EMPTION-EMYS. kapelos. An emporium thus came to be applied to and spring at its neck. It cannot fly, but runs very the receptacles in which wholesale merchants stowed fleetly. It is timid and peaceful, and trusts alto their goods in seaports and elsewhere, and thus gether to its speed for safety, unless hard pressed. corresponded to our warehouse, as opposed to a In a wild state, it sometimes occurs in small shop. flocks; but it has now become rare in and around EMS, usually called the Baths of Ems, to distinguish it from other places of the same name, a bathing-place known to the Romans, and celebrated in Germany as early as the 14th century. It is situated about four miles from Coblenz, near the most picturesque parts of the Rhire, in a beautiful valley in the province of Hessen, traversed by the navigable river Lahn, and surrounded by wooded hills. Pop. (1875) 6104. Its warm mineral springs belong to the class containing soda. The only essential difference between the numerous springs is in the temperature all the settled parts of Australia. The extinction varying from 24° to 46° Reaumur, and in the greater or lesser amount of carbonic acid gas contained in them. The bathing establishments are comfortably, and even luxuriously fitted up, and the same may be said of the hotels and private lodging-houses. of the species may, however, perhaps be prevented Its EMU'LSIN, or SYNAPTASE, is a peculiar ferment present in the bitter and sweet almond, and which forms a constituent of all almond emulsions. When bitter almonds are bruised, and water added, the emulsin acts as a ferment on the amygdalio, and decomposes the latter into volatile oil of bitter almonds, prussic acid, grape-sugar, formic acid, and water (see ALMONDS, VOLATILE OIL, or ESSENTIAL OIL OF). The vegetable albumen of almonds is almost entirely composed of emulsin; which, when separated, is a white substance, soluble in water, and is distinguished by its remarkable power of causing the fermentation of amygdalin. It consists of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. E'MU (Dromaius-or Dromecius-Nova Hollandia), a very large bird, one of the Struthionida or Brevipennes, a native of Australia, and widely diffused over the southern parts of that continent and the adjacent islands. It is by some ornithologists referred to the same genus with the cassowary, but the differences are very considerable; the bill being horizontally depressed, whilst that of the cassowary is laterally compressed, the head feathered, and destitute of bony crest; the throat is nearly EMULSION is the term applied to those naked, and has no pendent wattles; the feet are preparations in pharmacy obtained by triturating three-toed as in the cassowary, but the claws are certain substances with water, and where the pronearly of equal length. The name emu or emeu duct is a milky white opaque mixture of a gummy was given by the older voyagers and naturalists to consistence, and composed more or less of oily the cassowary, but is now the invariable designation particles floating in mechanical suspension in the of the Australian bird. The emu is even taller than mucilaginous liquid. The true and oily emulsions the cassowary, which it resembles in the general are those containing true oil, as the emulsion of character of its plumage. Its wings are mere bitter almonds, obtained by bruising the latter in rudimente hidder. beneath the feathers of the body. a mortar with water; and the false, or not oily, where Its colour is a dull brown, mottled with dingy gray; no true oil is suspended, as where camphor, balsams, the young are striped with black. When assailed, or resins are rubbed up with the yolk of egg, mucilit strikes backwards and obliquely with its feet, like age, or dilute spirit of wine. the cassowary, and it is so powerful that a stroke E'MYS, a genus of Marsh Tortoises, from which of its foot is said to be sufficient to break a man's the whole family of Marsh Tortoises is sometimes leg. Doge employed in hunting it are often injured called Emyda. The chelonians of this family are by its kicks, but well-trained dogs run in before it, numerous, and widely diffused throughout the EMYS ENAMEL wartner parts of the world. They differ more in their habits than in their appearance and structural characters from Land Tortoises. Their carapace, however, is more flattened, and their feet are more expanded and webbed, so that they swim with great facility. They feed chiefly on animal food, as insects and molluscs, aquatic reptiles, and fishes, some of them even preying upon birds and mammalia, which come within their reach. Two or three species of Emyde are natives of the south of Alligator Tortoise, in the act of seizing a Water Europe; but two species are particularly abundant in North America, the Painted Tortoise (Emys picta), and the Alligator Tortoise (Emysaura serpentina), The flesh of some, as Cistudo Europaa, is esteemed for food. This small species, about ten inches long, an inhabitant of lakes, marshes, and muddy places in the south and east of Europe, is sometimes kept in ponds, and fattened for the table on lettuceleaves, bread, &c. ENA'MEL (Fr. émail, originally esmail, from the same root as smelt), the name given to vitrified substances of various composition applied to the surface of metals. Enamelling is practised (1) for purposes of utility, as in making the dial-plates of watches and clocks, coating the insides of culinary vessels, &c., when it may be considered as belonging to the useful arts; and also (2) for producing objects of ornament and beauty-artistic designs, figures, portraits, &c., when it belongs to the fine arts. Both the composition of enamels and the processes of applying them are intricate subjects, besides being in many cases kept secret by the inventors; and we can only afford space for the most general indications of their nature. The basis of all enamels is an easily fusible colourless silicate or glass, to which the desired colour and the desired degree of opaqueness are imparted by mixtures of metallic oxides. The molten mass, after cooling, is reduced to a fine powder, and washed, and the moist paste is then usually spread with a spatula apon the surface of the metal; the whole is then exposed in a furnace (fired, as it is called) till the enamel is melted, when it adheres firmly to the metal. The metal most commonly used as a ground for enamel is copper; but for the finest kinds of enamel work gold and silver are also used. Artistic or Ornamental Enamelling.-This art is of great antiquity: it is proved by the remains found in Egypt to have been practised there; from the Egyptians it passed to the Greeks, and it was extensively employed in decoration by the Romans; in the reign of Augustus, the Roman architects began to make use of coloured glass in their mosaic decorations; various Roman antiquities, ornamented with enamel, have been dug up in Britain, and it was adopted there by the Saxons and Norians. A jewel found at Athelney, in Somersetshire, and now preserved in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, is proved by the inscription on it to have been made by order of Alfred; and there are vari ous figures with draperies partly composed of coloured enamel on the sides of the gold cup given by King John to the corporation of Lynn in Norfolk. Enamelling has been practised from a remote period in the East, Persia, India, and China, under a separate and distinct development; but there is nothing from which it can be inferred that the various methods were in use earlier than in Europe. As a decoration, enamelling was more popular, and attained to greater perfection in the middle ages, than in classic times. It was extensively practised at Byzantium from the 4th until the 11th c., and afterwards in Italy in the Rhenish provinces, and at Limoges in the south of France, where it was successfully followed out till a com paratively late period, in several different styles. The Byzantine and other early styles of enamel. work down to the 17th c. were generally employed in ornamenting objects connected with the service of the church, such as reliquaries, pyxes, church candlesticks, crosiers, portable altars, the frontals of altars, &c.; the art was also greatly used in orna. menting jewellery, and vessels made for use or display in the mansions of the rich, such as saltcellars, coffers, ewers, plateaux, candlesticks, &c. After this period, the art declined, until a new phase of it was invented in France, in which enamel is used as a ground, and the figures are painted with vitrified colours on the surface of it. This is enamelpainting properly so called, the earlier styles being more of the nature of mosaics. Distinguished with reference to the manner of execution, enamel-work may be divided into four kinds: 1. Cloisonée, or enclosed, the method of the Byzantine school, in which the design is formed in a kind of metal case, generally gold or copper, and the several colours are separated by very delicate filigree gold bands, to prevent them running into each other. 2. Champ Levé, practised by the early Limoges school. In this process, the ornamental design, or the figures that were to be filled in with colour, were cut in the metal (generally copper) to some depth; and wherever two colours met, a thin partition of the metal was left, to prevent the colours running into each other by fusion when fired. 3. Translucent enamel, which had its origin, and was brought to great perfection in Italy, was composed of transparent enamel of every variety of colour, laid in thin coatings over the design, which was incised on the metal, generally silver, the figure or figures being slightly raised in low relief, and marked with the graver, so as to allow the drawing of the contours to be seen through the ground, instead of being formed by the coarse lines of the copper, as in the early Limoges enamels. 4. Surface-painted enamels, which may be divided into two stages. The first stage, which is known as the late Limoge style, sprang up under Francis I. of France (1515-1547). In this the practice was to cover the metal plate with a coating of dark enamel for shadows, and to paint on this with white, sometimes set off with gold hatchings, sometimes having the hands and other parts of the figures completely coloured. The designs were generally taken from well-known paintings or engravings of the period; and the style of the, designs was strongly induenced by that of the Italian artists employed by Francis I. style soon degenerated, and gave place to the latest or miniature style, which was invented before the This ENAMEL OF TEETH-ENCAMPMENT. articles of cast iron. The writer has made many experiments upon enamelled-ware for laboratory and other purposes, and the conclusions arrived at are, that no enamelled-ware has yet been produced that will stand acids, or salts of metals that are electronegative to iron; or will bear suddenly heating to a high temperature, such as frying-pans, for example, are commonly subjected to; but that with moderate care it may be used as saucepans and for boiling water, as dishes for baking, and may last for years. For vessels of any kind required to hold cold water, it is unobjectionable. dle of the 16th c. by Jean Toutin, a goldsmith a Bhateaudun, and carried to the highest perfection by Jean Petitot, a miniature painter, who was born at Geneva, 1607, and afterwards resided long in England, and then in Paris. In this the plate is covered with a white opaque enamel, and the colours are laid on this with a hair-pencil, and fixed by firing. The paints are prepared by grinding up coloured enamels with some kind of liquid, and when fused by the heat, they become incorporated with the enamel of the ground. The earlier enamellers of this school occupied themselves with miniatures, snuff-boxes, and other trinkets, till the period of the The action of sudden heat is to expand the French Revolution, when the art fell into disuse. metal more than the enamel, and cause the latter It was, however, revived in England early in this to peel off. Acids find their way through minute century; and copies of portraits and pictures on a invisible pores, which exist in the best enamel; and much larger scale than the French miniatures when once they reach the iron, they rapidly spread were executed with much success by the late H. between it and the enamel, and undermine and Bone, R.A., and the late Charles Muss. Works of strip it off. This kind of action is curiously shewn this description possess the obvious advantage of by filling an enamelled vessel with a solution durability; but those various qualities of texture, of sulphate of copper. The acid attacks the iron and the delicacy of colour for which good works in wherever pores exist, and little beads of metallic oil or water-colour are prized, cannot be attained copper are deposited at all such spots; these in enamel copies; and it is to be regretted that beads go on growing until they are large enough greater efforts are not made to turn enamelling to be very plainly seen. This is the severest test to account in the way of ornamentation, for which it is so admirably fitted, rather than in attempts at imitating works classed strictly as within the bounds of fine art, and to put in practice the older styles of enamelling, particularly those denominated champ levé and transparent enamelling. for trying the continuity of enamelled surfaces, to which they can be subjected, as sulphate of copper will penetrate the glaze and body of ordinary earthen-ware. ENAMEL OF TEETH. See TEETH. extreme north of Finland, is situated in lat. 68° 30′ ENA'RA, or ENA'RÉ, a lake of Russia in cao 69° 10' N., and long. 27° 30'-28° 45′ E. It has an area of 1200 square miles, and has numerous islands. Its superfluous waters are discharged into the Arctic Ocean. Enamelled-ware. The liability of iron to oxidation by heat or moisture, and to corrosion even by the weakest acids, has led to many attempts to coat it with a protecting surface. Ordinary tin plate is the oldest and most familiar example of a partially successful method. Since the beginning of the ENA'REA, a country of Africa south of Abyssinia, present century, many attempts have been made to cover iron with a vitreous surface, and several is situated within lat. 7°-9° N., and long. 36°—38 patents have been taken for such methods of E., but its limits have not yet been definitely ascerenamelling. The chief difficulty in applying enamels tained. It is inhabited by a portion of the Gallas to iron arises from the tendency of the metal to tribes, who, owing to the continued communication oxidise before it reaches the temperature at which which they keep up with Abyssinia, and also to the enamel fuses, and to become brittle from the the residence of many Mohammedan merchants oxide combining with the silica of the enamel. This among them, are much more civilised than the Gallas usually are. action being superficial, the mischief is the greater Their government is a heredi. ir proportion to the thinness of the iron. Therefore tary and absolute monarchy. The principal rivers it is much easier to enamel thick cast-iron vessels of E. are the Gibbe and the Dodesa. Its coffeethan thin vessels made of sheet-iron. A glass may plantations are so extensive as to deserve the namo be made by combining either silicic acid or boracic of woods; they occur chiefly along the banks of acid with a base; the latter fuses at a lower temperature than the former, but the glass is much dearer and not so durable as the silica glass. The enamels used for coating iron consist of a mixture of silica and borax, with various basic substances, such as roda, oxide of tin, alumina, oxide of lead, &c. The best enamel for such purposes with which we are acquainted, is that patented by C. H. Paris, and applied by Messrs Griffiths and Browett of Birmingham. It consists of 130 parts of flint-glass powdered, 20 parts of carbonate of soda, 12 of boracic acid. These are fused together to form a glass, then reduced to a very fine powder; the article to which they are to be applied is carefully cleaned with acid, then brushed over with gum water, and the powder dusted upon it. The gum water is merely to cause adhesion. This coating is then carefully dried, and heated just to the point at which the powdered glass will fuse, and by running together, coat the surface. Messrs Griffiths and Browett have succeeded completely in enamelling their 'hollow ware,' which is made of sheet-iron, stamped and hammered into the shape of saucepans, dishes, basins, &c., all in one piece, without any soldering. Clarke's, and other patent enamels, have been successfully applied to saucepans, pipes, and other the Gibbe. E. is remarkable for its manufactures of ornamented arms, and of cloths with embroidered borders. Besides these, it exports slaves, gold, ivory, civet, and skins, into Abyssinia. The king and a small portion of the population are Mohammedans, and it is said that native Christians have been found here. The capital is Saka, a place of considerable importance, near the river Gibbe. ENARTHRO'SIS is the term used by anatomical writers to express the kind of Joint (q. v.) which admits of the most extensive range of motion. From the mode of connection and the form of the bones in this articulation, it is commonly called the balland-socket joint. It occurs in the hip and shoulder joints. ENCA'MPMENT (Lat. campus, a plain) 8_26 lodgment or home for soldiers in the field. There are intrenched camps, where an army is intended to be kept some time, protected against the enemy; flying camps, for brief occupation; camps of position, bearing relation to the strategy of the commander ; and camps of instruction, to habituate the troops t the duties and fatigues of war. Under CAMP has been given an account of the manner in which Roman camps were constructed. It is probable that the same general plan was adhered ENCAUSTIC PAINTING--ENCAUSTIC TILES. to until the invention of gunpowder. When cannon came to be used, however, a new arrangement of camp became necessary, to shield the army from long-range projectiles. Everything, indeed, relating to attack and defence, especially to the latter, is taken into account in choosing the locality of a camp. A healthy site, good water, security from floods, and plenty of fuel and forage, are the chief requisites in a good encampment. The British army, when in the field, usually encamps by brigades or divisions, roads and paths being arranged before the troops arrive. The infantry, cavalry, and artillery are so placed as to defend each other in the event of a sudden attack. There is a chain of guards all round the spot; and the park of artillery is placed behind the troops. The suttlers and servants are in the rear of the camp, but not beyond the limits of the rear-guard. The tents of the infantry are ranged in rows perpendicular to the front, each row containing the tents (q. v.) for one company. The circular tents, now much used, accommodate fifteen men each. The cavalry are in like manner encamped in rows; but each circular tent accommodates only twelve men. There are streets or roads between the rows of tents, of regulated width; and the officers' tents are at a given distance behind those of the men: the subalterns' tents being nearest to those of the companies to which they respectively belong. As a general rule, the line of the whole encampment is made to correspond as nearly as practicable with that in which the troops are intended to engage the enemy when fighting is renewed; to which end the tents of each battalion are not allowed to occupy a greater space in front than the battalion itself would cover when in order of battle. Under most circumstances, in modern warfare, an encampment is not defended by artificial constructions; the commander seeks security for his troops in streams, marshes, difficult surface of country, and numerous advanced posts. Sometimes, how ever, more extensive defence-works are necessary; and then we have an example of an intrenched camp, which becomes a fortified enclosure. The chief uses of such a camp are to secure an army while covering a siege, or in winter-quarters, to accommodate a corps of observation while the active army is engaged elsewhere; or to defend a position near a fortified place. Care is taken that the site is not commanded by neighbouring hills. All villages are occupied, and all obstacles removed, within a distance of half a mile or a mile. The area of ground selected is large enough to contain the necessary store of arms, ammunition, food, fuel, forage, and water, and to enable the troops to manœuvre. The junction of two rivers is often selected as a favourable spot. Various defence-works are constructed around or near the spot, such as continuous earth-works, redoubts, flèches, &c. The position held by the allies outside Sebastopol, during the long intervals when the cannonading was uspended, had many of the characteristics of an iztrenched camp. Camps of instruction may be either temporary or permanent. Of the former kind was the camp formed at Chobham in Surrey in 1853, merely for the summer months, to exercise certain regiments in evolutions. Another was formed at Shorncliffe in Kent in 1855, at first to receive troops of the Foreign Legion; but it has since been improved to the condition of a permanent camp. The great establishment at Aldershott is described in a separate article, ALDERSHOTT CAMP. Since that article was written, the total expenditure has risen to nearly a million sterling, the camp has been improved in all particulars, and the small agricultural village of Aldershott has grown into an important commercial town, with railway stations, hotels, market-house, handsome shops, &c. A large permanent camp has also been established in Ireland, on a plain called the Curragh of Kildare, and there are smaller ones at Pembroke and Colchester. ENCAU'STIC PAINTING (Gr. encaustike, in fired, or fixed by fire), a manner of painting practised by the ancients. As the name implied that fire suppose that encaustic painting was the same as was used in the execution, some have been led to enamel painting; but notices by Pliny and other writers shew clearly that it was a species of paintand fixing the colours was wax dissolved by heat. ing in which the chief ingredient used for uniting Various attempts have been made in modern times to revive it. About the middle of last century, Greenland, made various experiments with this Count Caylus and M. Bachelier, and in 1792, Miss view. The count laid the result of his experiments before the Academies of Painting and of Sciences in Paris; and the ingenious lady was rewarded with of Arts in London; but the success of these efforts a gold pallet by the Society for the Encouragement seems to have been but temporary. Encaustio painting was, however, some years ago again taken up in Germany under the patronage of the late king executed in this way. The colours are ground, and of Bavaria, who had a number of important works laid on with a vehicle composed principally of wax. Miss Greenland dissolved gum-arabic in water, afterwards adding gum-mastic, which was dissolved by stirring and boiling, and when the mixture had reached the boiling point, she put in the wax. After painting the picture, she passed a thin coatthen drew over the surface an iron-for ironing ing of melted wax over it with a hard brush, and linen-moderately heated. After the picture cooled, it was rubbed with a fine linen cloth. The Ger man method is somewhat similar, but some other ingredients are used; among these, potash with the wax; and in place of an iron being passed over the surface, the wax is brought to the surface by a vessel containing fire being held at a little distance from the picture. Encaustic painting is not likely to come into general use, for neither in imparting brilliancy to the colours, facility for execution, nor durability, is it to be compared with oil-painting. ENCAUSTIC TILES, ornamental tiles mado of an earthen-ware intermediate in quality between common tiles and porcelain, and now extensively used for paving churches, halls, conservatories, &c. They are of two kinds-plain or 'dry tiles,' and figured tiles. The former are square or triangular, and of different colours, so that when laid they may form a mosaic. The triangular are most effective; and by means of a few colours, a great variety of chromatic geometrical patterns may be produced. These dry tiles' are made by placing the coloured clay in a powdered state in strong steel moulds, and subjecting it to a pressure of several hundred tons, by means of a plunger fitting accurately into the mould. A depth of three inches of powder is com pressed into a tile of one inch in thickness. The bottom of the mould is usually ribbed, to give the tile a corresponding surface, in order to afford a better hold for the mortar. The compressed clay is then removed, heated in a hot chamber, fired, and glazed if required. Slabs and panels of various kinds, shirt studs and buttons, and a variety of ornamental articles, are made in this manner. See POTTERY and PORCELAIN. The figured tiles are made in a different manner. The clay is worked in a moist state, but very ENCEINTE ENCRINITES. ENCRI'NAL or ENCRINITAL LIMESTONE, a name given to some carboniferous limestones, from the great abundance in them of the calcare ous skeletons of Encrinites (q. v.), whole masses of the rock being almost entirely composed of ENCORE (Again'), a French expression, gener stiff, first into square blocks. These are cut into square slices or slabs by passing a wire through ally used in England by the audience of a theatre them; upon this is put a facing of fine clay of or concert-room, when requesting the repetition the colour of the ground of the pattern-another of the performance of a piece of music. It is layer, of a different quality of clay, is sometimes not used by the French themselves, who, in similar added to the bottom, to prevent warping. It is then circumstances, exclaim bis (twice). placed in a mould, with a plaster of Paris slab forming the top, on the under surface of which is the pattern in relief. This slab is pressed down, and thus forms a deep impression of the pattern which is to be produced in another colour. The clay of the requisite colour to form the pattern is now poured, in a semi-fluid state, into this depression, and allowed to flow over the whole face of the tile; then it is set aside until dry enough to have its surface scraped and smoothed on a whirling table. By this means, the superfluous clay is removed, and the pattern is brought out quite sharp, the two colours of clay forming one smooth flat surface. The tile is then dried and fired. Tiles of this kind were used for paving churches in England, Flanders, and France, in the 16th c., and earlier, but have since fallen into disuse. Encaustic tiles are made by Minton & Co., of Stoke-upon-Trent, Eng., and enjoy the highest reputation. To them belong the honour of having restored this medieval art by following the ancient forms and patterns, and inventing new methods of producing them. Their introduction has been regarded as the greatest step in decorative architecture which the ceramic art has made in England. ENCEINTE (Fr.), in Fortification, denotes generally the whole area of a fortified place. Properly, however, it means a cincture or girdle, and in this sense the enceinte signifies the principal wall or rampart encircling the place, comprising the curtain and bastions, and having the main ditch immediately outside it. ENCHO'RIAL CHARACTERS. See HIERO GLYPHICS. them. E'NCRINITES, a name applied generally to the fossil Crinoidea, a family of Echinodermata (q. v.). The popular name, Stone Lilies, is given to the numerous fossil species, from the resemblance which many of them present when the rays are closed to the lily. Hence also the name Crinoidea. Crinoids are characterised by having their bodies supported, during the whole or part of their existence, on a longer or shorter jointed calcareous stem. The stem is attached either by the expanded base, or by jointed processes, to the rocky bed of the sea, or perhaps, in some cases, to floating bodies, like barnacles. Occasionally, numerous root-like side-arms are sent out from the base of the stem to strengthen and support it; and in some species, as in the recent Pentacrinus, the column throughout its length is furnished Encrinite Stems (Mountain Limestone). with axillary side-arms. The stem is round or fivesided; in one genus only is it elliptical. It is comE'NCKÉ, JOH. FRANZ, the well-known astron-posed of a number of joints, perforated in the centre, omer, was born September 23, 1791, at Hamburg, for the passage of a soft portion of the animal, and where his father was a clergyman. After studying beautifully sculptured on the articulating surfaces. at Göttingen, he served, during the campaign of The body is cup-shaped, and composed of many. 1813-1814, in the artillery of the Hanseatic legion, sided plates on the under surface, to the centre of and in 1815, in the Prussian army, as lieutenant of which the stalk is attached, while the upper surface artillery. On the establishment of peace, he left the is covered with a coriaceous skin, protected by many service, and became assistant, and afterwards prin- small plates. On this was situated the mouth, which cipal astronomer in the observatory of Seeberg, near was frequently proboscidiform, and near it was the Gotha. In 1825, chiefly at the instigation of Bessel, anal orifice-the alimentary canal being turned upon he was called to Berlin as successor to Tralles, in itself, as in the Bryozoa. The arms spring from the the secretaryship of the Academy of Sciences, and edges of the cup. They are five in number at their as director of the observatory. While at Gotha, the origin, but, with few exceptions, speedily divide and astronomical prize offered by Cotta was awarded to subdivide dichotomously. The arms are composed of E. by the judges Gauss and Olbers, for his deter- articulated calcareous joints, similar to those of the mination of the orbit of the comet of 1680. This led stems. Each joint is furnished with two slenderhim to solve another problem, which had been pro- jointed appendages or cirri, of use to the animal in posed along with the other-viz., the distance of capturing its prey, which consisted of mollusca and the sun. The solution, by means of the two transits other small animals. The number of joints in some of Venus in 1761 and 1769, is published in two species is truly amazing. Dr. Buckland calculated separate tracts (Die Entfernung der Sonne, Gotha, that Pentacrinus Briareus consists of at least 150,000; 1822-1824). In 1819, he proved that the comet and 'as each joint,' according to Carpenter, 'was fur discovered by Pons, November 26, 1818, revolved in nished with at least two bundles of muscular fibrethe hitherto incredibly short period of about 1200 one for its extension, the other for its contractiondays, and had been already observed in 1786, 1795, we have 300,000 such in the body of a single Pentacand 1805. It has since gone by the name of E.'s rinus, an amount of muscular apparatus far exceedcomet, and has appeared regularly; the period of ing anything that has elsewhere been observed in the animal kingdom.' its recurrence being 3-29 years, or about 3 years. See CCMETS. E.'s researches on this subject are contained in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy. In 1830, he undertook the editing of the Berlin Astronomical Almanac, in which he has published a number of astronomical treatises. Three volumes have appeared of Astronomical Observations at the Berlin Observatory (Berl. 1840–51). He died in 1865. E. are represented in the British seas by one species, Comatula rosacea, which, in its perfect state, is free, and moves about in the same manner as other star fishes, but is, in its structure, a true crinoid, and, in fact, when young, has the flexible stalk characteristic of the order. It is doubtful whether more than one species (Pentacrinus Caput Medusa |