Dozy.

houses of the small farmers. Flax and cotton mills have become common. Hosiery, leather, salt, thread, and woolens are also made. These, with corn, butter, pork, and hides, are the chief exports. D. is among the best cultivated of the Irish counties. The chief towns are Downpatrick, Newry, Newtownards, Bannbridge, and Donaghadee. Presbyterianism prevails in the towns and low country, and Roman Catholicism among the mountains, and in the barony of Lecale. D. has many ancient remains, as raths, round towers, castles, and abbeys. On the top of Slieve Croob (1755 ft. high) are 23 stone cairns, one being 54 ft. high. Pop. '81, 269,927; '91, 267,059.

DOWN'CAST, the name of a shaft used for ventilating mines. The foul air is made to ascend through a flue by a fire burning at the bottom, while fresh air descends through the downcast.

DOWN EAST is a provincialism used in the other New England states for the state of Maine. A citizen of Maine is also alluded to as a down-easter. The origin is uncertain. DOWNES, JOHN, 1786-1855, b. Mass. ; an American naval officer. He entered the navy in 1802, and was in the frigate New York as midshipman during the war with Tripoli, distinguishing himself by gallant service. He was made a lieutenant in 1807, and served as such on board the frigate Essex against the British, under Capt. Porter, 1812-14, who assigned him to the command of the cruiser Essex Junior. In 1815, he commanded the brig Epervier, under Decatur, in the war against Algiers, and assisted in taking an Algerine pirate; also in capturing the Algerine brig Estido. In 1817, he was made captain, and commanded the frigate Macedonian in the Pacific, 1819-21. In 1828-29, he served in the Mediterranean squadron, and 1832-34 he was with the squadron in the Pacific. In 1837, he was appointed commander of the navy-yard in CharlestowL, serving till 1842. He filled the same post again, 1850-52.

DOWNHAM MARKET, a small town in the w. of Norfolk co., England, on a hillside, on the right bank of the Ouse, 40 m. w. of Norwich, and 10 s. of Lynn-Regis. It lies amid fen and dairy land. It has a bell-foundry, and a celebrated butter market. By the Ouse and Cam, vessels proceed from Lynn on the coast to Cambridge, 30 m. above Downham Market. A market was confirmed here in the time of Edward the Confessor. DOWNIE, DAVID, missionary, b. in Scotland, 1838, went to the United States in 1852, studied at Phillips Andover Academy, Brown University, and Rochester Theological Seminary. Having been appointed missionary of the American Baptist Missionary Union, in 1873, he went to Nellore, India, where he established a large number of missionary stations, and is said to have raised the number of communicants from 1500 to 80,000. He is the author of The History of the Telugu Mission (1893).

DOWNING, ANDREW JACKSON, 1815-52; born N. Y.; a pomologist and landscape gardener. In his chosen department he showed a fine taste, and introduced great and lasting improvements, developing a public appreciation of harmonious landscape decoration. He was drowned in the Hudson river when the steamer Henry Clay was burned. His works are A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, and Fruit and Fruit Trees of America, both highly esteemed. He was for a time editor of the Horticulturist, published in Albany. A volume of his Rural Essays, with a memoir by George Wm. Curtis, was published after his death. To his suggestion, N. Y. City owes its Central Park.

DOWNING, CHARLES, brother of the preceding, was born July 9th, 1802, at Newburgh, N. Y., and died there Jan. 18th, 1885. He assisted his more famous brother in the compilation of The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, and after the latter's death revised the book for several editions, his contributions to the book swelling it to twice its original size, and his labors making him well known as a pomologist and authority on horticultural and arboricultural matters in all parts of the world.

DOWNING, Sir GEORGE, 1623-84; b. Dublin; a nephew of Gov. John Winthrop. He graduated at Harvard coll., 1642; went to England and took service as chaplain in the Parliamentary army. Cromwell made him Resident at the Hague, where he secretly contrived to ingratiate himself with the exiled Stuarts. After the restoration he was knighted, 1663, and became sec. of the treasury and one of the commissioners of customs, 1667. One of a number of houses that he built in London, in the street which afterward took from him its name, Downing street, having been forfeited to the crown, has ever since the time of sir Robert Walpole been the official residence attached to the office of first lord of the treasury. His grandson founded Downing college.

DOWNING, Sir GEORGE, 1684-1749, the founder of Downing college, Cambridge, was a grandson of Sir George Downing who died in 1684. He sat in parliament from 1710 to 1713, was re-elected in 1722, and remained a member till his death.

DOWNING COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, founded solely by sir George Downing, of Gam lingay park, Cambridge, who, by a will of date 20th Dec., 1717, devised his estates in the counties of Cambridge, Bedford, and Suffolk to various relations in succession, and on failure thereof, to build and found a college on a plan to be approved of by the two archbishops of England and the masters of St. John's and Clare colleges. Owing to various litigations and other difficulties, it was not till 22d Sept., 1800, that the college received its charter, sealed with the great seal, nor till May, 1821, that the buildings were sufficiently advanced to admit of undergraduates residing and keeping terms.

DOWNING STREET is a short street in Whitehall, London, named from sir George Downing (secretary of the treasury in 1667), in which are located the colonial and foreign offices; also, since 1735, the official residence of the first lord of the treasury. Here cabinet councils are held, hence the term is sometimes employed to denote the government in office.

DOWNPATRICK (mount of Patrick), or Down, a municipal borough and cathedral town, in the s. of Down, of which it is the capital. It is situated near the mouth of the Quoyle, which flows into the s.w. end of lough Strangford, 74 m. n.n.e. of Dublin, and 21 m. s.s.e. of Belfast, with which town it is connected by railway. The cathedral was restored in 1790 on the site of one built in 1412, and burned in 1538 by lord deputy Grey. A handsome Catholic church was erected here in 1872. Vessels of 100 tons reach the quay a mile from Downpatrick. It has manufactures of linen, soap, leather, and malt liquors. Pop. '71, 3,621; '91, less than 3,500. Till 1885 it was a parliamentary borough and returned one member to parliament. To the n.w. of D. are the remains of great earthworks, m. in circuit, inclosing a conical rath 60 ft. high and 2,100 in circumference. D. was famous before the arrival of St. Patrick, who founded religious establishments here. D. was burned by Edward Bruce in 1315, and plundered by O'Neil in 1552. The holy wells of St. Patrick at Struel, 14 m. e. of D., were formerly resorted to by Roman Catholic pilgrims from all Ireland, but for the last fifty years the pilgrimage

has ceased.

DOWNS, THE, an important roadstead or shelter for shipping, off the s.e. coast of Kent, opposite Ramsgate and Deal, between North and South Foreland, and protected externally by the Goodwin sands-a natural break water with one to four fathoms water, and often partly dry at low tide. This large natural harbor of refuge is eight miles by six, with an anchorage of four to twelve fathoms, but having many sands and overfalls partly or wholly dry at low water. It is resorted to temporarily by outward and homeward bound vessels, and squadrons of ships of war, and is unsafe only in south winds. It is defended by Deal, Dover, and Sandown castles.

DOWNS (Ger. dunen, Fr. dunes, from the root dun (q.v.), common to the Gothic and Celtic languages, signifying a hill), a term usually applied to hillocks of sand thrown up by the sea or the wind along the sea-coast. It is also a general name for any undulating tract of upland too light for cultivation, and covered with short grass. It is specially applied to two broad ridges of undulating hills s. of the Thames, beginning in the middle of Hampshire, and running eastward, the one (the north D.) through the middle of Surrey and Kent to Dover (about 120 m.), and the other (the south D.) through the s.e. of Hampshire and near the Sussex coast to Beachy head (about 80 miles). Between the two ranges lies the valley of the Weald, from which the chalk strata are supposed to have been removed by denudation. Towards the Weald, the descent from both D. is rapid, and presents cliffs as of a sea-margin; while the opposite slopes are gradual. The highest point of the north D. is Botley hill, 880 ft.; and of the south D., Ditchelling beacon, 858 feet. These uplands are covered with fine short pasture, which, from its aromatic quality, forms excellent feeding-ground for the famous South Down sheep. The valleys occurring among the hills are usually fertile, and admit of cultivation, so that an excellent field is furnished for mixed husbandry. By pasturing the sheep on the D. during the day, and folding them on the arable fields at night, the latter are highly fertilized.

DOWN'TON, a small town in the s.e. of Wiltshire, on the right bank of the Avon, here split into three branches, 6 m. s.e. of Salisbury. It chiefly consists of one long street with the houses irregularly placed. It has paper-works, and an ancient cross. D., in the middle ages, had a castle, of which the mound or moat remains, and is a singular earthwork, on which Saxon justice was dispensed. Two miles n. of D. is the mansion and estate of Standlinch, the national gift to the heirs of lord Nelson, for which parliament voted £100,000.

DOXOLOGY, a Greek word, signifies an exclamation or prayer in honor of the majesty of God, such as Paul uses at the close of his epistles, and sometimes even in the middle of an argument (Romans ix. 5). The hymn of the angels (Luke ii. 14) is also called a D. by the Christian church; so likewise is the close of the "Lord's Prayer." The so-called "Great Doxology" is simply an expansion of the angelic hymn, and is sung in the Roman Catholic church at the celebration of the Lord's Supper, and at matins. It commences with the words, Gloria in excelsis Deo ("Glory to God in the highest "). The ordinary D., "Glory be to the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, as it was," etc., is repeated at the end of each psalm in the service of the church of England; there is a similar D. in verse to suit different meters.

DOYLE, RICHARD, son of the celebrated caricaturist H. B., whose name was John Doyle, was b. in London in 1826. He became a contributor to Punch, and furnished its pages with the well-known sketches of "Ye Manners and Customs of ye English." In 1850, his connection with that publication ceased, and after that period Doyle employed himself in the illustration of books. Among his works of this nature may be mentioned the Adventures of Brown, Jones, and Robinson, and the illustrations to the Newcomes and the Scouring of the White Horse. He contributed “Sketches of Modern Society" to the Cornhill Magazine, and published a Christmas book for 1869, called In Fairy Land. His caricatures are all distinguished by the most genial humor, and the most graceful drawing. He d. 1883.

DOZEN, BAKER'S. See BAKER'S DOZEN.

DOZY, REINHART, one of the most learned orientalists of the present day, was h 21st Feb., 1820, at Leyden. He belongs to a family of French origin, which settled in Holland after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He studied at the university of his

native town, and devoted himself especially to oriental studies. In 1850, he was appointed extraordinary, and, in 1857, ordinary professor of history at Leyden. Besides his writings in the Journal Asiatique and other periodicals, D. has published Dictionnaire détaillé des Noms des Vêtements chez les Arabes (Amst. 1845); Historia Abbadidarum (Leyden, 1846-52); and editions of Abdo'l Wáhid al Marrékoshi's History of the Almohades (1847); of Ibn-Badrun's Historical Commentary on the Poem of Ibn-Abdun (1848), with introduction, notes, glossary, and index, and of Ibn-Adhari's History of Africa and Spain (1848-52). In 1849, appeared his masterly performance, Recherches sur l'Histoire politique et littéraire de l'Espagne pendant le Moyen Age. A second edition, enlarged and completely recast, was published in 1860. In this work, D. has exposed the gross and willful corruptions of the monkish chroniclers, who persisted in falsifying history for the benefit of Christianity, and who could form no more rational idea of the Moors than that they were "devils," or abetted by the devil, and sent to torment the Spaniards because of their sins. Other valuable productions of D. are his Al-Makkari, Analectes sur l'Histoire et la littérature des Arabes d'Espagne (Leyd. 1855-61); Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'à la Conquête de l'Andalousie par les Almoravides (Leyd. 1861); Het Islamisme (Harl. 1863); and Die Israeliten zu Mekka (1864). He d. 1883.

DRACE'NA DRACO, or DRAGON TREE, of the order liliacea, producing the resin called dragon's blood. Its thickness is greatly out of proportion to its height. The head is crowned with short branches bearing tufts of sword-shaped leaves. Humboldt saw a tree in Teneriffe which for 400 years had measured 45 ft. in circumference. The Guanches worshiped it, and had hollowed its trunk into a small sanctuary.

DRACHENFELS ("Dragon's Rock"), a mountain on the Rhine, is situated on the right bank of the river, about 8 m. s.e. of Bonn, and has an elevation of 1056 feet. It is of volcanic origin, consisting of lava, trachyte, and basalt. D. rises abruptly from the river, and is covered with brushwood almost to the top, whence the prospect is magnificent, extending down the river as far as Cologne, and having a charming foreground in Bonn, with its university, and numerous villages and time-worn castles. The cave where the dragon-from which the mountain takes its name-was wont to abide is pointed out to the traveler. The ruins of an old castle crown the summit, and add picturesqueness to the Drachenfels. It is one of the range called the Siebengebirge.

DRACHMA, DRACHM, DRAM. The D. was a silver coin, the unit of the moneysystem in ancient Greece. It varied in value in different parts of Greece and at different times. The Attic D. is estimated as equivalent to 18 cts. of our money-very nearly a French franc. The Eginetan D. was considerably more. But whatever its absolute worth, it always remained the 6,000th part of the talent (about $1080), and the 100th part of the mina (about $20), and was divided into six obols. There were also coins of two, three, and four drachmas. The D. (originally a handful) was also the name of a weight, and 100 drachmas made a mina, in weight, as in money. The weight of the D. is stated at from oz. avoirdupois to little more than half as much. At this lowest estimate, the mina 1 lb. nearly. The unit in the monetary system of modern Greece, since 1833, has also been called drachma; it is equivalent to of a franc, or about 8. sterling, and is divided into 100 lepta. In the British system of weights there were, till recently, two drachms or drams: the avoirdupois dram-equal to 27 troy grains-and the apothecaries' dram (not now used), equal to 60 troy grains, or of an ounce troy. It is this last which is the representative of the ancient drachma.

DRACHMANN, HOLGER HENRIK HERHOLDT, a popular Danish author, was b. in Copenhagen, Oct. 9, 1846. At 20, he began to study art, but in 1872 began his poetical career with a volume of poems, since which time he has published many poems and prose stories, including En Overkomplet (1876) and On a Sailor's Word (1878).

DRACO, a constellation in the northern hemisphere. The star y Draconis is celebrated as the one used in determining the co-efficient of aberration of the fixed stars. It is a bright star, nearly in the solstitial colure, and consequently the minor axis of the small ellipse which its apparent place describes in the heavens, lies in the meridian at its transit. Moreover, at the two equinoxes, when its apparent place is at the extremities respectively of this minor axis, it can be observed on the meridian at one equinox about sunrise, and at the other about sunset, so that both observations may be made without the interference of a too bright daylight. These two observations, therefore, are easily taken, and the difference in the north polar distance which they give, is the minor axis of the ellipse described by the apparent place of the star.

DRACO (Gr. Drakon), an Athenian lawgiver and archon, who, in the year 624 B.C., was appointed to draw up new laws for the disordered state. These, however, effected little change in the form of the state; but by being committed to writing, put an end to the arbitrary administration of justice on the part of the archons, and resulted in the establishment of a court of appeal-that of the Ephetæ. D.'s legislation had a bereficial and permanent effect upon the political development of Athens. The extraordinary severity of these laws, however, which punished the slightest theft, or even laziness, with death, no less than sacrilege, murder, and treason, caused them to be often neglected, and made them so hated, that Solon was appointed to draw out a new code. Solon, though he softened their severity in most instances, retained that law which punished a murderer with death. D.. at a later period, went to Ægina, where, after

having introduced his laws, he is said to have been stifled in the theatre by the garments thrown upon him as a mark of respect by the people. The severity of his laws gave rise to a pun by Herodicus, who declared that D.'s laws were those of a dragon (Gr. drakon) and not of a man. Hence also originated the metaphorical remark of Demades, "that they were written not in ink but in blood." Extremely severe and sanguinary laws are still called Draconic.

DRACONTIUM, a genus of plants of the natural order aracea, of which one species, D. polyphyllum, a native of Guiana, Surinam, and also of India and Japan, has a powerful action on the nervous system, and is useful in asthma; although at present its chief reputation is the somewhat doubtful one of curing the bite of a snake, to which its mottled stem gives it some resemblance. The flower, when it first expands, emits an intolerable stench.

/ DRACUT, a t. in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Merrimack, opposite Lowell, with Agriculture is the main business, but there are also which it is connected with bridges. some manufactures of woolens, paper, etc., and electric railroads. Pop. '90, 1996.

DRAESEKE, FELIX, composer, b. in Cologne, Oct. 7, 1835. He studied under Rietz in Leipsic and Liszt in Weimar, taught in the conservatories of Munich and Lausanne, and finally settled in Dresden. His works include symphonies for orchestra; pianoforte music; quintets, etc.; a Requiem for soli, chorus, and orchestra; and an opera, Gudrun (Hanover, 1884).

DRAFT, an order addressed to a debtor by his creditor, calling upon him to pay a certain sum either to the drawer or to a third party. See BILL, CHECK.

DRAFT, or DRAUGHT, a tentative copy of a legal document, or other formal writing, made for the purpose of adjusting the matter afterwards to be admitted into the fair copy, or engrossed, as it is called. Manuscripts and proof-sheets are the drafts of printed works.

DRAFT-RIOTS.

The greatest riot ever known in American history began in New York city on July 13, 1863. The civil war had continued three years, and as many of the troops were three years' men whose time was about to expire, it became necessary to fill their places. Volunteers were coming in too slowly, and as a last resort, in March, Congress passed a conscription act, authorizing the President to recruit the army whenever necessary by a draft from the able-bodied citizens between the ages of twenty and forty-five. A general enrollment was made and due notice given that the draft would be made whenever the enrollment in each district was completed, and the quota assigned. Further notice was given in New York city that the draft would begin on Monday, July 13, and that in some of the sub-districts that were ready, it would begin on Saturday, the 11th, and, accordingly, it did begin on that morning, in the office located at Third ave. and Forty-sixth st., in the third sub-division of the Ninth Congressional district. The draft, which was made by means of a lottery wheel, continued all day, and at night 1236 names had been drawn, leaving only 264 to be drawn on Monday. The vicinity of the office was crowded the entire day, and though there were many clouded faces, and many utterances of discontent, yet there was nothing that seemed unreasonable. Neither was there any question of unfairness or partiality. All ranks and classes were represented in the list of the drafted, though the vagrant and roaming class had, perhaps, escaped in larger proportion than any other. But a number of these were drafted, too, and these were the desperate men who so dense were ready to lead on the mob on Monday. The draft began again at the Third ave. office on Monday morning, and about nine o'clock the crowd was that the street cars on Second and Third avenues were compelled to stop running. Then, a few ugly-looking men in the crowd cut the telegraph poles and wires near the enrollment office, but they were defeated in this part of their work by the superintendent of the police telegraph system, who happened to be passing in the street. Seeing the wires down, the police special wires among them, he quietly gathered them all up and wound them around a lamp-post. The crowd threatened vioOnly getting the wires out of your way, boys," and he lence, but he coolly remarked, was permitted to go unmolested. He hastened at once to a station in Thirty-fifth st., and telegraphed the facts to the main office, and this is supposed to be the first trustworthy intimation of the real danger that menaced the city. Extra squads of policemen were at once sent to the various enrollment offices, of whom sixty went to the one on Third ave. Among the names drawn on Saturday was that of the head of Fire Engine Co. No. "Thirty-three." Their engine house was located on Fifty-eighth st., near Black Joke." They were an exceedingly Broadway, and their engine was known as the rough class of men, though not criminals, by any means, and on Sunday evening had decided that the proper thing for them to do was to go over to Third ave. in the morning and destroy every evidence of the draft that had called their chief. They arrived at the office shortly after the extra policemen. The police were an unexpected sight to them, but they hesitated only a few minutes. Some one, either in the rough crowd previously there or one of the "Black Jokers," fired a pistol shot, and as if it were a signal agreed upon, a rush was made for the office, and the "draft riot" was begun. From that moment the mob seemed let loose. The police fought bravely, giving the officials time to escape at the rear of the building, taking many of their papers and records with them; and then, with

Dragon.

a desperate charge, the police made good their own escape, severely bruised but without loss of life. Soon after this some one in the crowd produced a can of turpentine, and the office was set on fire. The upper floors were used as a tenement house for poor people. These were permitted to escape with their lives, but they were not allowed to save any of their household goods. Neither were the firemen who came when the alarm was sounded allowed to put out the fire, and the whole block with the exception of a part of a building was destroyed. This was the first of twenty-four distinct fires reported in different parts of the city in the course of the next twenty-four hours, all kindled by the rioters. No firearms had been used as yet, and, as if the crowd suddenly thought of them, they wended their way to the armory corner Third ave. and Twenty-fourth st., and after many attempts succeeded in storming the main entrance; and it was but a few, minutes' work to rifle the building of its contents, and set it on fire in a dozen different places. Many of the rioters had gone to the drill room, and the partitions, floors, and stairways were soon one vast sheet of flame, cutting them entirely off from all means of escape, and it will never be known how many perished in that terrible furnace. While all this was taking place the mob was rising and acting in every part of the city. The cry of "down with the rich man” was frequently heard, and no well-dressed person was safe on the street. The greed of plunder early manifested itself, and a rapidly increasing mob was rushing up Lexington and other avenues, pillaging the houses and setting them on fire out of sheer envy excited by their elegance. The residence of Mayor Opdyke seemed a particular object of hatred. The mayor himself had taken no precaution, but one of his friends gathered a party of well-armed citizens and took possession of his residence as a garrison. The events proved the wisdom of his course. Several mobs came there, and seeing the rifles in and about the house, concluded to withdraw. One of these mobs, increasing rapidly as it went, started down Broadway for the Wall st. banks. On their way, they proposed also to take the Lafarge House, because of the large number of colored servants employed there. They were armed with iron bars, axes, clubs, pitchforks, and a few muskets and pistols. By the time they reached Amity st., the mob had swelled to a thousand men. Every colored man they met was beaten and stoned as "the cause of the war,” and therefore responsible for the Draft act. At Bleecker st. and Broadway they were met by about two hundred policemen, and then came the first regular battle between the mob and police, and the latter won a complete victory. About this same hour, another detachment of the mob was performing a most cowardly deed. The Colored Orphan Asylum on Fifth ave. and Fiftyfourth st. was one of the noblest charities of the city. It was a spacious and elegant building, worth $200,000. When the attack was made there were in it about two hundred children, all small, with the matrons, nurses, etc. This mob numbered about three thousand, and the barred doors on the Fifth ave. side resisted them just long enough to allow the escape of the little ones through the rear entrances. The mob rushed in to their work of pillage, carrying off everything that they could, and breaking all furniture too bulky to be removed. Fires were lighted with this splintered furniture in all parts of the building, and the mob left the burning building to ransack and pillage the private residences in that vicinity, which were nearly all of the better class. The Tribune and Times offices on Printing House square were also attacked, but a timely arrival of the police made the mob finally retreat after several unsuccessful attempts to destroy the presses and set fire to the buildings. Riots were kept up for three days, extending to Brooklyn, where a new grain elevator, worth $100,000, was burned; also to Harlem, where the bridge over McComb's Dam, Washington Hotel and many other buildings were burned. The railroads were among the things early attacked, in order to impede the movements of militia sent to enforce order. But many private citizens had joined with the militia already in the city, and soldiers were summoned from the military posts in the immediate vicinity of the city, so that plunder and destruction received some check towards the middle of the week. There was, however, a greater loss of life, though chiefly among the rioters. As the plundering was checked, the rioters contented themselves with attacking negroes wherever they could find them, and in a number of instances, murdering them. But, on Thursday and Friday, several regiments arrived from the seat of war, and the riot was soon a thing of the past.

There were also riots in Troy and Jamaica, N. Y., and in Jersey City and Boston, with considerable disturbance in many other places, but they were all plainly sympath etic with the New York riot, and quickly subsided when that was put down.

DRAG, a mechanism for slackening the speed of carriages, by operating on one or more of the wheels. The form of D. best known to old travelers by coach is that of the shoe," a hollow piece of iron attached by a chain to the carriage, which being put below one of the hind wheels, partially reduced the veheicle to the quality of a sledge: by which dragging process the carriage was suitably retarded on going down-hill. As the shoe-drag required to be applied and removed with some inconvenient detention of the vehicle, a step was made in advance when a method of retarding a wheel without detention was discovered, This new process, which is known as the patent drag, consists of a connected piece of mechanism, altogether operated upon by the driver without moving from his seat. A handle affects a series of rods and levers by which a species of shoe is pressed against one of the wheels, so as to slacken its motion. Such is the kind of drag now very generally attached to gentlemen's travelling-carriages, omnibuses,