to buy his freedom. Returning to America, he established, in 1847, Frederick Douglass's Paper, a weekly abolition newspaper, at Rochester, N. Y. In 1855, he re-wrote his autobiography, republished, 1882, as Life and Times of F. D. In 1871, he was secretary to the Santo Domingo commission; in 1872 was a presidential elector for the state of New York; in 1876-81 was U. S. marshal for the District of Columbia; in 1881-86 was recorder of deeds in the District; and in 1889-91 was minister to Hayti. Mr. D. was a fluent speaker, and a ready debater. He d. in 1895.

DOUR, a t. of Belgium, in the province of Hainault, 9 m. w.s.w. of Mons. It is well built and prosperous. Coal and iron mines are worked in the vicinity; there are also many quarries, and to some extent, weaving, bleaching, and leather-dressing are carried on. Pop. '90, 10,603.

DOURO (Span. Ducero, Port. Douro), the name of one of the largest rivers of Spain and Portugal, rises in the province of Old Castile, about 30 m. w.n.w. of the town of Soria. From its source it flows s.e. to Soria, then winds towards the w., and pursues a general westward direction till it reaches the Portuguese border; it then flows s. w., forming for about 60 m. the boundary between Spain and Portugal; then crossing Portugal and flowing w., it falls into the Atlantic below Oporto. Its Portuguese tributaries are comparatively small. The total length of the river is about 485 miles. The D. is a noble river, and flows through some of the most imposing rock-scenery in the world, as at Barca d'Alva; but is rapid, and of difficult navigation, on account of rocks, sand-banks, etc. It passes through a large portion of the wine-country of Portugal, and conveys the produce to Oporto for exportation in flat-bottomed boats.

DOUROUCOU ́LI, a small monkey of Brazil, sleeping by day but active and fierce at night in pursuit of birds and insects. The body is only about 9 in. long, the tail 14; fur soft and grayish white, with a brown stripe down the back. The douroucouli looks more like a cat than a monkey, and sits up like a dog. It has a harsh disagreeable voice. See illus., MONKEYS, ETC., vol. X.

DOUSA, JANUS, (JAN VAN DER DOES), 1545-1604; a Dutch statesman, historian, poet, and philologist, the defender of Leyden. He studied at Douay, Paris, and in other cities, and became friendly with many eminent scholars. In 1572, he was sent as ambassador to England, and in 1574, was charged with the government and defense of Leyden, then besieged by the Spaniards. When the university of Leyden was founded he was appointed first curator. In 1585, he was sent to England to solicit assistance from queen Elizabeth. In 1591, he was a member of the states-general. His principal work was the Annals of Holland.

DOVE (probably from the same root as dive, owing to its habit of ducking the head; compare Lat. columba with Gr. kolumban, to dive), a name sometimes extended, as the name pigeon also is, to the whole family of columbida, sometimes like it restricted-at least when used without prefix-to the genus columba of the more recent ornithological systems. No distinction between the terms dove and pigeon is sanctioned either by constant scientific or general popular use. Audubon attempts to make a distinction, giving the name pigeon to those species of which many nests are built close together on the same trees, and dove to those which are solitary in their nidification; but this distinction is quite unsuitable to the European species, and contrary to British usage. See PIGEON.

DOVE. In Christian art, the dove is employed as an emblem of the Holy Ghost, no doubt from the fact of this being the form in which the Spirit descended on our Lord at his baptism. From the dove being also used to symbolize purity, it is generally represented white, with its beak and claws red, as they occur in nature. In the older pictures, a golden nimbus surrounds its head; the nimbus being frequently divided by a cross, either red or black. In stained glass windows we see the dove with seven rays proceeding from it, terminating in seven stars, significative of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. Holding an olive branch, the dove is an emblem of peace. When seen issuing from the lips of dying saints and martyrs, it represents the human soul purified by suffering. A dove with six wings is a type of the church of Christ; and when so employed, it has the breast and belly of silver, and the back of gold, two wings being attached to the head, two to the shoulders, and two to the feet. The pyx or box for containing the host (q.v.) in Catholic churches, is sometimes made in the form of a dove, and suspended over the altar; and the dove is often placed on the covers of fonts. In this position it may still be seen in parish churches in England.

DOVE, HEINRICH WILHELM, one of the ablest recent physicists of the continent, was b. in 1803, at Liegnitz, in Silesia, where his father was a merchant. He studied at Breslau and at Berlin, at the latter of which he took the degree of doctor in 1826. He was successively "privatdocent" and assistant professor of natural philosophy in Königsberg. Having been transferred to a similar post in Berlin, he subsequently became full pro

fessor, and was elected to a seat in the royal academy of sciences. His writings, which are very numerous, are to be found in the memoirs of that academy, and in Poggen dorff's Annalen, besides several published separately. The most celebrated of these refer to meteorology, climatology, induced electricity, and circularly polarized light. We may mention among his works Ueber Mass und Messen (2d edition, Berlin, 1835), a treatise on the art of measuring, and the origin and comparison of the metrical standards of different nations; Meteorologische Untersuchugen (Berlin, 1837), a remarkable treatise. Ueber die nicht periodischen Aenderungen der Temperaturvertheilung auf der Oberfläche der Erde (4 vols., Berlin, 1840-47); Untersuchungen in Gebiete der Inductionselectricität (Berlin, 1843). In conjunction with other distinguished German philosophers, D. commenced, in 1837, the publication of an extensive series of treatises on different branches of natural philosophy. This work, called Repertorium der Physik, remains unfinished. In his capacity of director of all the Prussian observatories, he published annually an account of their labors. To him is due, amongst a great variety of optical discoveries, the application of the stereoscope to the detection of forged bank-notes-an ingenious and useful idea. To English readers, D. is best known by his treatise on the Distri bution of Heat on the Surface of the Globe, which was published in 1853, by the British association. In this work he enters fully into the causes of periodic variations of tem perature at different parts of the globe, and lays down in admirable charts the monthly and annual isothermal and isabnormal lines-thus tracing the variations in form and position of the different isothermals throughout the year. Das Gesetz der Stürme 4th ed., 1874) has also been translated (The Law of Storms). Other works are Ueber Electricitat (1848); Optische Studien (1859); Eiszeit, Föhn, u. Sirocco (1867); Klimatologie von Norddeutschland (1871). D. died 4th April, 1879.

DO'VE, RICHARD WILHELM, b. Berlin, in 1833; 1862, professor in the university of Tübingen; in 1865 at Kiel, and in 1868 at Göttingen. In 1873 he was nominated a member of the Prussian court of ecclesiastical affairs. In 1860 he established and began to edit the well-known periodical, Zeitschrift für Kirchenrecht, a leading European publication on ecclesiastical law.

DOVECOT. The right of erecting or keeping dovecots was in England formerly a privilege of manors, and was rigorously protected by law; but such exceptional privileges have long been abolished. The Scottish statute, 1617, c. 19, enacts that no person shall build a dovecot or pigeon-house, either in town or country, unless he be possessed of lands or teinds of the yearly value of ten chalders of victual, lying within at least two miles of it. Among the old noblesse of France the keeping of pigeons was an exclusive privilege, and large pigeon-cots are a marked feature of their chateaux.

DOVER, city, capital of Delaware, and co. seat of Kent co., on St. Jones river, 45 miles south of Wilmington and five miles west of Delaware Bay. The Delaware Division of the Phila., Wilmington & Baltimore railroad passes through it. Dover is regularly built on high ground. The public buildings are the state house, county building and court house, which stand in a beautiful square planted with elms, and a post-office building in the business centre. There are churches, Wilmington Conference Academy, banks, weekly newspapers, hotels, separate graded schools for white and colored children; also a large agricultural and manual training school for colored students, in the suburbs. The manufactories include canning factories, a foundry, and machine shops, a saw-mill, a basket and crate factory, planing-mills, and silk braid factory. Dover has a handsome monument erected in memory of Cæsar Rodney, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Pop. '90, 3061.

DOVER, a city and co. seat of Strafford co., N. H., lies on both sides of the Cocheco river, two miles from its junction with the Piscataqua; 10 miles n.w. of Portsmouth, and 40 miles e. of Concord. The Cocheco has a depth of eleven feet at high tide, and here forms a good harbor. The city is at the head of navigation and is entered by branches of the Boston and Maine railroad. It is the oldest town in the state, having been settled in 1623, and in 1689 was attacked by the Indians, who killed twenty-three persons and carried twenty-nine into captivity. A city charter was granted in 1855. Dover is situated on hilly ground, is regularly laid out, contains many handsome private dwellings and a number of public buildings worthy of special mention, such as the city hall and the high school. There are several churches, a court-house, a public library, Franklin academy, public schools, national and savings banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. The chief industry is the manufacture of prints, cotton and woolen goods, machinery, foundry products, and shoes. The Cocheco river furnishes the chief water power, having several falls, one of which is 32 feet high. An immense reservoir, Bow pond, fifteen miles from the city, is used as a supplemental source of supply during the dry season. Additional water power is furnished by Black river, in the south part of the city. Population '60, 8502; '80, 11,693; '90, 12,791.

DOVER, a city in Morris co., N. J., on the Rockaway river, the Morris and Essex canal, and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, and the New Jersey Central railroads, 28 miles w. of Newark. It has large iron interests, railroad car shops, hosiery mill, machine shops, silk mill, stove, furnace, and range works, electric lights, national bank, high school, business college, and daily and weekly newspapers. Five miles from the city the Federal government has established its principal powder depot. Pop. '90, not separately reported; '95, state census, 5,021.

DOVER, a parliamentary and municipal borough in the e. of Kent, 66 m. e.s.e. of London, and the head-quarters of the south-eastern district of the British army, is not only a charmingly situated wateringplace, but, being the nearest point of the English coast to France, is a seaport of rapidly growing importance. The Admiralty Pier begun in 1848, was designed to form the western arm of the harbor. In 1891 a parliamentary bill for the carrying out of very extensive works in the harbor received the royal assent. The Admiralty Pier was to be extended and a new work, the East Pier, was to be built. The plan comprises also the construction of an iron viaduct 1260 feet in length, the surface being 19 feet above high water. The works, when completed, will form a sheltered area in the harbor of 36 acres, with a depth of from 3 to 6 fathoms, in low water. The memorial stone was laid by the Prince of Wales on July 20th, 1893. The reclamation of a large section of land, and the construction thereon of two railway jetties, also form a part of the plan. The first submarine block in the foundation of the East Pier was laid in 1894, and during the years 1895 and 1896 the work of construction made great progress. The fortifications comprise Dover castle, which occupies a commanding position on the chalk cliffs, 375 ft. above the level of the sea, and in the construction of which Saxons and Normans displayed no small amount of ingenuity; the western heights, fort Burgoyne, the south front, the drop redoubt, the citadel, the western outworks, and the north center bastion. No special trade is attached to the town, which transacts a miscellaneous maritime business with the French and Belgian ports, and offers excellent harbor accommodation for every variety of shipping. Pop. of borough, which returns two members to parliament (1891), 33,418. D. is well sheltered by the cliffs, and ends landward in a charming valley leading to what is known as "The Garden of Kent." In Roman days it was known as Dubris; the Normans called it Dovere; the French, Douvres; whilst in legal documents of this day the town is Dovar, all four terms being variations of the word "Dour," the name of the small river which runs through the town. Fortified and walled by William the Conqueror, during whose reign it was nearly burned down, noted as the place of king John's submission to the pope, besieged by the French, held during the civil war by the parliamentarians, threatened by the first Napoleon, and celebrated as the headquarters of the lord wardens of the cinque ports, D. holds a distinguished place in English history. Three submarine cables connect it with the continent, and plans for a tunnel have often been discussed. If carried out, they would bring France within half an hour's journey from Dover.

DOVER, STRAIT OF (Fretum Gallicum, Pas de Calais), the sea-channel between England and France, connecting the English channel and North sea, whose tides meet here. It is 18 to 25 m. broad, and 6 to 29 fathoms deep, but at Warne and Ridge Shoals only 1 to 4 fathoms. The English coast consists of chalk cliffs 300 to 600 ft. high, succeeded on the s. by lower greensand, and the French, from Calais to Cape Grisnez, is of similar strata. Britain and the continent seem to have been once united here by an isthmus. In Aug., 1875, Capt. Webb, an English naval officer, accomplished the wonderful feat of swimming the S. of D. in 213 hours.

DO VERON, or DE'VERON, a river of the n.e. of Scotland, rising in the w. of Aberdeenshire, a little s. of the Buck of the Cabrach (2377 ft. high). It runs 55 m. n.e., or 36 in a straight line, through adjacent parts of the counties of Aberdeen and Banff, and partly dividing them, past Huntly to the North sea at Banff. It drains a basin of 410 sq. m. composed of syenitic greenstone, metamorphic rocks, and old red sandstone.

DOVER'S POWDER is a preparation of powder of ipecacuanha 1 dram, opium in powder 1 dram, and sulphate of potash 1 ounce. The whole is thoroughly mixed, and the ordinary dose is from 5 to 10 grains. Occasionally, saltpeter is added. It is a most valuable medicine, and acts as a sudorific, increasing the proportion of sweat or sensible perspiration. In feverish conditions, where there is the dry furred tongue, and the dry skin, and the brain out of order, D. P. is reckoned to prove injurious; but where the tongue is moist, the skin moist and soft, and the brain comparatively unaffected, D. P. is of great service.

DOW, LORENZO, 1777-1834; born Conn.; an American preacher of limited education, noted for his eccentricities as well as zeal. In youth he was in much perplexity about religion, but finally joined the Methodists, and for a short time was a preacher in that denomination, which he left under a conviction that he was called to be a missionary to the Roman Catholics of Ireland. His preaching in that country attracted crowds of people, and brought him some persecution. He also visited England, introducing there the system of camp-meetings, which is still popular among the Methodists. After returning to the United States for a time, he repeated his visits to Ireland and England in 1805. He afterwards preached for many years in the United States, traveling all over the country, and sometimes making appointments a year in advance, which he filled at the exact day and hour. His natural eloquence and his eccentricities of dress and speech attracted large audiences everywhere. He preached much against the Jesuits, whom he regarded as conspirators against civil and religious liberty. His Polemical Works appeared in 1814. Among his other writings are The Stranger in Charleston, or the Trial and Confession of Lorenzo Dow; A Short Account of a Long Travel; and the History of a Cosmopolite-the cosmopolite being himself.

DOW, NEAL, a temperance reformer, born Me., 1804. He is the author of what is known as the "Maine Law," prohibiting the sale of intoxicating drinks in that stato

Down.

under severe penalties, in operation since 1851. He was a brig.-gen. of volunteers in the war for the preservation of the Union, was taken prisoner near Port Hudson in 1863, and was Prohibition candidate for president in 1880. His 90th birthday (March 20, 1894) was observed by the Women's Christian Temperance Union throughout the world. D. Oct., 1897.

DOW'AGER (Fr. douairière, from douaire, dowry, dower, derived from the Greek and Lat. dos, a thing given, verb do, to give), a widow with a dower (q. v.); but commonly the title is applied only to the widows of persons of high rank. The queen-dowager, as the widow of the king, enjoys most of the privileges which belonged to her as queenconsort. But it is not high treason to conspire her death, because the succession to the crown is not thereby endangered. Still no man can marry a queen-dowager without special license from the king.

DOWDEN, EDWARD, English author, b. in Cork, Ireland, in 1843, was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, where he subsequently held the professorship of English literature. He wrote a Primer of Shakespeare, 1872, the success of which prompted him to another work on the same subject, Shakespeare, His Mind and Art, 1880, and in 1893 he published an Introduction to Shakespeare. His Shakespearian works have had a wide circulation and been employed as text books in college classes. They show a keen critical faculty and a genuine admiration of the great dramatist, though perhaps the classification of the latter's writings, according to the supposed psychological periods of his life, may appear somewhat fanciful. His other works are Poems 1876; Studies in Literature, 1873; Southey (in The English Men of Letters), 1879; Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1886; Transcripts and Studies, 1888, and the French Revolution in English Literature, in 1897. The last named work is a collection of essays on the English authors at the close of the 18th and early part of the 19th century, which were delivered in the form of lectures on the occasion of the Princeton sesqui-centennial and published in the series called Princeton Lectures.

DOW, DOU, or DOUW, GERARD, one of the most exquisite of all the Dutch genrepainters, was b. at Leyden in 1613. He received his first instructions in drawing from one Dolendo, a draughtsman, and at the age of 15 entered the school of Rembrandt. That marvelous genius for color which the latter possessed, fascinated the young painter, who soon showed a similar mastery over chiaroscuro, but at the same time developed artistic qualities of a wholly different kind from those of his master. The most insignificant incidents of daily life were precious to D., and were delineated with a delicacy, neatness, and care, that could not be surpassed. In his workshop, the utmost cleanliness prevailed. D. was true to nature in a degree positively wonderful. The richness, transparency, vigor, and harmony of his coloring are beyond all praise. In consequence, his pictures, though generally small in size, are considered gems of art, and have brought astonishing prices. One of his best works, "The Dropsical Woman,' is valued at 30,000 guilders. Among his other pieces may be mentioned The Village Grocer," "The Dutch Cook," "The Mountebank," "The Fiddler," "The Dentist," and "The Interior of a Household." His works, which are pretty numerous, are in all the great European collections. D. died at Leyden in 1680.

DOWEL (Fr. douille, socket), is a small wedge or piece of wood driven into the joints of brickwork, or into any wall, to which other pieces of wood may be fastened by nails; also, a vertical iron rod fixed into a wall and also into a body that is to be attached se curely thereto.

DOWER. At common law, the one third interest of a wife in the real estates of inheritance of which her husband was seized during the coverture in such a way that the children of the two might have inherited it. This interest in her husband's real estate continues during her life, and may pass through three stages or forms. During the coverture and ownership of the property by the husband, she has an inchoate right of dower. This is a mere right or possibility of obtaining property by surviving her husband. It is a right, however, which the courts will protect, as between her and her husband. After the death of the husband, and before she has been put into possession of the specific one third of his realty which should be set apart for her, she has a right of action for the purpose of obtaining her dower lands. It is the duty of the husband's heirs, or purchasers, or other persons who may be in possession of the property, to set out or assign her one third to her, and her action lies to compel the performance of that duty. After such assignment has been made, and she has been given possession of the land, she acquires an interest or estate therein during her own life. In connection with her dower right she is also entitled to a residence in the chief house or home of her husband, for forty days after his death, provided she remain unmarried and chaste during that time, and in the meantime to have her reasonable sustenance out of his estate. This right is known as the widow's quarantine. Dower attaches to real property only, and not to personal chattels. It is strongly favored by the common law. No act that the husband alone can do will bar it. If he sell real estate to which his wife's dower right attached without having her unite in the transfer, the purchaser takes subject to such right. It is not necessary that the husband shall be actually in possession of the property in order to give the wife dower therein. The fact that he is seized, during the coverture, in fact or in law, of a beneficial estate of inheritance, legal or equitable, will be sufficient to support her claim to dower. But in England, and in many of the United States, modern statutes have materially modified the rights of the

wife in the husband's property. Where dower is preserved by such statutes, the husband is usually given power, by his own act or deed alone, to bar it as to property which he desires to sell during the coverture. In many of the older states of this country, however, the common law dower is still retained. In the absence of positive modern statutory changes, there are several ways in which dower may be barred. These are: 1. By an absolute divorce. In the absence of statutory qualifications, such a divorce bars dower whether it was obtained because of the misconduct of the husband or for that of the wife. But in some of the states of this country, if the wife obtain the divorce for the misconduct of the husband, she does not thereby lose her dower right. 2. If the wife join in the deed by which her husband conveys real estate, and indicate therein that she does so for the purpose of releasing her rights in that land, she will be thereby barred of dower. This method, which is now the one most commonly employed, is due to statutes uniformly enacted where dower exists, which declare that such a conveyance shall bar her dower rights. 3. If the wife induce any one to purchase her husband's real property by representing to him that she has no dower rights in such property, she will be estopped or precluded from subsequently claiming dower from that property against such purchaser or those who claim under him. 4. If the title of the husband be defeated, either while he lives or after his death, by one who claims under a paramount title, this will, in general, also defeat the wife's or widow's dower. 5. When, by the exercise of the right of eminent domain, the state takes real estate from the husband and makes compensation to him for it, the wife's right of dower in the property so taken is barred. But she may follow the proceeds or purchase money, and insist that her dower shall attach to that. 6. If, during the period of the statute of limitations (in most jurisdictions twenty years) after her husband's death, a widow fail to assert her claims upon his realty, her dower will be barred. 7. By a jointure, also, the dower of a widow may be defeated. Jointure is a provision for the wife, usually made before the marriage by the prospective husband. If made at that time in conformity to the requirements of the so-called statute of jointures, or if made at that time with the consent of the intended wife, although not in strict conformity to that statute, she may be compelled, after the husband's death, to abstain from claiming her dower, upon receiving the provision thus made for her in its stead. If the settlement thus made upon her conform to the statute of jointures, it is known as a legal jointure, and will be recognized and enforced in the common law events. If it do not conform to that statute, but be made with her consent, it is known as equitable jointure, since it can only be enforced in a court of equity. If the settlement or provision be made after the marriage, whatever may be its form, it is not an absolute bar to dower; but after the husband's death the wife may elect whether she will take her dower out of his real property or accept the provision thus made for her in lieu thereof. She is, in the same manner, compelled to make her election, if the husband give her property by his will and indicate expressly or by necessary implication that he means such gift, if accepted by her, to be received in lieu of dower.

DOW LAS, a kind of coarse strong linen, used by working-people for shirts, and manufactured largely at Knaresborough in Yorkshire, at Dundee, and at Newburgh and other places in Fifeshire. Since the introduction of calico, the home demand for dowlas has very much diminished, the article being little used except in the iron districts. The principal exports of D. are to Spain, and the countries inhabited by peoples of Spanish origin, in North and South America.

DOWLATABAD' (in English, Abode of Prosperity), a strongly-fortified t. of Hindustan, within the Nizam's dominions, near their n.w. frontier, in lat. 19° 57 n., and long. 75° 18 east. The town is commanded by a rock-fortress, which, with a height of about 500 ft., is scarped into a perpendicular for the lowest third of the altitude. This stronghold is all the more formidable from its being completely isolated, being fully 3,000 yards distant from any other eminence. The town of D. has greatly decayed, and has only a small population.

DOWLER, BENNET, a physician, b. Va., 1797; educated at the medical school of the university of Maryland; settled in New Orleans in 1836, where he gained high professional standing. He was for some years the editor of the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. He is the author of a Tableau of the Yellow Fever of 1853, and of various contributions to the periodical literature of the profession. He founded the New Orleans academy of sciences. He performed many experiments upon the human body immediately after death, the results of which are valuable. He d. in 1879.

DOWN, a maritime co. in the s.e. of Ulster province, Ireland. It is 51 m. long, and 38 broad, with an area of 957 sq. m. It has a coast-line of 67 m., or 125 by the inlets, mostly low and rocky, and with many isles off it. The chief inlets are Belfast lough, 3 m. broad, and 15 deep; Strangford lough, to 3 m. by 10; Dundrum and Carlingford bays. The Mourne mountains cover 90 sq. m. in the s., and rise 2,796 ft. in Slieve Donard. The other parts of D. are mostly undulating and hilly, with plains and fine meadows along the rivers. The chief rocks are lower Silurian-covering most of the county and granite, composing the Mourne and Croob mountains. The chief rivers are the Upper Bann and the Lagan. The Newry canal admits vessels of 50 tons, and with the Ulster canal opens communication through almost all Ulster. Thick marl beds occur in the alluvial tracts. The soils are chiefly stony and clayey loams. The chief crops are oats, potatoes, turnips, wheat, flax, and barley. Many pigs are reared. The chief manufacture is linen, especially the finer fabrics, as muslin, woven in the