ENCRINITES-ENCYCLOPÆDIA. Apie Crinitus Rotundus (from Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise). a, expanded; b, closed; c, shewing where the stem has been injured, and repaired by calcareous secretion. first in the Lias. The earlier seas literally swarmed with these animals. "We may judge," says Dr Buckland, of the degree to which the individual crinoids multiplied among the first inhabitants of the sea, from the countless myriads of their petrified remains which fill so many limestone beds of the older formations, and compose vast strata of entrochal marble, extending over large tracts of country in Northern Europe and North America. The substance of this marble is often almost as entirely made up of the petrified bones of Encrinites, as a corn-rick is composed of straws.' See CRINOIDEE and PENTACRINUS. ENCYCLOPEDIA means properly a book or work professing to give information, more or less full, on the whole circle of human knowledge. The name is compounded of two Greek words, enkyklos, circular or general; and paideia, discipline or instruction. These words were used by the Greeks and Romans to signify the circle of instruction through which every free-born youth had to pass before entering on public life. That circle embraced more particularly grammar, music, geometry, astronomy, and gymnastics, and afterwards became the 'seven liberal arts' of the middle ages. The compound name Encyclopædia appears to have been unknown to the Greeks, and also to the Latin writers of the classic period; and there is no evidence that either Greeks or Romans ever applied the words, single or compounded, to designate a book. The short form Cyclopædia has still less classical authority than Encyclopædia. Encyclopædias, in the modern sense of the word, are most commonly Alphabetical; but sometimes the arrangement is rational,' i. e., according to the natural relations of the subjects. An alphabetical Encyclopædia is a Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. Besides this, its proper meaning, of a repertory of universal knowledge, the name Encyclopædia is often applied-less properly perhaps to alphabetical works whose scope is limited to a particular brancn-works differing in no respect from others which are styled Dictionaries, Gazetteers, &c. See DICTIONARY. As all works of this kind, which now form a large and increasing section of literature in every language, have in so far a common character with Encyclopædias proper, we may give some account of the whole class under the present head. For the sake of convenience, they may be arranged in three divisions: 1. The earlier works of this kind, having, for the most part, merely an encyclopaedic character, i. e., embracing a large range of subjects, without distinctly aiming at univer sality; 2. Encyclopædias proper, which treat of the whole circle of human knowledge; 3. Books pro fessedly confined to a definite department of knowledge, whether under the name of encyclopædia. dictionary, gazetteer, or other title. As books of this class profess to touch on every important point that comes within their scope, they may be considered as encyclopaedic in a limited sense. In the following sketch, the distinction between the first and second of those classes, which is of a somewhat indeterminate kind, is not strictly adhered to when it would interfere with the chronological sequence. 1. The earliest work of an encyclopaedic character is generally ascribed to Speusippus, a disciple of Plato. The great collections of Varro (Rerum Humanarum et Divinarum Antiquitates and Dis ciplinarum libri ix.), of the elder Pliny (IIistoria Naturalis), of Stobaeus, of Suidas, of Isidorus (the Origines), and of Capella, belong to the same class, but they exhibit no plan, and are only confused accumulations of the then known arts and sciences. Vincent of Beauvais (1264) surpassed them all. He gathered together with wonderful iligence the entire knowledge of the middle ages in three comprehensive works, Speculum Historiale, Speculum Naturale, and Speculum Doctrinale, to which soon after an unknown hand added a Speculum Morale. But these, as well as the other similar compilations which appeared in the later medieval period under the title of Summa, or Speculum (Mirror), are marked throughout by a lack of philosophic spirit. Perhaps the nearest approach to the modern encyclopedia by an ancient writer, dates two centuries earlier than the time of Beauvais. In the tenth century, flourished Alfarabius, the ornament of the school of Bagdad, who wrote an encyclopaedic collection of ENCYCLOPÆDIA. knowledge, remarkable for its grasp and complete- where received with the greatest enthusiasm, and ness, and which still lies in MS. in the Escorial of it secured a place in the literary history of the Spain. Among the earliest and most noted of the nation for the editors and principal writers, who modern encyclopædias was that of Johann Heinrich are ordinarily known as the Encyclopédists of France. Alsted, or Alstedius, which appeared in Germany They were D'Alembert and Diderot the editors, in two volumes in 1630. It consisted of 35 books Rousseau, Grimm, Dumarsais, Voltaire, Baron in all, of which the first four contained an explana- d'Holbach, and Jancourt. [See La Porte's Esprit de tion of the nature of the rest. Then followed l'Encyclopédie (Paris, 1768); and Voltaire's Ques six on philology, ten on speculative, and four on tions sur l'Encyclopédie (Paris, 1770).] D'Alempractical philosophy; three on theology, juris- bert's celebrated preliminary discourse was garbled prudence, and medicine; three on the mechanical in various pretentious works of this class pubarts; and five on history, chronology, and miscel- lished for the most part in England; such were laneous topics. Two important French works Barrow's New and Universal Dictionary of Aris belong to this century-the one is Louis Moreri's and Sciences, 1 vol. folio, 1751; and the Com Grand Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, of which plete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, by Croker, the first edition appeared at Paris in 1673, and the Williams, and Clerk, 3 vols. folio, 1766. A somelast in 1759; the other, Peter Bayle's famous what better, though rather illogical performance Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, published at was published by a 'Society of Gentlemen' in 1754 Rotterdam, in 4 vols., 1697. The first encyclopaedic in four 8vo volumes, generally known as Owen's dictionary, so far as known, appeared in Germany as Dictionary, from the name of the publisher of it. the Lexicon Universale of Hoffmann (2 vols., Basel) The first rude outline of the ponderous and solid in 1677. Some time after there appeared in France Encyclopædia Britannica was laid down in the year Thomas Corneille's Dictionnaire des Arts et des 1771, in three volumes, but it was nothing more Sciences, 2 vols. (Paris, 1694). Dictionaries limited than a dictionary of arts and sciences; it had not to the explanation of technical terms had long yet attained to its subsequent universality. Such is been common throughout Europe; but previous to a brief outline of the earlier kind of encyclopædias. Hoffmann's work, no attempt had been made to 2. The first encyclopædia proper that demands bring the whole body of science and art under the our attention is the Encyclopædia Britannica, of lexicographic form. A highly successful attempt which the 2d comparatively complete edition, identical in kind, and attributable in idea, it may containing biographical and historical articles, be, to the German work just alluded to, was the appeared in 10 vols. between 1776 and 1783; the Lexicon Technicum of Dr Harris, 2 vols. folio (Lon- 3d edition was completed in 18 vols. in 1797; the don, 1710), which may fairly be regarded as the 4th edition, in 20 vols., in 1810; the 5th and parent of all the dictionaries of arts and sciences 6th editions (which were not true reprints), and that have since appeared in England. The Cyclo- supplements in 6 vols., appeared between 1815paedia of Ephraim Chambers, published in 1728, in 1824; the 7th edition, in 21 vols., in 1830-1842; two very large folio volumes, presents the next and the 8th and last edition, in 21 vols., 1852marked advance in the construction of encyclo- 1860. The method pursued by this work, while pædical dictionaries. This one was brought out thoroughly alphabetical, consists in a combination with considerable claims to originality of arrange- of the systematic and the particular. In few ment. The author endeavoured to communicate to instances is any science broken up into fractional hiз alphabetical materials something of the interest parts; nearly all the sciences are given in treatises of a continuous discourse,' by an elaborate system as they severally occur in the order of the alphabet. of cross references. Another peculiarity of this In some cases, however, where obscurity might cyclopædia was, that its author, in the details of result from such a plan, the other method is adopted. mathematical and physical science, gave only con- A marked feature of this work, is the number of clusions and not processes of demonstration. It was complete treatises and dissertations which it cou long a very popular work. The largest and most tains by men of European name. From first to comprehensive of the successors to Hoffmann's book last, this Encyclopædia has been executed and in Germany, was Zedler's Universal Lexicon, 64 published in Edinburgh, the literary reputation of vols. (Leip. 1732-1750). In point of comprehen- which it has helped in no small degree to increase. siveness, this work should be classed with the The next encyclopædia that we must notice is the encyclopædias proper, there being almost nothing Encyclopédie Méthodique par Ordre des Matières, then known that may not be found in it. Perhaps which was begun in 1781, and was not finished the strongest impulse, if not in all respects the till 1832, when it appeared in 201 volumes. Each best, communicated by this successful attempt of subject is treated in a separate volume or series Ephraim Chambers, was given to the French mind of volumes, so that the work is a collection of through D'Alembert and Diderot. Their Encyclo- separate dictionaries, more extensive than any encypédie was really, though not professedly, founded clopedic work that has yet appeared. A work apon E. Chambers's book, which an Englishmau of higher scientific value, however, and even of Lamed Mills had translated between 1743 and 1745, a more varied nature, has been in progress for though the French version of it never was published. nearly half a century in Germany, undertaken The great French Encyclopédie was written by originally by Professors Ersch and Gruber in 1818, various authors of high literary and philosophical and which has since continued to appear, in three attainments, but of whom nearly all were tainted several sections of the alphabet, up to the present too much with the most impracticable revolutionary time. There have already (1861) appeared of this ideas, besides holding for the most part extremely great Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaft und sceptical opinions concerning religion. They excluded Künste some 125 volumes. In 1802, Dr Abraham both biography and history from its scope, yet Rees projected an extended and improved edition infused into it more originality, depth, and ability of Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopædia, which was than ever had appeared before within the boards completed in 45 volumes in 1819. The system of of an encyclopædical dictionary. It appeared at cross references peculiar to E. Chambers is very Paris in 28 vols. between the years 1751-1772, effectually carried out in this book; but besides and was followed by a Supplement in five vols. including a great accession of historical and bio(Amst. 1776-1777), and an analytical index in graphical detail, it contained a large number of two vols. (Paris, 1780). The work was every-papers, prepared by competent writers, on subjects ENCYCLOPEDISTS-END. In with which their life had rendered them familiar. encyclopædias are Meyer's Grosse Conversations Another work of considerable merit, which began to Lexicon, in 38 vols., 1840-1852, besides 6 volumes appear in 1810, was Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclo- of a Supplement and 8 volumes of plates, &c., in pedia, edited by the late Sir David Brewster, and 1853-1855; and Pierer's Universal Lexicon, in 34 completed in 18 volumes in 1830. It was, if any- vols. (Altenburg, 1840-1846), a new and improved thing, too much given up to physical science, even edition of which began to appear in 1851. for the taste of the 19th century. In 1812, a great addition to these, there are at present (1861) several impetus was given to encyclopaedic publications by encyclopædias in course of publication in other the appearance of the Conversations-Lexicon of F. A. European countries; all of which are based upon Brockhaus of Leipsic. It has since gone through the Conversations-Lexicon-viz., the Enciclopedia as many as ten editions, the last issue of it, amount- Española, begun at Madrid in 1842; the Nuova ing to 15 volumes, having appeared between 1851 Enciclopedia Popolare Italiana, begun at Turin and 1855. It has been translated into nearly all the in 1856; the Almenn. Dansk Konversations-Lexicon civilised languages of Europe; no fewer than four (Copenhagen, 1849); and the Svenskt KonversaEnglish works of the kind being professedly founded tions-Lexikon, begun at Stockholm in 1845; besides on it: these are the Encyclopedia Americana, in 14 others in Russia, Hungary, the Netherlands, &c. vols. (Phila., 1829-1848); the Popular Encyclopedia, 3. We have now to direct attention briefly to 7 vols. (Glasgow, 1841); Appleton's new American Cy- those books that are dictionaries or encyclopædias clopedia, 16 vols. (N. Y., 1857-1863), and annual sup- for one branch of knowledge. These works have plements (1861-1869); and Chambers' Encyclopedia, been always very numerous, both in this country 10 vols. (Edin. and Phila., 1861-1868), and revised and on the continent. Such are the Biographie edition in 1870 by J. B. Lippincott & Co. The latter Universelle (commenced in 1811; new edition, 1854, has been pronounced 'one of the most convenient, re- still going on); Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary, liable, and useful compends of knowledge in existence.' in 32 vols. (1812-1817); the Dictionnaire des The next encyclopaedic work which appeared after Sciences Médicales, 60 vols. (Par. 1812-1822); the Conversations-Lexicon, was one projected accord- Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, 36 vols. ing to an original philosophic plan by Samuel (Par. 1816-1819); F. Cuvier's Dictionnaire des Taylor Coleridge, in 1818, and finished in 1845, in Sciences Naturelles, 61 vols. text, 10 vols. plates, 30 volumes. This Encyclopædia Metropolitana was (1816-1845); Dictionnaire de l'Industrie, &c., 10 arranged in four divisions: 1st, the pure sciences; vols. (Par. 1831-1841); M'Culloch's Commercial 2d, the mixed and applied sciences; 3d, biography Dictionary (2d edition, 1834; last edition, 1869); and history; and 4th, miscellaneous and lexico- M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary (1st edition, graphic articles. The contributions to the first two 1841; new edition, 1866); the Dictionary of Prac divisions were written by persons of recognised tical Medicine, 3 vols. (Lond. 1844-1858); Chamability, and they have nearly all been published bers's Cyclopædia of English Literature (1843; new separately in Svo volumes since the Metropolitana edition, 1858); Creasy's Encyclopalia of Civil Engi appeared. If the book had any fault, it was that neering (1847); Johnston's Gazetteer (1850; new the plan of it was too rigidly philosophical, and edition, 1859). Morton's Cyclopedia of Agriculture, therefore not adapted to be consulted dictionary | 2 vols. (1851); the Nouvelle Biographie Générale fashion; for although in one sense the alphabetic arrangement, by its jumble of subjects, is most heterogeneous and irrational, it recommends itself to popular acceptance by its extreme simplicity; and in point of fact, no encyclopædia has ever been thoroughly popular that has not been executed on the plan of a single alphabet, in which all subjects, however various, are included. Next appeared the Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, which was begun in 1833, and completed in 1843, in 28 volumes. This work was perhaps, at the time it appeared, the most useful and convenient, for the purposes of general consultation, of any encyclopædical treatise that had ever been issued. The English Cyclopædia is founded on the copyright of the Penny Cyclopædia, but is rearranged into four great divisions, which are each given in the order of the alphabet, viz., geography, natural history, biography, and arts and scicaces. This publication was begun in 1853, and was com pleted in 1861 in 22 volumes. Among a host of abridgments and smaller publications of this char- END. This familiar word is concerned in some acter which have appeared in the course of the important discussions, and especially in Ethics. It is present century, may be mentioned Wilkes's Ency in the sense of the thing aimed at,' the object, dopadia Londonensis, in 24 vols. 4to (Lond. 1810 purpose, or goal of human action, that we have here -1829); the Encyclopædia Perthensis, in 23 vols. to consider it. There is a fundamental contrast (Edinburgh, 1816); and the London Encyclopædia, between Science and Art, Knowledge and Practice. 22 vols. (Lond. 1829). The French have likewise Science, or Knowledge, embraces the general order published an Encyclopédie des Gens du Monde, in of the universe, and states that order in the form 22 vols. 8vo (Par. 1833-1844); an Encyclopédie by which we can take in as much as possible in one Moderne, which, with its Supplement, occupies view; it is the fullest intellectual comprehension of 36 vols. 8vo (Par. 1857); and a Dictionnaire de la the phenomena of nature that the mind can attain Conversation et de la Lecture, in 68 vols. (Par. 1839 to. Art, or Practice, on the other hand, selects -1851), of which a new edition, begun in 1851, and appropriates certain items of knowledge, so as is still in progress. The last of these is to a to subserve some useful purpose, some exigency large extent based on the Conversations-Lexicon of of human life. Thus, Agriculture, Navigation, Law, Brockhaus. The most notable of the other German Politics, Education are all branches of Practice, (begun in 1853); Lippincott's Gazetteer of the United States (Phila., 1854); S. Austin Allibone's Critical Dictionary of British and American Authors, 3 vols. 8vo. (Phila., the 1st issued in 1858, the 2d and 3d in 1870); Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World, 1st edition (Phila., 1855, 2d edition, revised, 1866); Lippincott's (Thomas) Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, 2 vols. (Phila., 1870). Nor must we overlook the dictionaries of Dr. Wm. Smith, viz.: the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 3 vols. (1843-1848, new ed., 18491851); the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 1 vol. (1848); the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 2 vols. (1854—1857); the Dictionary of the Bible, 2 vols. (1860-1861); and Watts' Dictionary of Chemistry, 5 vols. (1863-1869). These dictionaries are perhaps the most splendid specimens of encyclopedias devoted to special branches of knowledge that have anywhere appeared. See DICTIONARY. ENCYCLOPÉDISTS. See ENCYCLOPÆDIA. ENDEMIC-ENDIVE. to their several purposes. they involve knowledge, but in strict subordination distance from the source cf the poison. Such The navigator studies poisons are always observed to be more virulent in summer than in winter-more dangerous at night, when the vapours are concentrated on the surface of the soil, than in the day-time-more abundant in the plains, and in close confined places, than at a certain degree of elevation— more easily carried in the direction of the wind than in the opposite-and very often arrested altogether by water, or by a belt of forest or other luxuriant vegetation. In all these particu lars, endemic are different from epidemic diseases, which bear no very obvious relation to the soil, and are not observed to be considerably modified either by the prevailing winds or the period of the day or night at which exposure to their influence takes place. The most marked type of an endemic disease is Ague (q. v.) or Intermittent Fever, which has all the habits mentioned above, and is to so marked a degree a denizen of particular tracts of country as to lead to their being in some instances almost depopulated. Many places in Italy are a prey to the aria cattiva or malaria, as it is popularly called; and hence, no doubt, even more than for protection from human foes, the custom so prevalent in that country of building the villages on the tops of hills, so as to secure immunity from the poisonous vapours raised by the solar heat from the plains lying on either side at the base of the Apennines. Terrestrial miasms, or such poisons as generate endemic diseases, are usually found in the neighbourhood of marshy flats, or of uncultivated tracts of land at the confluence of rivers, or where a delta, or a wide channel subject to overflow, is formed at the upper end of a lake. In proportion, too, as the heat of the sun is greater, the tendency to malarious emanations is increased; and in the tropics, accordingly, large tracts of jungle and forest are often rendered absolutely uninhabitable and almost impassable at certain seasons, by the invisible and odourless germs of intermittent, remittent, and even continued Fevers (q. v.), which are more fatal and unmanageable than the most terrible epidemic pestilences to those who are exposed to them. Such diseases are almost always sudden in their mode of attack, and they indicate the range of their influence by the number of persons attacked; but they are wholly free in most cases from the suspicion of communication by Contagion (q. v.), which is so frequent in the case of epidemic diseases. The poison hitherto termed malaria is now believed to arise from the reception and growth of minute vegetable spores in the human system. Their spread is almost invariably checked by drainage and cultivation of the soil; and hence many places in Europe, formerly very productive of endemic diseases, have now ceased to be so, as in the case of the Tuscan Maremma, and some parts of Kent and Essex, and of the Lothians in Scotland. ENDE MIC (from en, among, and demos, the people), a term applied to diseases which affect numbers of persons simultaneously, but so as to shew a connection with localities as well as with their inhabitants. Endemic diseases are usually spoken of as contrasted with Epidemic (q. v.) and Sporadic (q. v.); the first term indicating that a disease infests habitually the population within certain geographical limits, and also that it is incapable of being transferred or communicated beyond those limits; while, on the other hand, a disease is termed epidemic if it is transmitted without reference to locality; and sporadic if it occurs in isolated instances only. The theory, accordingly, of endemic diseases is, that they are in some way or other connected with the soil-the result of terrestrial nfluences, or miasms-of poisons generated within the earth, or near its surface, and diffused through the air, so as to be weakened in proportion to the It 1831, lies in lat. 67° 30′ S., and long. 50° E. E'NDERBY LAND, discovered by Biscoe in appeared to the discoverer to be of considerable extent, and was closely bound by field ice, but owing to stress of weather and the extreme cold, it could not be approached within 20 or 30 miles, and Biscoe was thus unable to say whether the land he discovered was an island or a strip of continental coast. E'NDIVE (Cichorium Endivia), an annual or biennial plant, of the samne genus with Chicory (q. v.), said to be a native of China and Japan, but which is naturalised in the Levant, and has long been in cultivation as a garden vegetable; it blanched root-leaves being much used as a salad, ENDOCARDITIS-ENDOSMOSE. and also sometimes for stewing and in soups. The root-leaves are numerous, smooth, wavy at the margin. The varieties with much curled leaves are preferred. Some of the varieties boll of themselves, and are thus blanched; others require to be tied up. In Britain, the seed is usually sown from the middle of May to the end of June, and by a little care and protection, plants may be kept fit for use throughout most of the winter. ENDOCARDITIS, inflammation or disease of the internal surface of the heart, resulting in the deposit of fibrin upon the valves. See HEART, DISEASES OF. ENDO'GENOUS PLANTS, or ENDOGENS (Gr. endon, within, and genos, birth or origin), one of the great classes into which the vegetable kingdom is divided, the others receiving the corresponding designations of Exogenous Plants and Acrogenous Plants. The character from which this designation is derived is found in the structure of the stem, which does not increase in thickness by additional layers on the outside like the exogenous stem, familiarly illustrated in all the trees of the colder parts of the world, but receives its additions of woody matter in the interior; and in general does not continue to increase indefinitely in thickness like the exogenous stem, but is arrested when a certain thickness has been attained, different in different species, and afterwards increases only in length. When a transverse section is made of an Transverse and Vertical Sections of Endogenous Stem. endogenous stem, numerous bundles of vessels are seen dispersed irregularly in cellular tissue, the younger and softer parts of the stem exhibiting the cellular tissue in greatest proportion, the older and lower parts chiefly abounding in vascular bundles, which are, however, somewhat scattered in the central part of the stem, and are densely aggregated towards the circumference, there, in the palms generally, forming very hard wood, in some of them wood so hard that it cannot be cut with a hatchet. The stems of endogenous plants in the far greater number of cases produce terminal buds only, and not lateral buds, and are therefore unbranched. From the bases of the leaves, definite bundles of vascular tissue converge towards the centre; but these extending downwards extend also outwards, and thus an interlacing of fibres takes place, which contributes not a little to the strength and compactness of the wood in the lower part of the stem. As the fibres extend downwards, they also become attenuated, spiral and porous vessels disappearing, and nothing but the most ligneous substance remaining. It is the hardening of the outer part of the stem which arrests its increase in thickness. Endogenous stems have not a distinct pith, nor any medullary rays. When the central part is soft and pith-like, yet it is not distinctly separated from the surrounding wood, and has no medullary sheath. In many endogenous plants, as in the greater number of grasses, the centre of the stem is hollow. This is not the case at first, when the stem begins to grow; and when any cause makes the growth of the stem unusually slow, so that it is much stunted, it remains solid; the fistular character of the stem is the result of its rapid growth, rupturing the cells of the central portion, which finally disappear. Endogenous stems have no cambium and no proper bark. There is, indeed, a cellular epidermis; and there is also within it, and exterior to the hardest woody part of the stem, a comparatively soft layer bark, sometimes false bark, which does not separate of a corky substance, which is sometimes called from the wood below it without leaving myriads of little broken threads, the ends of the fibres which have extended into it from the hardest part of the stem. In those exogenous plants which produce lateral buds and branches, the fibres of the branches on descending to the stem extend on the outside of the proper stem, between its hardest portion and the false bark; and in this way a great thickness is sometimes attained, as in the dragontree. In the Grasses, a plexus of fibres takes place at the nodes, the fibres crossing from one side to the other. No British tree-and it may almost be said no tree of temperate or colder climates-is endogen ous. Almost all the endogenous trees are palms, although a few, as the dragon-tree, belong to other orders. Endogenous plants, however, are numerous in all parts of the world. Among endogenous plants are many of the plants most useful to mankind, particularly palms and grasses, all the true cornplants being included among the latter. Nutritious substances are very extensively produced both in the fruit or seed, and in other parts; poisonous products are comparatively rare, although found in the Araceae, Liliacea, Melanthaceae, and other orders. Aromatic secretions are characteristic chiefly of one order, Scitamineæ. Besides palms and grasses, many of the endogenous plants are of great beauty, and many produce most beautiful flowers. Lilies and orchids may be mentioned as instances. Endogenous plants are monocotyledonous; and the terms endogenous and monocotyledonous are therefore often employed indiscriminately to designate the class. But Lindley distinguishes a class of Dictyogens (q. v.), which, although monocotyledonous, have stems approaching to the exogenous character. The leaves of endogenous plants generally exhibit parallel venation, which is indeed strictly confined to them, although a venation resembling it, or rather simulating it, may be seen in some exogenous plants. The seed also germinates in a peculiar manner, different from that of exogenous plants, and to which the name endorhizal has been given, the radicle being protruded from within the substance of the embryo, and surrounded by a cellular sheath formed from the integument which it breaks in its egress. ENDO'RSE. See BILL ENDORSE, in Heraldry, an Ordinary containing the fourth part of a pale. Endorsed, again, or indorsed, signifies that objects are placed on the shield back to back. ENDOSMO'SE AND EXOSMO'SE (Gr. inward motion and outward motion), terms applied by Dutrochet, the first investigator, to the transfusion that takes place when two liquids or two gases of different densities are separated by an animal or a vegetable membrane. As the transmission has no necessary relation to outwards or inwards, the term osmose, or osmotic action, is now preferred. See DIFFUSION. This action performs a very important part in living organisms, and explains many pheromena of the circulation of sap and the processes of nutrition, which were previously referred only to the wonderful |