ETYMOLOGY-EU CALYPTUS. Manchester Institution; and three pictures illustrating the history of Joan of Arc. His smaller works are numerous. Besides his large works above referred to, he sent for exhibition to the Royal Academy and British Institution, between 1811 and 1849 inclusive, no less than 230 pictures, many of them composed of numerous figures, and all remarkable for exquisite colour. The following may be particularly noted: The Coral-finders; Venus and her youthful Satellites arriving at the Isle of Paphos ;' Cleopatra's Arrival in Cilicia;' a composition from the eleventh book of Paradise Lost Bevy of Fair Women'); The Storm;' 'Sabrina;' The Warrior Arming; Youth at the Prow, and Pleasure at the Helm;' The Dance,' from Homer's description of Achilles's Shield; 'Britomart redeems Fair Amoret;'Dance on the Sands, and yet no Footing seen;' 'Amoret Chained.'-Compare E.'s Life by Gilchrist (Bogue, Loudon, 1855). ETYMOLOGY (Gr.) is that part of grammar that treats of the derivation of words. It embraces the consideration of the elements of words, or letters and syllables, the different kinds of words, their forms, and the notions they convey; and lastly, the modes of their formation by derivation and composition. Etymological inquiries have formed a favourite pursuit from the earliest times. In the book of Genesis, numerous indications are given of the derivation of proper names. Homer also attempts etymologies of the names of gods and men, which, however, can only be looked upon as more or less ingenious fancies. The grammarians of Alexandria and Varro among the Romans tried to base their etymologies on something like principle; but the wildest conjectures continued to be indulged in, and the results were little better than guess-work down to a very recent period. As philology extended its sphere, and became acquainted with the languages and grammarians of the East, who far excelled those of the West in this particular, etymology took on a new form. It no longer sought the relations of the words of a single language exclusively within itself, but extended its view to a whole group, e. g., the Teutonic, or wider still, to a whole family, as the Indo-European, or Aryan (q. v.), and became a new science under the name of Comparative Grammar. See LANGUAGE Etymologicum Magnum is the name of a Greek lexicon, the oldest of the kind, professing to give the roots of the words. It appears to belong to the 10th c.; the author's name is unknown. The etymologies are mere guesses, sometimes right, often wildly absurd; but the book is valuable, as containing many traditions and notices of the meanings of old and unusual words. There is an edition by Schäfer (Leip. 1816); one by Sturz, called Etymologicum Gulianum (Leip. 1818); and another by Gosford (Oxf. 1849). EU, a tolerably well-built town of France, in the department of the Lower Seine, in Norman ly, situated near the mouth of the Bresle, 93 m les north-north-west of Paris. It is remarkable for its tine Gothic church, and for the Château d'Eu, a low building of red brick, with high tent-shaped roofs of slate. E. has manufactures of sail-cloth, ropes, soap, lace, and silk. Pop. 4416. In the 11th and 12th centuries, E. was in the possession of the counts of the same name, a collateral branch of the Norman royal family. After various vicissitudes, it was purchased by Mademoiselle de Montpensier in 1675, whose fanciful taste has perpetuated itself in the architecture and decoration of the château. At a later period, it came into the possession of the Duke of Maine, from whom it passed to the Duke of Penthièvre the maternal grandfather of Louis Philippe, who succeeded to it in 1821. Louis Philippe expended large sums on the embellishment of the château, and especially on its magnificent park and the unique portrait-gallery. It has recently acquired a new historical ass ciation through the visits of the queen of England in 1813 and 1845. The eldest son of the Duke of Nemours (born 29th April 1842) received from his royal grandfather the title of Count d'Eu. Compare Vatout, Le Château d'Eu, Notices Historiques (5 vols., Paris, 1836), his Résidences Royales (Paris, 1839). EUBE'A (ancient, Euboia; Turkish, Egripo; Ital Negroponte), the largest island in the Agean Sea, forms a portion of the present kingdom of Greece. bounded on the N. by the Trikeri Channel, and Until recently, it was called Negropont. It is on the W. by those of Talanta and Egripo. it extends in a direction parallel to the mainland; is 105 English statute miles long, and 30 miles in extreme breadth, although in one part its breadth is scarcely four miles. At the narrowest part, it is connected with the mainland by a bridge. The island is intersected by a chain of mountains, running north-west and south-east, and attaining in the centre, in the range of Mount Delphi, an elevation of about 4500 feet. Copper and other metals are obtained in the island, which also contains numerous hot springs. The pastures are excellent, and the declivities of the mountains covered with forests of fir-trees. The climate is salubrious, the valleys well watered and very fertile, but little cultivated. The chief products are cotton, oil, wine, wheat, fruit, and honey. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the breeding of cattle; they export wool, hides, and cheese, as well as oil and grain. The chief towns are Chalcis (q. v.) on the north, and Carystos on the south coast, the latter having a population of 3000. E. was peopled in the early historic times chiefly by Ionic Greeks, and afterwards by colonists from Athens, who formed a number of independent cities or states. These were at first monarchical in their constitution, but at a later period democratic. They soon rose to power and prosperity. After the Persian wars, however, E. was subjugated by the Athenians, under whose rule it continued till they, in their turn, were subdued by Philip of Macedon. By the Romans, it was finally united with the province of Achaia under Vespasian. In 1204, it came into the possession of the Venetians, and received the name of Negroponte. In the year 1470, the island was taken by the Turks, in whose hands it remained till 1821, when the inhabitants rose to vindicate their independence at the call of the beautiful Modena Maurogenia. It now forms a portion of the modern kingdom of Greece, and has a population (1870) of 82,541. EUCALYPTUS, a genus of trees of the natural order Myrtacea, sub-order Leptospermeæ, containing a large number of species, mostly natives of Australia, and which, along with trees of nearly allied genera, form one of the most characteristic features of the vegetation of that part of the world. The genus occurs also, although much more sparingly, in the Malayan Archipelago. The trees of this genus have entire and leathery leaves, in which a notable quantity of a volatile aromatic oil is usually present. The leaves, instead of having one of their surfaces towards the sky, and the other towards the earth, are often placed with their edges in these directions, so that each side is equally exposed to the light Many of the species abound in resincus secretions, and are therefore called GUM-TREES in Australia. Some of them attain a great size; some are found with trunks from eight to sixteen feet in diameter; a plank 148 feet in length was exhibited at the EUCHARIST-EUDOCLA. Great Exhibition of 1851. They are of very rapid growth; and their timber, when green, is soft, so hat they are easily felled, split, or sawn up; but when dry, it becomes very hard. It is used for a great variety of purposes, amongst which may be mentioned ship-building. The bark of many of the species abounds in tannin, and has become to some extent an article of commerce. Some kinds of it are said to be twice as strong as oak-bark. The bark of some is remarkable for its hardness; whilst some throw off their outer bark in longitudinal strips or ribbons, which, hanging down from their stems and branches, have a very singular appear ance. Among the resinous secretions of this genus is the substance called BOTANY BAY KINO, which is used in medicine as a substitute for Kino (q. v.). It is the produce of E. resinifera, a species with ovatolanceolate leaves, known in Australia as the RED GUM TREE and IRON BARK TREE, a very lofty tree, attaining a height of 150-200 feet. When the bark is wounded, a red juice flows very freely, and hardens in the air into masses of irregular form, inodorous, transparent, almost black when large, but of a beautiful ruby red in small and thin fragments. Botany Bay Kino is said to consist chiefly of a peculiar principle called Eucalyptin, analogous to tannin. About sixty gallons of juice may sometimes be obtained from a single tree, or, in the course of a year, as much as five hundred pounds of kino.-E. robusta, STRINGY BARK TREE, also a lofty tree, yields a most beautiful red gum, which is found filling large cavities in its stem, between the concentric circles of wood.-E. mannifera yields, from its leaves, an exudation resembling manna, less nauseous, and of similar medicinal properties. It contains a saccharine substance, different from mannite, from glucose, and from all previously known kinds of sugar. Another similar exudation, from the leaves of E. dumosa, is sometimes seen spread over large districts like snow, and used by the natives as food. Other species also yield exudations of this kind, which are described as sometimes dropping from the leaves in coagulated tears as large as an almond.-E. Gunnii, when wounded, yields a copious supply of a refresh ing and slightly aperient liquid, which ferments and forms a kind of beer. The tree grows in Tasmania. It is not improbable that some of the Eucalypti of the higher parts of Tasmania may be found hardy enough for the climate of the south of England, where, indeed, some of them may already occasionally be seen in the open air. EUCHARIST. See LORD'S SUPPER. EUCHLO'RINE is a very explosive greencoloured gas, possessing i leaching properties, and is prepared by heating geatly a mixture of 2 parts hydrochloric acid, 2 of water, and 1 of chlorate of potash. It explodes when merely touched with a hot wire, and is most likely composed of a mixture of chlorine and perchloric acil (Cl6O13+6KHO). EU'CLID, sometimes called the father of mathematics, was born at Alexandria, about 300 B. C. We know little more of his history than that he belonged to the Platonic school of philosophy, and taught inathematics in the famous school of Alexandria, during the reign of Ptolemy Soter. Though he did not create the science of mathematics, as is some times represented, he made prodigious advances, especially by his rigorous method and arrangement. In this respect he has perhaps never been excelled, and his Elements of Geometry continue to the present day to hold their place as a text-book of that Bcience. Besides the Elements, there are extant treatises on music, optics, data, &c., ascribed to E., the authenticity of some of which is doubtful. The best editions of the whole reputed works of E. are those of David Gregory (Oxf. 1703) and Peyrard (3 vols., Par. 1814-1818). The oldest Greek edition of the Elements appeared at Basel, 1533; the best is that of August (2 vols., Berlin, 1826). Of English editions of E.'s Elements, those of Simpson and Playfair are considered the best. There is a full account of everything connected with E. and his works in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography. often been confounded with the mathematician of EUCLID, of Megara, a Greek philosopher, has the same name. He was one of the earliest disciples of Socrates. Although Megara lay at a considerabis distance from Athens, and all Megarians were for bidden to enter the Athenian territories under pain of death, E. came into the city in the evening in female disguise, to enjoy the instruction of Socrates. After the death of his master, he established a school of his own, which received the name of the Megaric School. His death took place about 424 B. C. The basis of his system was the Eleatic dogma of a one, only, universal, substance or existence. Blending with this the Socratic idea of the predominance of the moral element, E. held this one real existence to be the good, though it receives various names under its special manifestations. EUDIO METER (Gr. eudios, good, and metron, measurer) is an instrument originally introduced as a measurer of the goodness of air in any locality, but which is now employed generally in the analysis of gases for the determination of the nature and proportions of the constituents of any gaseous mixture. The instrument is now made of glass in the form of a tube, which is hermetically sealed at one end, and open at the other. The tube may be straight, or bent in the shape of the letter U. In either case, the tube is graduated or marked off in equalsized divisions from the closed end onwards, so as to admit of the volume of gas placed within being accurately measured; and two platinum wires are inserted through the glass near the shut end of the tube, and closely approach, but do not touch, each other. These wires are intended for the conveyance of electric sparks through any mixture of gases, so as to cause the combustion of certain of them. For the modes of manipulating with the eudiometer, see GAS, ANALYSIS OF. EUDO'CIA, the name of several Byzantine princesses, of whom the most important is the wife of the Emperor Theodosius II. She was the daughter of the sophist Leontius or Leon, and was educated of Greece and Rome, in rhetoric, geometry, arithby her father, who instructed her in the literature metic, and astronomy. Her accomplishments and her singular beauty were reckoned by Leontius a sufficient fortune, for at his death he left all his property to her two brothers. E. appealed to the emperor at Constantinople. Pulcheria, the sister of Theodosius, was interested in the maiden, and thought she would make a suitable wife for the emperor. But as E. (or, more properly, Athenais, for this was her name until her baptism) had been brought up a pagan, it was necessary first to convert her. This was easily accomplished. E. was married to the emperor in 421 A.D. For many years, however, Pulcheria ruled in the imperial household and councils, E., according to Nicephorus, 'submitting to her as mother and Augusta ;'but in 447, a quarrel broke out between them in regard to the Eutychian heresy, of which E. had become a supporter. At first, E. was triumphant, and Pulcheria was banished; but in a short time the emperor was reconciled to his sister, and treated E. so sharply that she retired to Jerusalem, where she died 460– 461 A. D. Her latter days were spent in works of EUDOXUS-EUGENIA. piety and charity. She enriched churches, rebuilt the walls of the Holy City, and founded many monasteries and hospitals. Through the influence of the famous Symeon Stilites, she was induced to renounce Eutychianism, and become an orthodox Catholic Christian. E. was a poetess of considerable merit. She wrote a poem in heroic verse on the victory obtained by the troops of Theodosius over the Persians, 421 or 422 A. D.; a paraphrase of eight books of Scripture, a paraphrase of Daniel and Zechariah, and a poem in three books on the history and martyrdom of Cyprian and Justina. The authorship of Homero-Centones has also (but without sufficient reason) been attributed to her. This is a work composed of verses taken from Homer, and so arranged as to appear a history of the fall of man and of his redemption by Christ. It has been often published. EUDO'XUS, of Cnidus, called by Cicero the prince of astronomers, flourished about 366 B. C. He studied under Plato for some time, and afterwards went to Egypt, where he resided for thirteen years, and had rauch intercourse with the Egyptian priesthood, from whom he is supposed to have derived his superior knowledge. His last years are said to have been spent on the summit of a high hill, that he might have the starry heavens ever before his eyes. There is little reason for believing that E. deserves any great admiration for his attainments in astronomy; He probably introduced the sphere into Greece, and may have corrected the length of the year, upon Egyptian information, but he appears to have been but an indifferent observer of heavenly phenomena, and Delambre considers that he was ignorant of geometry. E.'s works are entirely lost, and our only reliable sources of information regarding him are the poem of Aratus and the commentary of Hipparchus. year 1706. He shared, too, with Marlborough the glory of the fields of Oudenarde (in 1708) and Malplaquet (in 1709); but being crippled in his resources by the retirement of Holland and England from the contest, he was unable to withstand the enemy on the Rhine, and his defeat by Villars at Denain, 24th July 1712, was followed by other disasters, until the peace of Rastadt put an end to the war. In 1716, on the recommencement of the war against the Turks, E. defeated an army of 180,000 men at Peterwardein, took Temeswar, and in the year 1717, after a bloody battle, gained possession of Belgrade. After the peace of Passarowicz, which was concluded in the following year, he returned covered with glory to Vienra, where, during the succeeding years of peace, he laboured with unwearied energy in the cabinet. When the question of the succes sion to the throne of Poland brought on a new war with France, E. appeared again on the Rhine; but being now advanced in years, and destitute of sufficient resources, he was unable to accomplish returned to Vienna, where he died, 21st April 1736. After the peace, he anything of importance. E. was small in stature, with thin face, an llong nose; he was simple in dress and manner, and indulged profusely in snuff. An enthusiast in his profession, and a strict disciplinarian, he was also kind-hearted and sympathetic, and always carefully attended to the wants of his men. He introduced no new tactics in the art of war, and was deficient in the guidance and command of masses; but by his rapidity of perception and decision, and faculty for making the best of existing circumstances, which was his forte, he raised the prestige of the Austrian arms to He successively served under three emperors, of an eminence unequalled before or since his time. whom he was wont to say, that in Leopold I. he had a father, in Joseph I. a brother, and in Charles EUGENE, FRANÇOIS (le Prince François-Eugene VI. a master. E.'s political writings, published by de Savoie-Carignan), better known as Prince Eugene, Sartori, are important for the light they throw upon equally distinguished as a general and as a states- the history and manners of the time. Compare man, was born at Paris, 18th October 1663. He Dumont, Histoire Militaire du Prince Eugene; Ferwas the son of Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons, rari, De Rebus Gestis Eugenii (Rome, 1747); Kausler, and of Olympia Mancini, a niece of Cardinal Leben des Prinzen Eugen von Savoyen, &c.; and Mazarin. He was intended for the church; but Campbell's Military History of Prince Eugene and the banishment of his mother to the Low Coun- the Duke of Marlborough. tries, by the orders of Louis XIV., was so deeply EUGENIA, a genus of plants of the natural resented by him, that he indignantly renounced his order Myrtaceae, nearly allied to Myrtus (see MYRTLE), country, and entered the service of the Emperor and differing only in having a 4-parted instead of Leopold as a volunteer against the Turks. Subse- a 5-cleft calyx, four instead of five petals, and a quently, the French government made him the most 1-2-celled berry, with one seed in each cell. The dattering offers, but he never returned to the service species are trees and shrubs, natives chiefly of of his native country. He displayed extraordinary tropical and sub-tropical countries. The dried military talent in the Turkish war, especially at the fruit of E. Pimento and E. acris forms the spice famous siege of Vienna in 1683, and soon rose to a well known as allspice, Jamaica pepper, or PIMENTO high position in the army. In the Coalition War (q. v.). The seeds of E. Tabasco are also used as a against Louis XIV. in Italy, he took an active part; condiment. Other species yield some of the finest and in 1691, he was raised to the command of the fruits of tropical regions, remarkable for their deliimperial army in Piedmont. On his return to cious balsamic odours. Among these is the MALAY Vienna, he was placed at the head of the army of APPLE (E. Malaccensis), a native of the Malayan Hungary, and defeated the Turks, with immense archipelago and of the South Sea Islands, a low slaughter, in the famous battle of Zenta, September tree, with ovate-oblong smooth leathery leaves, and 11, 1697. The booty obtained was almost incredible, fruit in size and shape resembling a small apple, of a amounting to several millions sterling. In 1701 beautiful red colour, and with a white juicy pulp. broke out the Spanish War of Succession. E. for This fruit has an agreeable odour, like that of the two years commanded the army of Italy, but his rose, whence it is sometimes called ROSE APPLE; a forces were too small for him to accomplish anything name which, on the same account, is often extended of importance. In the year 1703, being appointed to the fruits of allied species, as E. aquea, and which president of the council of war, he became thence- is very often given to the JAMBOS or JAMROSADE forth the prime mover of every undertaking. He (E. Jambos or Jambosa vulgaris), an East Indian first took the command of the imperial army in fruit, now cultivated in all tropical countries. This Germany, and along with Marlborough gained a fruit is pear-shaped, about the size of a hen's egg, brilliant victory at the battle of Blenheim, 13th white or red. The tree is about 20 or 30 feet high, August 1704, when the two commanders defeated much branched, with leaves somewhat like those of the French and Bavarian army. E. afterwards saved the peach, and greenish-yellow flowers in terminal Turin, and expelled the French from Italy in the | bunches. E. caultflora, a Brazilian species, cultivated EUGENIE-MARIE DE MONTIJO-EULER. in most of the gardens of the diamond and gold districts of the south of Brazil, yields a very fine fruit of a black colour, about the size of a greengage plum, called the JABUTICABA or JABOTICABUROS. Similar fruits are produced by other Brazilian species, particularly E. dysenterica, E. inocarpa, and E. Braziliensis. The BASTARD GUAVA (E. pseudopsidium) and the CAYENNE CHERRY (E. cotonifolia 龍 Cayenne Cherry (Eugenia Michelii). and E. Michelii) produce fruits which are held in considerable esteem in the West Indies. One species only, the UGNI (E. Umi), a native of Chili, appears to be sufficiently hardy for the climate of Britain; it endures at least that of the south of England: it has been recently introduced, and much extolled as a fruit shrub. Its flowers are very fragrant, and its fruit pleasant. It is much cultivated in Chili, and a very refreshing beverage, with an agreeable balsamic odour, is made of the expressed juice mixed with water. The fruit is of the size of a black currant, somewhat flattened, and of a brownish-red colour.-The bark of many species of E. is very rich in tannin. Some produce good timber. originally called Gabriele Condulmero, was a native EU'GUBINE TABLES (Lat. Tabula Eugu bince), the name given to seven bronze tablets, the inscriptions on which present a comprehensive and very remarkable memorial of the Umbrian language. They were discovered in 1444 at Gubbio (the ancient EUGENIE-MARIE DE MONTIJO, empress Iguvium or Eugubium), where they are still preof the French, was born at Granada, in Spain, served. The characters on four of the tablets are 5th May 1826, and is the second daughter of the Umbrian, on two Latin, and on one partly Latin Count of Montijo and of Marie Manuela Kirk- and partly Umbrian. The language employed, how patrick. She is descended, on the father's side, ever, is in all cases the same, and differs both from from an old and noble Spanish family, which, by Etruscan and Latin, but resembles somewhat the marriages at various times, acquired the right to older forms of the latter, and also the Oscan dialects, assume the names of Guzman, Fernandez, Cordova, so far as we know them. The subjects of the La Cerda, and Levia, and contracted alliances with inscriptions are directions concerning sacrificial the noble families of Téba, Banos, and Mora. By usages and forms of prayer, and they seem to have her mother-also born in Spain, and the daughter been inscribed three or four centuries before the of Mr Kirkpatrick, who was for some time English Christian era. Philip Bonarota first published them consul at the Spanish seaport of Malaga-she is in a complete form in Dempster's Etruria Regalis connected with an ancient Scottish family-the (2 vols., Florence, 1723-1724). The first really Kirkpatricks of Closeburn-which still exists, but no judicious attempt at interpretation was that of longer in possession of their original property. She Lanzi, in his Saggio di Lingua Etrusca (3 vols., was educated principally at Madrid, and spent a Rome, 1789), who points out the important fact that great portion of her youth in travelling with her they related to sacrificial usages, &c. His views mother, under the name of the Countess de Téba. have been carried out by Ottfried Müller in his In 1851, she appeared at the fêtes d'Elysée in work Die Etrusker; Lepsius, De Tabulis Eugubinis Paris, where her beauty and graceful demeanour &c. The most accurate copy of the inscriptions is attracted the notice and excited the admiration of that given by Lepsius in his Inscriptiones Umbrica the emperor of the French, Napoleon III., who mar-et Osca (Leip. 1841); the best and most complete ried her on the 30th January, 1853, at Notre Dame. work on the language and contents of the tablets On that occasion an amnesty was granted to 4312 is that of Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, entitled Die political prisoners. One son, the fruit of this union, Umbrischen Sprach. Denkmäler (2 vols., Berlin, 1849 was born 16th March, 1856. On the deposition of -1851). the emperor in September, 1870, and the declaration of a republic, E. fled almost alone from France, and took refuge in England. EUGENIUS is the name of four popes, of whom the last is the most important. Eugenius IV., EU'LER, LEONARD, one of the greatest of mathematicians, was born at Basel, April 15, 1707 and received his first instructions in the science, for which he afterwards did so much, from his father, who was pastor of the neighbouring village EUMENIDES-EUNUCH. of Riechen. At the university of Basel, he studied under John Bernouilli, and was the friend of Daniel and Nicholas Bernouilli. At the age of 19, he was second in the contest for a prize offered by the Academy of Paris for the best treatise on the masting of ships. His friends, the Bernouillis, had been called to St Petersburg by Catharine I., when she founded the Academy, and they now induced E to settle in that capital, in 1730, as Professor of Physics. Three years later, he exchanged his professorship for a place in the Academy. From that time, he continued to labour in the field of mathematics with an ardour really astonishing. More than half the mathematical treatises in the 46 quarto volumes published by the St Petersburg Academy from 1727 to 1783 are by E., and at his death he left more than 200 treatises in MS., which were afterwards published by the Academy. The Paris Academy of Science awarded him the prize on ten several occasions, one of which was his treatise on Tides, 1740. In 1741, he accepted the invitation of Frederick the Great to Berlin. He afterwards, 1766, returned to St Petersburg, where he was made director of the mathematical department of the Academy, and died September 7, 1783. The last years of his life were spent in total blindness. E. was of an amiable and religious character, always cheerful and good humoured; in society, he was distinguished for his agreeable wit. It was doubtless his residence in St Petersburg that led him to the application of mathematics to the building and management of ships, as embodied in his Théorie de la Construction et de la Manoeuvre des Vaisseaux (Petersb. 1773). The great problems left by Newton to his successors were the objects of his unceasing research. On physical subjects, E. often adopted extremely untenable hypotheses. He occupied himself also with philosophy in the He undertook to prove the immateriality of the soul, and to defend revelation against freethinkers. In his Lettres à une Princesse d'Allemagne sur quelques Sujets de Physique et de Philosophie (3 vols., Berl. 1768; new ed., Par. 1812; and which have also been translated into English), he attacked Leibnitz's system of monads and of a pre-established harmony. But this was not the field in which he was best calculated to shine; his proper domain was the abstruser parts of pure mathematics. His most important works of this class are his Theory of Planetary Motion, Introduction to the Analysis of Infinites, Institutions of the Differential and of the Integral Calculus, and Dioptrics, which are all, as well as his Opuscula Analytica, in Latin. His Introduction to Algebra is well known. proper sense of the word. chorus of Erinnyes appearing in the writing o Eschylus. According to Homer, they dwelt in Erebus, and with this the duration after death of the punishments which they inflict is connected. Hesiod calls them the daughters of Ge and Uranus. Eschylus describes them as having the features of gorgons and harpies, their bodies covered with black, serpents twined in their hair, and blood dripping from their eyes. The later poets and sculptors represented them in the more pleasing form of winged virgins, attired in the garb of huntresses, bearing torches in their hands, an with a wreath of serpents round their heads. Gradually, they came to be considered goddesses of the infernal regions, who punished crimes after death, but seldom appeared on earth. In Athens, their worship, which, like that of the other infernal deities, was conducted in silence, was held in great honour. The sacrifices offered to them were black sheep and libations of nephalia-i. e., honey mixed with water. The turtle-dove and the narcissus were sacred to them. They had a sanctuary in the vicinity of the Areopagus, and one at Colonus. A dis EUMO'LPUS (the 'sweet singer') was, in the later mythology of Greece, the son of Poseidon and Chione. He was brought up in Ethiopia, whence he went to Thrace, and afterwards passed into Attica, at the head of a body of Thracians, to assist the Eleusinians in their war against Erochtheus, king of Athens. E. and his sons are said to have been slain in battle. He is spoken of as the founder of the Eleusinian mysteries. tinction is made by some of the ancient writers between this E. and a son of Musaeus bearing the same name. The latter is represented as a scholar of Orpheus, and the instructor of Hercules; but E.'s history, like all mythological stories, is involved in great obscurity and confusion. The name of E is one of the series of those old priestly singers who, by the institution of religious ceremonies, spread culture and morality among the rude inhabitants of Hellas. An illustrious Athenian family, the Eumolpidae, derived their descent from E., and held the office of priests of Demeter in Eleusis. EUNO'MIUS, the founder of the Arian sect of Eunomians, was born in the village of Dacora, in Cappadocia, and was first a lawyer, then a soldier, and ultimately took holy orders. In 360, he was appointed Bishop of Cyzicum. In the great con troversy regarding the nature of the Trinity which raged during the 4th c., E. was conspicuous by his advocacy of the view that the Father alone was eternal and supreme; that the Son was generated of Him; and the Holy Spirit, again, of the Son. His doctrine of the Trinity is sometimes called the Anomoian (dissimilar), to distinguish it, on the one hand, from the Homoiousian (similar'), held by the semi-Arians, and, on the other, from the Homoousian ('identical'), held by the Athanasian Arianism. In defence of his peculiar views, E is or Trinitarian party. It was thus the extreme of said to have shewn superior ability, although his opponents also accuse him of being verbose and inflated in his style. His life was much chequered. He was banished from one place to another, until at length he obtained permission to retire to his native village, where he died in 394. His writings have entirely perished, with the exception of a fragment here and there preserved in the writings EUME'NIDÉS (literally, the well-minded or benign goddesses) was the euphemistic name of certain fearful beings, whose true name of Erinnyes (from erino, I hunt up, or erinuo, I am angry) it was considered unlawful to utter. Their Latin name was Furia or Dira. We find them mentioned by the earliest poets, and they play a prominent part in the writings of the tragedians, where their sphere of action is much extended. In the earliest times, Homer and Hesiod represent them as avenging and punishing perjury and murder, as also the violation of filial duty and of the rite of hospitality; they were also regarded as goddesses of Fate (like the Parca), and had a share in the grim Providence which led the doomed ones into the way of calamity. A part of their function was also to hinder man from acquiring too much knowledge of the future. EU'NUCH. The original signification of this In these poets, their number is sometimes undefined; word (Gr. eunuchos, one who has charge of a bed) sometimes they appear as one. The limitation to points to the office that this class of persons fulthe number three, as well as their names Alecto, lled, and still fulfil in the East-that, namely, of Megara, and Tisiphone, is of a later period, a whole | taking charge of the women's apartments or harems. of his adversaries. |