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ELMINA EL PASO DEL NORTE.

basin of the Mississippi, and attains its loftiest stature between lat. 42° and lat 46°, is a magnificent tree, sometimes 100 feet in height, the trunk reaching 60 or 70 feet before it separates into branches, and the widely diffused pendulous branches floating gracefully in the air; but the timber is not much esteemed.-The RED or SLIPPERY ELM (U. fulva) is also common in the basin of the Mississippi as far south as lat. 31°, and in the western parts of Canada. It attains a height of 50 or 60 feet. The wood is more valuable than that of the last species, but much inferior to the English elm. The leaves and bark yield an abundant mucilage, which is bland and demulcent, and esteemed a valuable remedy in catarrh, dysentery, and other complaints. -The WAHOO or WINGED ELM (U. alata) is a small tree, found from lat. 37° to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas, remarkable for the branches being furnished on two opposite sides with wings of cork. The wood is fine-grained, compact and heavy.-U. Chinensis is a Chinese species of elm, the leaves of which often bear galls used by the Chinese in tanning and dyeing.

The name SPANISH ELM is given in the West Indies to a tree also called BOIS DE CHYPRE, Cordia Gerascanthus, of the natural order Cordiaceae, the timber of which is valuable; also to Hamelia ventricosa, of the natural order Rubiacea, the timber of which is known to cabinet-makers as Prince-wood.

ELMI'NA, a fortified town and seaport of West Africa, capital of the Dutch settlements on the Gold Coast, is situated in an undulating and thickly wooded district, in lat. 5° 10′ N., and long, about 1° 40′ W. It is a large, irregularly built, and extremely unclean native town, and seems to be entirely destitute of any noteworthy architectural features. The inhabitants consist chiefly of traders, fishermen, and artisans. A few miles to the east is Cape Coast Castle. E. was first established by the Portuguese in 1481, and was the first European settlement planted on the coast of Guinea. It was taken by the Dutch in 1637, and, four years after, was ceded to them by Portugal. Pop. about 10,000.

ELMI RA, a city, the capital of Chemung co., N. Y., on the Chemung River, at the junction of the Erie, the Northern Central, and the Utica, Ithaca and Elmira Railroads, 274 miles W. N. W. of New York City and 149 miles E. S. E. of Buffalo. It contains a courthouse, 20 churches, a high-school, a normal school, 2 academies, 4 banks, a State reformatory, and extensive manufactures of railroad iron, railroad cars, farming implements, boots and shoes, carriages, edgetools, flour, &c. It is also the seat of the Elmira Female College, and has printing-offices which issue 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. Pop. in 1880, 20,678. ELMO'S FIRE, Sr, is the popular name of an appearance sometimes seen, especially in southern climates during thunder-storms, of a brush or star | of light at the tops of masts, spires, or other pointed objects. It is sometimes accompanied by a hissing noise, and is evidently of the same nature as the light caused by electricity streaming off from points connected with an electrical machine. See ELECTRICITY. The phenomenon, as seen at sea, was woven by the Greeks into the myth of Castor and Pollux; and even yet such lights at the mast-head are considered by sailors a sign that they have nothing to fear from the storm.

ELMSHORN, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein, 20 miles north-west of Hamburg, is situated on both banks of the Krückau, a navigable stream, and feeder of the Elbe. It is well built, has considerable manufactures, and an active trade in grain; it has also a boat-building yard, and some tanneries Vast numbers of boots

and shoes are made at E., and are sold at all the fairs in the duchies of Slesvig and Holstein. Many Jews reside here, as this is one of the few places in the duchies in which they are allowed to settle without having previously obtained permission. E has an important annual cattle-market. Pop. 5000. EL OBEID. See IL OBEID.

ELOCUTION (Lat. for speaking out), the art of effective speaking, more especially of public speak ing. It regards solely the utterance or delivery; while the wider art of oratory, of which elocution is a branch, takes account also of the matter spoken. The art of elocution held a prominent place in ancient education, but has been greatly neglected in modern times. See READING and SPEAKING.

ÉLOGE. When a member of the French Académie dies, it is customary for his successor to deliver an oration, setting forth his merits and services. This is called an éloge (Lat. elogium, Ger. eulogia, praise), and a considerable branch of French literature goes by the name. Many of the French éloges are mere florid panegyrics; but others, particularly those written by Thomas, D'Alembert, Bailly, Condorcet, Cuvier, and other eminent savants, are interesting and valuable biographies. The proper epoch of the éloge began with Fontenelle (2 vols., Par. 1731), who was distinguished for clearness, ease, and elegance. His successors have tried to outshine him in pomp of language.

ELOHIM, Hebr., plural of Eloŭh, Arab. Ilah, Chald. Elah, Syr. Alôh, might, power; in plur., intensified, collective, highest power-great beings, kings, angels, gods, Deity. As a pluralis excellentio or majestatis, and joined to the singular verb, it denotes, with very rare exceptions, the One, true God. Joined to the plural verb, however, it usually means gods in general, whether including the One or not. It is mostly used (in the singular sense) for or together with Jehovah (the Everlasting One); but some portions of the Scriptures employ exclusively either the one term or the other This circumstance has given rise to endless discussions, and has also suggested amongst others the notion of different authors of Genesis. On this, and on the relation of those two words to each other, see the article JEHOVAH. We shall only mention here the hitherto unnoticed opinion of the Talmudists, that Elohim denotes the Almighty under the aspect of a God of strict justice; Jehovah, of of the word Elohim, we may add, in conclusion, that clemency and mercy. As important for the history it was very probably Petrus Loinbardus who first tried to prove the Trinity out of this plural form fully rejected by all scholars, from Calvin, Mercerus, an attempt which, although unanimously and scornCalixtus, the younger Buxtorf, &c., to our times, has lately been revived by Rudolf Stier, who has gone so far as to invent a new grammatical term, Pluralis Trinitatis,' for this purpose. See also the articles SHEMITIC PLURAL and PENTATEUCH.

ELONGATION, ANGLE OF, is the angle measur ing the distance between two stars, as seen from the earth. Usually, it is employed only in speaking of the distance of planets from the sun; the word 'distance' being used instead of the word elonga tion, in regard to fixed stars and planets, as related

to one another.

ELO'PEMENT. See ADULTERY.

EL PA'SO DEL NORTE (in English, the Pass of the North) is a narrow valley of nine or ten miles in length, near the northeastern extremity of the republic of Mexico. It is situated within the state of Chihuahua (q. v.), in lat. 31° 42′ N., and long, 106° 40′ W., being on the right bank of the

ELPHIN-ELSINORE.

Rio Grande, or Rio Bravo del Norte, about 1420 miles from its mouth. It is remarkably fertile, yielding, in particular, considerable quantities of wine and brandy. It contains about 5000 inhabitants nearly all of them of mixed blood. In fact, the peop e are little better than the aboriginal savages, being almost destitute of the most ordinary appliances of civilised life. The place is worthy of rotice chiefly as the main thoroughfare between New Mexico and Mexico Proper.

We

his influence that the first printing-press-that of Chepman and Millar-was established in Scotland He superintended the preparation and printing of the Breviary of Aberdeen, and collected the materials for the lives of the Scottish saints contained in that work. He procured from the pope (Alexander VI.) a bull for erecting a university in Aberdeen. The bull was sent in 1494, but the college was not founded till 1500, when it was dedicated to St Mary—a name afterwards changed to King's College. E. ELPHIN, a bishop's see in Ireland, united to of his cathedral church at Aberdeen, provided its built also the great central tower and wooden spire Kilmore in 1833. great bells, covered the roofs of its nave, aisles, and ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM, a celebrated Scot-transept with lead; and, at his own expense, built tish prelate, and founder of King's College, Aberdeen, was born in the year 1430 or 1431. He was the son of William Elphinstone, Rector of Kirkmichael, and Archdeacon of Teviotdale, and, as the marriage of ecclesiastics was then prohibited, his birth was illegitimate. E. studied at the university of Glasgow, where he took his degree of M.A. at the age of twenty-four, at the same time that he took priest's orders. He seems to have acted as his father's curate at Kirkmichael, for four years, but being strongly attached to the study of law (he had practised as an advocate in the church courts before this), he went to France in his twenty-ninth year, at the instigation of his uncle, Laurence Elphinstone, who supplied him with the means of studying at the most celebrated schools of the continent. E. so highly distinguished himself, that after three years he was appointed professor in the university of Paris, and afterwards at Orleans, which had then the highest reputation as a legal school. So greatly were his learning and talents appreciated, that the parliament of Paris used to ask his opinion on great questions. After a residence of nine years abroad, he returned to Scotland, and was made successively official-general of the diocese of Glasgow (14711472), rector of the university (1474), and official of Lothian in 1478, then probably,' says Mr Cosmo Innes (Sketches of Early Scottish History, Edin. 1861), 'the second judicial office in the kingdom, which he filied for two years, sitting in parliament, and serving on the judicial committees, which formed the supreme civil jurisdiction in Scotland.' His dignity, learning, and prudence, now began to procure him universal respect. He was the principal member of a great embassy sent from Scotland to France, to settle certain disputes that had sprung up between the two countries, and threatened the stability of their ancient alliance. In this important affair, he was eminently successful. On his return, he was made Bishop of Ross in 1481. In 1483, he was removed to the see of Aberdeen; and between this

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period and the death of James III. he was several times engaged in embassies to France, England, Burgundy, and Austria. For a few months before the death of that monarch, he held the office of chancellor of the kingdom. He lost this great office on the accession of James IV., but, says the authority already quoted, he was speedily restored to favour, and to the royal councils, and seems to have been keeper of the Privy Seal from 1500 till his death.' He did not suffer his office to withdraw him from the care of his diocese, where he applied himself to the faithful discharge of his episcopal functions, endeavouring to reform the clergy, the service, and the ritual of his church. He next concluded (while on a mission to the continent for another purpose) a treaty with Holland, which was beneficial to Scotland. E. seems to have had a genuine desire for the enlightenment and improvement of his countrymen. Whenever leisure permitted, we find him engaged in devising means to this end. It appears to have been chiefly through

a stone bridge over the Dee for the benefit of his
townsmen. The fatal battle of Flodden, 9th Sep-
tember 1513, broke the spirit of E., who was never
seen to smile after. He died 25th October 1514,
and was buried before the high altar of the chapel
of the college which he founded. E. was a man of
great vigour of mind and nobleness of nature- one
of those prelates,' says a writer in the Quarterly
Review (No. clxix. p. 141), who in their mani-
ficent acts, and their laborious and saintly lives,
shewed to the Scottish church, in her corruption
and decay, the glorious image of her youth.'
know him,' says Mr Innes, in the history of the
time as the zealous churchman, the learned lawyer,
the wise statesman; one who never sacrificed his
diocesan duties to mere secular cares, but knew
how to make his political eminence serve the
interests of his church; who, with manners and
temperance in his own person, befitting the primitive
ages of Christianity, threw around his cathedral and
palace the taste and splendour that may adorn
religion, who found time, amidst the cares of state,
and the pressure of daily duties, to preserve the
Christian antiquities of his diocese, and collect
the memories of those old servants of truth who
had run a course similar to his own; to renovate
his cathedral service, and to support and foster all
good letters, while his economy of a slender revenue
rendered it sufficient for the erection and support of
sumptuous buildings and the endowment of a famous
university.' Some volumes of notes made by E
when studying in the law schools, are preserved in
the library of the University of Aberdeen. A tran-
script of Fordun's Scotichronicon, with some addi
tions, in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, was long
erroneously ascribed to him. His Breviarium Aber-
donense, printed in 1509-1510, was reprinted in twe
volumes quarto at London in 1853.

Confederation in the state of Cinaloa, is situated
EL ROSA'RIO, a small town of the Mexicau
55 miles east-north-east of Mazatlan. It is import-
Mazatlan and the interior. Pop. 5000.
ant chiefly as being a commercial entrepôt between

ELSINO'RE, a town and seaport of Denmark, on the island of Seeland, is situated on the western shore of the Sound, and at its narrowest part, 34 miles west-south-west of the town of Helsingborg in Sweden, and 24 miles north of Copenhagen. Lat. 56° 2′ N., long. 12° 36′ E. The town, which has been in recent times considerably improved, is spacious, and consists of one long principal street, with several lateral branches. The cathedral, containing some fine tombs, many of them very old, may be considered as one of the most interesting edifices. At a short distance to the east of E. are the castle and the fortress of Kronborg, the former a white stone building in the Gothic style, and the latter, a stronghold mounted with guns that command the Sound in all directions. To the north-west of E., and in its immediate vicinity, is the royal château of Marienlist, the pleasure-grounds of which, occupying

ELSSLER-ELY.

the crest of a hill, are open to the public. From the grounds of Marienlist, magnificent views may be had of the Sound, of Helsingborg, and of the plains of Sweden. The harbour of E., formed by a wooden pier, is accessible to ships of light draught. E. has a brisk foreign trade, and has, besides, manufactures of straw-hats, arms, sugar, brandy, &c., also cottonprinting and fisheries. The Sound Dues (q. v.) were collected here. Pop. about 8500.

Saxo Grammaticus, a famous writer of the 12th c., was born here. Here Shakspeare laid the scene of his Hamlet, a perversion of history on the part of the great dramatist, as Jutland, not Seeland, was Hamlet's country. The vaults under the castle of Kronborg were supposed to be the residence of Holger Danske, the mythic hero of Denmark, who never appeared above ground save when the country was in danger, and was then supposed to march at the head of the Danish armies. In severe winters the Sound is frozen over at E., so that one can walk over the ice from Denmark to Sweden.

E'LSSLER, FANNY, a celebrated dancer, was born at Vienna in the year 1811, and educated at Naples for the ballet, along with her elder sister Theresa. The first triumph of the sisters took place at Berlin, where they appeared in 1830. The reputation acquired by Fanny in Berlin preceded her to Italy, America, England, and St Petersburg, where her beauty, amiability, and mastery in her art, charmed all classes of society. In 1841, the two sisters went to America, where they excited unwonted enthusiasm. After Fanny had earned laurels in St Petersburg; she returned, in 1851, to Vienna, to take a final leave of the stage. She then retired to Hamburg, where she still resides on a small estate purchased by her beyond the Dammthore. Theresa was less graceful in her motions than her sister, but exhibited great strength, boldness, and agility. On the 25th April 1851, she became the wife of Prince Adalpert of Prussia, and was ennobled by the king of

Prussia.

E'LSTER, the name of two rivers of Germany, the White and the Black Elster. The White E. rises at the foot of the Elster mountains, on the north-western boundary of Bohemia, flows in a northerly direction, and falls into the Saale three miles south of the town of Halle, in Prussia. Its chief affluent is the Pleisse from the right. Total length, 110 miles. The Black E. rises in the kingdom of Saxony, within two miles of Elstra, flows northwest, enters Prussia, and joins the Elbe eight miles Bouth-east of Wittenberg. Length, 105 miles.

ELSTRACKE, REGINALD or RENOLD, an English engraver, who flourished about 1620. He worked chiefly for the booksellers, and his plates, which are executed with the graver, without etching, are almost entirely confined to portraits. Prints from his plates are much sought after, not only from their scarcity, and as illustrating English history, but as works of art, in which much character is expressed in a firm and forcible manner. When he did not sign his plates with his name, he marked them with his initials, R. E.

salt, that the lake seems covered with snow and ice. E. yields about 100,000 tons of salt annually, in the collection of which about 10,000 persons are employed.

ELUTRIATION is the term applied to the process of separating, by means of water, the finer particles of earths and pigments from the heavier portions. The apparatus generally used is a lege vat, in which grinding wheels revolve, and t e substance to be reduced to powder being placed in the vat along with water, the wheels in revolving no only pulverise the material, but from their motion being communicated to the water, the latter is enabled to retain in mechanical suspension the finer particles of the clay, &c. By allowing a stream of water to flow in and out of the vat, the finer par ticles can be constantly floated away, and the liquid being run into settling vats, the fine powder settles to the bottom, when the water can be run off from the surface. This process is much employed in the manufacture of the materials used in pottery, and in the preparation of pigments.

E'LVANS are veins of a granular crystalline mixture of felspar and quartz, probably proceeding from a granite mass, which are found in granite rocks and fossiliferous slates in Cornwall, Devon, and the south of Ireland.

E'LVAS, an episcopal city and fortress of Portugal, stands in a very fruitful district on the eastern frontier of the province of Alemtejo, 10 miles west of Badajoz, and 40 miles north-east of Evora. It is the strongest fortress in Portugal, and one of the strongest in Europe. It is built upon a precipitous hill; is surrounded by walls, and by a glacis and covered-way. Besides these, E. has other defences in two formidable forts, Fort Sta. Lucia, and Fort Lippe, the former to the south, and the latteralmost entirely shell-proof-to the north of the city. E. is an old town; many of its houses are badly built. Its most striking architectural feature is an enormous aqueduct, which conveys water to it from a distance of three miles. This aqueduct consists of four tiers of arches built upon one another, and rising to the height of about 250 feet. The chief manufactures of E. are arms and jewellery. There are here extensive store-houses filled with British manufactures, and the inhabitants, by illegally selling these goods within the Spanish frontier, realise considerable wealth. Pop. 18,510.

E. has undergone many sieges, but has never been taken. The Spaniards besieged it in 1385, and again in 1659, when a famous battle took place called the Lines of Elvas, in which the Portuguese, though greatly inferior in numbers, drove the Spaniards from their lines in front of the town. E. was raised to the rank of a city by D. Manoel, king of Portugal, in 1513.

ELVES. See FAIRIES.

E'LY, so called from a Saxon word, elig, an eel, or helig, a willow, may be called a cathedral town rather than a city, and is situated on an eminence in that part of the fen-country of Cambridgeshire called the Isle of Ely. Pop. in 1871, 8166. The ELTO'N, a famous salt lake of Russia, is situated Eastern Counties and the Great Northern RailIn the government of Saratov, 170 miles south-south-ways have each stations, the former outside, the east from the town of that name, the lat. of its latter in the town. centre being 48 56′ N., and the long. 46 40′ E. Its Ely Cathedral.-About the year 673, Etheldreda, longest diameter is eleven miles, and its shortest daughter of the king of East Anglia, and wife of about nine miles. It has a superficial extent of Oswy, king of Northumberland, founded a monas45,500 English acres, but at no place is it more than tery here, and took on herself the government of it. about 15 inches in depth. It is of an oval form, Two hundred years afterwards (870), the Danes and can be easily reached from the south, but the ravaged the Isle, and destroyed the monastery, northern banks rise so rapidly that access to it from which was rebuilt in 970 by St Ethelwold, Bishop that quarter is difficult. In the hottest season, so of Winchester; and this continued till 1801, when wonderful is the illusion produced by the crystallised | a new church was begun, which was converted

ELY-ELZEVIER.

into a cathedral, and the abbey erected into a
Bee in 1109. The possessions of the abbey were
divided between the bishop and the community.
The cathedral contains some beautiful specimens
of architecture, especially of Early Norman. Its
exterior dimensions are 535 feet from west to east.
The great cross or main transept is 190 feet. The
turrets of the west tower are 215 feet high, and the
lantern over the central tower 170 feet. The west
front was built by Geoffry Ridel, the third bishop,
who died in 1189, and is of Norman work. About
200 years after his time, an addition of 64 feet was
made to the tower, and over that a spire. This
great superincumbent weight crushed the north-west
transept, and the south-west one, which still remains,
was considerably weakened. In front there is a
west portico or galilee (q. v.), of Early Gothic,
said to be the work of Bishop Eustachius. The
nave is of Norman work, and was completed about
1174. The columns are alternately round and octa-
gonal. The roof was, in 1861, beautifully painted.
The transepts, which are the most ancient parts
of the church, were built in the reign of Henry I.
They had originally a middle and two side aisles,
but the latter are, in the south transept, walled
up, and the space used as a vestry and library.
Originally there stood a square tower in the centre
of the building, opening into the nave and transepts;
but this gave way in 1322, and fell eastwards,
crushing three arches of the choir. The repair of
this dilapidation was undertaken by the sacrist
of that time, Alan de Walsingham. The design was
original, an octagon tower with four longer and four
shorter sides, surmounted by a lantern.
The upper
part of this, which is of timber, is about to be

rebuilt as a memorial to the late Dean Peacock.

last he also appoints the master. There is a grammar school attached to the Cathedral, founded by Henry VIII. There are some interesting remains of the old conventual buildings in the neighbourhood of the Cathedral.

ELY, ISLE OF, the south part of the Bedford Level, or the part of Cambridgeshire north of the Ouse. It includes above a half of this county, is 24 miles long from north to south, with an average breadth of 14 miles, and contains four hundreds. It consists of a monotonous, marshy, or fenny plain, formerly covered with water, and sounding in aquatic birds and plants. It chiefly consists of black earth and turf, and, where well drained by innu merable artificial canals and ditches, it producee fine crops of hemp, flax, wheat, oats, and cole seed. Over it are interspersed small eminences, generally crowned with villages and towns, as Ely City, March, Thorney, Willesea, and Wisbeach. Pop. about 60,000.

ELYMUS. See LYME GRASS.

In the

ELY'SIUM (Gr. elusion), a place in the infernal regions of the ancient classical mythology, where the souls of the good dwell after death. Odyssey, Homer describes it as a place where the souls of the departed lived in ease and abundance among innocent pleasures, and enjoying a mild and wholesome air. In the Iliad, however, he gives a sombre view of the state of the departed souls. Achilles, though in Elysium, is made to envy the life of the meanest hind on earth. By succeeding poets, the bliss of Elysium is drawn in much more lively colours. Besides the amenity and various delights of the place, diverse employments are found for the inhabitants, according to the ruling passion of each while on earth. Elysium was supposed by some writers to be in mid-air, by others in the sun, by others in the centre of the earth, next Tartarus, by others, in the Islands of the Blest.

The choir contains some rich varieties of decorated Gothic, and the fine shafts of Purbeck marble combine beautifully with the white stone work. The whole has lately been restored and beautified. Originally, it was much shorter eastwards, and pro- ELZEVIER, or ELZEVIR, the name of a truded into the nave, but in 1235 the semicircular celebrated family of printers at Amsterdam, end of the old church was taken down, and six Leyden, and other places in Holland, whose arches added by Hugh de Northwold. At the dedi- beautiful editions were chiefly published between cation and removal of the relics, Henry III. and his the years 1583 and 1680. Louis, the first of them, court were present. The east end is eminently is said to have been born at Louvain about the beautiful: it consists of two tiers of high lancet-year 1540. He was induced by religious disturb shaped windows. Perhaps the most interesting ances to leave his native city, and in 1580, he and yet beautiful part of the building is the Lady settled as a bookbinder and bookseller in Leyden, Chapel-an incomparable work, irreparably spoiled where he died about 1617. The first work edited by the barbarism of Puritan times. It was begun in by him bears the title Drusii Ebraicorum Quæs 1321, and finished in 1349, simultaneously with the tionum ac Responsionum Libri Duo, videlicet Secundus rebuilding of the central tower and ruined choir, ac Tertius, in Academia Lugdunensi MDLXXXIII. circumstance highly illustrative of the taste and Veneunt Lugduni Batavorum apud Elseuirium e munificence of the times. It has a stone roof, like Regione Schola Nova. The second, a Eutropius by King's College Chapel in Cambridge, which it is P. Merula, bears the date 1592, and was long supposed to have suggested, and the walls were once erroneously believed to be the first that issued from decorated from top to bottom with countless niches E.'s press. Five out of Louis's seven sons continued and images of saints and martyrs, not one of which to carry on their father's business. Their names remains undefaced. Its length is 100 feet; width, were Matthew, Louis, Aegidius, Jodocus (Joost), 46; height, 60. Bishop Alcock's Chapel, in which and Bonaventura. The last, in conjunction with his he lies buried, is at the east end of the north aisle- nephew Abraham E. (a son of Matthew), prepared an overloaded specimen of the richest florid Gothic. the smaller editions of the classics, in 12mo and Bishop West's Chapel, at the east end of the south|16mo, which are still valued for their beauty and aisle, is a more pleasing example of the same style. correctness. It is mainly on these that their reputa Amongst the celebrated names connected with E. are Abbott Thurstan, who defended the isle against William the Conqueror for seven years; Longchamp, chancellor and regent under Richard I.; Chancellor Morton, Simon Patrick, and Bishop Andrews. The bishops of E., like the bishops of Durham, formerly enjoyed a palatine jurisdiction, and appointed their own chief justice, etc.; but this privilege was taker from them by the 6th and 7th Will. IV. The bishop of E. is visitor to St. Peter's, St. John's, aud Jesus Colleges, Cambridge, of which

tion is based. The house of E., in Amsterdari, wag established by Louis, the son of Jodocus E., in 1633. Peter E., grandson of the last mentioned, carried on the bookselling business in Utrecht, and died in 1696. For more than a century, however, this family has ceased to have any connection with book-printing. It is represented at present by Rammelmann Elzevier, whose father was governor of the isle of Curaçao, and died in 1841. The Elzevier editions of Virgil, Terence, and other Roman classical authors, as well as of the New Testament, the Psalter, &o

EMACIATION-EMBALMING.

are unrivalled both for beauty and correctness. America. The expeditions under Albuquerque put It is said that the Elzeviers generally employed E. in possession of the south coast of Africa and of women to correct the press, under the conviction the Indian Archipelago. Not satisfied with this, that they would be less likely than men, on their he opened a communication with Persia, Ethiopia, own responsibility, to introduce alterations into the and, in 1517, with China. At his death, 13th text. Compare Adry, Notice sur les Imprimeurs de December 1521, Portugal was in possession of a la Famille des Elzeviers (Paris, 1806), and Pieter's large fleet, strong fortresses, well-furnished arsenals, Annales de l'Imprimerie Elsevirienne (Ghent, 1851-a warlike army, a flourishing trade and commerce, 1852).

EMACIA'TION (Lat. macies), leanness. See CONSUMPTION; TABES DORSALIS.

EMANATION means, in general, efflux or issue. In theology and philosophy, it indicates an ancient doctrine, which considered all things as emanating or flowing from a Supreme Principle. According to this doctrine, the origin of things is only an overflowing of the divine fulness-an outstreaming of the light from the necessity of its nature, and not any free action on the part of God. What is thus given off as a copy from original perfection, departs more and more from its source, and gradually degenerates, which was thought to account for the origin of evil. This doctrine came from the East, and pervades the Indian mythology, the system of Zoroaster, and the Neo-Platonic philosophy of Alexandria. In Christian theology, the idea of emanation has been applied to explain the relation among the persons of the Trinity.

EMANCHÉ. See MANCH. EMANCIPATION. See SLAVERY. EMANCIPATION, in the Roman law, was the act by which the Patria Potestas (q. v.), or paternal authority, was dissolved in the lifetime of the father. It took place in the form of a sale (mancipatio) by the father of the son to a third party, who manumitted him. The Twelve Tables required that this ceremony should be gone through three times, and it was only after the third sale that the son became sui juris under his own law. In general, the son was at last resold to the father, who manumitted him, and thus acquired the rights of a Patron (q. v.), which would otherwise have belonged to the alien purchaser who finally manumitted him. In the case of daughters and grandchildren, one sale was suffi cient. If the child died intestate, or if he required a tutor or curator, the father's rights as patron came into play; but if the father died intestate, the son took nothing, because he was out of his family. But this rigour of the old law was modified by the prætor's edict, which placed all the children on the same footing. In the law of Scotland, emancipation is called Foresfamiliation (q. v.). The only case in which the term is employed in England is with reference to poor-law settlements. See SETTLEMENT, POOR AND POOR LAWS.

EMANCIPATION, CATHOLIC. See ROMAN CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION.

EMA'NÜEL I., king of Portugal, styled THE GREAT, and sometimes, likewise, THE FORTUNATE, was born on the 3d May 1469, and succeeded John II. in 1495. Before his accession to the throne, he bore the title of Duke of Beja. On his accession, he prepared the code of laws which bears his name, and rendered himself remarkable by his zeal and exertions in the cause of education, by his active piety, and by his predilection for the society of artists and scholars. Through his exertions, Portugal became the first naval power of Europe, and the centre of the commerce of the world. He despatched Vasco de Gama to sail round the Cape of Good Hope, and discover the passage to India. Cabral was commissioned by him to prosecute the discoveries of Vasco de Gema still further, and Corte Real to sail along the coasts of North

and extensive colonies. His reign has been termed the golden age of Portugal. E. was thrice married: first to Isabella, the daughter of Ferdinand; afterwards to Mary of Castile, her sister (by whom he had two children, John and Isabella, the former of whom succeeded him on the throne); and thirdly. to Eleanore of Austria, sister of Charles V.

EMA'RGINATE. See LEAVES.

EMBA, a river of Turkistan, in the Kirghiz territory, rises at the western base of the Muehajar or Mongojar Mountains, and flowing in a south-west direction, enters the Caspian Sea after a course of about 300 miles.

EMBALMING, the art of preserving the body after death, invented by the Egyptians, whose prepared bodies are known by the name of mummies, and are called in the hieroglyphs sahu, and by St Augustine gabbaroe. This art seems to have derived its origin from the idea, that the preservation of the body was necessary for the return of the soul to the human form after it had completed its cycle of existence of three or ten thousand years. Physical and sanitary reasons may also have induced the ancient Egyptians; and the legend of Osiris, whose body, destroyed by Typhon, was found by Isis. and embalmed by his son Anubis, gave a religious sanction to the rite, all deceased persons being supposed to be embalmed after the model of Osiris in the abuton of Phila. The art appears as old as 2000 B. C., at least the bodies of Cheops, Mycerinus, and others of the age of the 4th dynasty having been embalmed. One of the earliest recorded

Egyptian Mummy.

embalmments on record is that of the patriarcn Jacob; and the body of Joseph was thus prepared, and transported out of Egypt. The process has been described by Herodotus and Diodoris; but their accounts can only refer to their own age, and are only partially confirmed by an examination of the mummies. The following seems to have been the usual rule observed after death. The relations of the deceased went through the city chanting a wail for the dead. The corpse of a male was a once committed into the charge of the undertakers; if a female, it was retained at home till decomposition had begun. The paraschistes, or flank-inciser of the district, a person of low class, whose establishment was situated in the cemeteries or suburbs, conveyed the corpse home. A scribe marked with a reed pen a line on the left side beneath the ribs, down which line the paraschistes made a deep incision with a rude knife or Ethiopian stone, probably flint. He was then pelted by those around with stones, and pursued with curses. Another kind of embalmer, the toricheutes, or preparer, then proceeded to remove the entrails and lungs, with the exception of the heart and kidneys. The brain was extracted by another taricheutes, by a crooked instrument, through the nose. All this having been efcted, the body was ready for the salts and spices

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