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EMBRUN-EMERALD.

The free end of this is moved over an enlarged copy of the design, the movement being a succession of steps, made after each set of needles has passed through; and thus the work is moved into the position required to receive the next stitch of the pattern.

This machine was subsequently patented in England, and many improvements have been made upon its details, but the principle of its construction re

mains the same.

Although it is possible to embroider any design with such machines, there are only certain designs that can be worked economically; for to do this, the patterns must be so designed as to consume each needleful of silk without waste. The length of silk required for each colour can be calculated with extreme accuracy, and the designer is usually limited by this requirement. A greater range is, however. obtainable by dyeing the same thread of silk in different colours, the length of each colour corresponding to what is required for producing the pattern; but a large demand for each pattern is required to render this profitable.

EMBRUN, a town of France, in the department of Hautes Alpes, is situated on a platform of rock in the midst of a plain, on the right bank of the Durance, 20 miles east of Gap. Seen from a distance, the town has an imposing appearance. The streets of E. are narrow, dirty, and irregular. It is surrounded by loopholed ramparts and ditches, and strengthened by bastions. The principal buildings are the cathedral, a Gothic edifice, surmounted by a lofty Romanesque tower, and the barrack, formerly the archbishop's palace. E. manufactures broadcloth, counterpanes, hats, cotton-yarn, and leather. Pop. (1872) 2161.

E. occupies the site of the ancient Ebrodunum, capital of the Caturiges, and an important Roman station. The line of its archbishops can, it is said, be traced to the time of Constantine. In modern times E. has been thrice destroyed by fire: by the Moors in 966, during the religious wars in 1573, and by the Duke of Savoy in 1692.

narrowness of the pelvis or other faulty conformation opposes delivery.

E'MDEN, a fortified town of Hanover, in the province of East Friesland, is situated a little below the embouchure of the Ems into Dollart

Bay, in lat. 53° 22′ N., long. 7° 13′ E. It lies low,
the waters of the bay. Nevertheless, occasional
but is protected by strong dykes from any inroad of
inundations take place; as in 1826, when the water
stood up to the first floor of the houses for three
months. E., which is the chief commercial town of
Hanover, is surrounded by walls and towers, is well
built, has spacious and well paved streets, and
houses remarkable for their appearance of comfort,
and for their extreme cleanliness. It is intersected
thirty bridges. The Delf Canal runs south from the
by numerous canals, which are crossed by about
town to Dollart Bay, a distance of about two miles,
but it can be entered at high water only, and even
then is not navigable for vessels of more than 13
or 14 feet draught; all vessels of greater draught
being obliged to unload in the roadstead of Delf, st
the mouth of the canal. The principal building, ard
one of the finest public edifices in East Friesland,
is the town-hall, containing a library and a curious
collection of ancient arms and armour.
in a district of great fertility. It has a good deal
of ship-building, besides various other manufactures.
From this town, from 50 to 60 ships are sent out
to the herring-fishing off Scotland. E. was made a
free port in 1751, came into the possession of Hol
land in 1808, and, with the whole of East Friesland,
was incorporated with the kingdom of Hanover in
1815. Pop. (1871) 12,588.

E. stands

E'MERALD (Sp. esmeralda, Fr. émeraude, Ger. smaragd, Gr. smaragdos; the name is originally Semitic, or at least eastern, but the signification unknown), a mineral generally regarded by mineralogists as merely another variety of the same species with the Beryl (q. v.), with which it essentially in almost nothing but colour. agrees in composition, crystallisation, &c., differing The E., which,

as a gem, is very highly valued, owes its value EMBRYO (Gr.), an organised being in a rudi- chiefly to its extremely beautiful velvety green mentary condition, or the rudiment from which, colour. It is composed of about 67-68 per cent. under favourable circumstances, an organised body of silica, 15-18 of alumina, 12-14 of glucina, and is to be developed. In botany, the term embryo is a very little peroxide of iron, lime, and oxide of applied to the germ formed within the ovule on chromium. Its colour is ascribed chiefly to the fertilisation, and which increases to become the oxide of chromium which it contains. Its specific principal part of the seed. The albumen or peri- gravity is 2.577-2725. In hardness it is rather sperm of the seed, being regarded as a mere store of inferior to topaz. The localities in which E. is nourishment for the embryo, is not accounted part found are very few. The finest have long been of the embryo; the cotyledons, however-although brought from South America, where they are a large store of nourishment is often laid up in them obtained from veins traversing clay-slate, norn--are considered as essentially belonging to it, along blende slate, and granite, in a valley not far from with the plumule, the radicle, and the connecting Santa Fé de Bogota. Emeralds of inferior quality parts. As to animals, the term embryo is used as are found in Europe, imbedded in mica-slate in the equivalent with foetus, and as designating the rudi- Henbach Valley in Salzburg. They are also found mentary animal from the moment of impregnation in the Ural; and some old mines in Upper Egypt antil the egg is hatched; but although this takes have also been discovered to yield them, from which, place at very different stages of development in differ- probably, the ancients obtained them. This gem, ent kinds of animals, and consequent metamorphoses known from very early times, was highly prized are undergone by some before they reach their by the ancients. Pliny states that when Lucullus perfect state, the term embryo is not applied to the landed at Alexandria, Ptolemy offered him an E larve and pupa of insects, or to the analogous states set in gold, with his portrait engraven on it. of other classes of animals. Eggs contain, along Many wrought emeralds have been found in the with the embryo, a store of nourishment for it in ruins of Thebes. Nero, who was near-sighted, the earlier stages of its development. See REPRO- looked at the combats of gladiators through an DUCTION, DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO, EGG, eye-glass of E., and concave eye-glasses of E. seem FŒTUS, OVULE, SEED, and SPORE. to have been particularly esteemed among the EMBRYOLOGY. See DEVELOPMENT OF THE without flaw. Its value also depends much on ancients. As a precious stone, the E. is rarely

EMBRYO.

EMBRYO'TOMY, a division of the fœtus into fragments, to extract it by piecemeal, when the

its colour. A very perfect E. of six carats has been sold for £1000.

It appears not improbable that emeralds have

EMERSION-EMERY.

been found in the East, in localities not at present known, but the name E. or ORIENTAL E. is often given to a very rare, beautiful, and precious green variety of SAPPHIRE (q. v.).

mental faculty of his reader, but it does not satisfy or settle any question conclusively. Hence his speculations on religion, philosophy, literature, and life, though stir ulating to the young, are coldly regarded by me of mature and sage understanding, E. has nowhere formally defined the fundamental basis of his speculation. He appears to be what is called a Pantheist, at least he rejects entirely that kind of Theism which separates God from

E. COPPER is a beautiful and very rare E. green crystallised mineral, also called DIOPTASE, found only in the Kirghis Steppe, and composed of about 39 parts silica, 50 protoxide of copper, and 11 water. EMERSION, the reappearance of one heavenly body from behind another, after an eclipse or occul-nature, and which looks upon him as simply a living tation. The immersions and emersions of Jupiter's first satellite are particularly useful for finding the longitude of places. Minutes or scruples of emersion are the arc of the moon's orbit passed over by her centre, from the time she begins to emerge from the earth's shadow to the end of the eclipse.

This

who is not one with the blowing clover and the Spiritual Personality. He will not recognise a God falling rain.' In regard to man and his destinies, he entertains exalted hopes; but religion is not in his eyes a divinely revealed (in the ordinary sense) or infallible thing; all creeds are merely the necessary and structural action of the human mind' in the EM'ERSON, RALPH WALDO, an American course of its historical progress. Man made them essayist and poet, was born in the city of Boston, all (Christianity included), and he believes, that United States, May 25, 1803, entered Harvard from the inexhaustible depths of our nature there University in 1817, graduated in 1821, and became will come forth in due time new and ever higher pastor of a Unitarian congregation in Boston in faiths, which will supersede those that have gone 1829. This office, however, he resigned in 1832, before. E. is often said to have derived a good on account of the gradually increasing differences deal of his thinking from Thomas Carlyle. between his own modes of thought and those of is true, but not in the sense that would represent his hearers. The next year he spent in England. him as a servile imitator of Carlisle. He is essenSince then, he has led a quiet, retired, meditative tially an original and independent genius, whose speclife, chiefly at Concord. Among the earliest notice-ulations may be acceptable to the transcendentalist, able productions of his pen were two lectures, while the Christian moralist describes his ethics as or orations, entitled Nature and Man Thinking, destitute of authority as his poetry is of life and his delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society at philosophy of wisdom.' His 'Society and Solitude" Cambridge, United States, in 1837. In the follow- appeared in 1870. ing year appeared his Literary Ethics, an Oration; and in 1841, The Method of Nature, Man the Reformer, the first series of his Essays, and several lectures, &c. Three years later, he issued a second series of Essays. In 1846, he published a volume of poems. In 1849, he revisited England, to deliver a series of lectures on Representative Men. When published, they were generally reckoned the most vigorous and intelligible of all the author had then written. In 1852, in conjunction with W. H. Channing and J. F. Clarke, he published the Memoirs of Margaret Fuller (q. v.), Marchesa d'Ossoli. English Traits appeared in 1856, and the Conduct of Life in 1860. There is perhaps no living writer of note regarding whom opinions are so divided as Emerson. Some critics have not hesitated to place him among the profoundest thinkers belonging to the present age, while others, equally confident, have pronounced him to be in the main a sciolist and charlatan. Both of these opinions, but especially the latter, may be dismissed as absurd. No man who is himself sincere, will doubt the sincerity of the American philosopher. His entire conduct of life' would be otherwise inex- It is prepared for use by first breaking it into plicable. It is true, however, that the subtlety of lumps about the size of a hen's egg, then crushing his intellect, which is far more wonderful than either these to powder by stampers. It is then sifted to its breadth or depth, often deceives him by the various degrees of fineness, which are numbered facility with which it discovers divine meanings according to the meshes of the sieve. Plate-glass in nature and the human soul. E. never pauses manufacturers and others separate E. powder into to harmonise his thoughts and convictions; and, it different degrees of fineness by the method of must be admitted, has rather a theatrical penchant elutriation (q. v.). A number of copper cylinders for paradox. He knows that an idea is more of graduated capacities are placed in a row, and forcible and attractive, and can be clothed in more filled with water; the E, churned up with an brilliant and picturesque phraseology when it is abundance of water, is admitted by a pipe into not qualified, and, as it were, dragged down from the smallest, it then passes to the next in size, its elevation by the influence of other ideas. He and finally flows from the largest; and thus, as loves to watch the play of thought, and to dream a given quantity of water with E suspended and muse about it, borne up on the wing of a in it, passes in equal times through vessels of pure and delicate imagination, rather than to weigh varying capacities, the amount of agitation will its significance, or to build it up into an 'intel!ectual system' or a creed. E. thus belongs to the class of minds which are intuitional rather than reflective, and subtle rather than sagacious. His thinking charms, animates, and vividly excites the

E'MERY (Fr. émeril, Ger. schmergel, Gr. smiris, allied to smear), a variety of Corundum (q. v.), or of the same mineral species of which corundum and sapphire (with oriental ruby, &c.) are also varieties. It agrees with them very perfectly in composition, hardness, and specific gravity; but is dull, opaque, and not crystallised, sometimes of a grayish black, and sometimes of a blue colour. It occurs both massive and disseminated. Its masses, although very compact, have a somewhat granular structure. It is found in several parts of Europe, in Asia Minor, Greenland, &c., generally in masses scattered through aqueous deposits, but in one locality in Saxony in beds of steatite in a schistose rock. The E. of commerce is chiefly obtained from the island of Naxos. Being very hard, it is much used for grinding glass and polishing metals and other hard substances. It is found in lumps, having a granular structure. It is composed of alumina, oxide of iron, and silica, with a little lime, in proportions varying considerably with different specimens. The following may be taken as an average: alumina, 82; oxide of iron, 10; silica, 6; lime, 14.

obviously be greatest in the smallest vessel, least in the largest, and in like proportion with the intermediate; the largest particles, therefore, sink in the smaller vessel, and so on till only the very finest will reach the largest vessel. In this

EMESA EMIGRATION.

manner, any number of gradations of fineness may be obtained, according to the number and sizes of the vessels. Elutriation in oil or gum-water is ometimes used on a smaller scale, the E. being stirred up in the liquid, and portions poured off at different intervals of time, the finest being, of course, the last to settle. The use of the oil or gum is to make the subsidence take place more slowly.

E. thus prepared is used for a great many important purposes in the arts. Being next in hardness to diamond-dust and crystalline corundum, the lapidary uses it for cutting and polishing many kinds of stone. Glass-stoppers of all kinds are ground into their fittings with it. Plate-glass is ground flat by its means; it is also used in glasscutting, and in grinding some kinds of metallic fittings. When employed for the polishing of metals, it has to be spread on some kind of surface to form a sort of fine file. E. paper, E. cloth, E. sticks, E. cake, and E. stone, are various contrivances for such purposes. E. paper is made by sifting E. over paper which has been covered with a coating of glue. It is used either by wrapping it round a fine file, or a stick, or in the hand, according to the form of the work. See POLISHING OF METALS.

E. cloth is made like E. paper, with coarse calico substituted for the paper. The E. does not adhere so well as to paper, and it is therefore not used by metal-workers, who work E. paper till smooth with wear, but is chiefly used for purposes where the hand alone is used, and paper would tear.

E. sticks are used for the same purposes as E. paper wrapped round files; they are made of deal sticks shaped like files, then glued over, and dipped once or twice in a heap of emery.

E. cake is a compound of bees-wax, suet, and E., melted and well worked together. It is applied to buffing wheels, &c.

E. stone is a kind of earthen-ware mixed with E., formed by pressing a mixture of clay and E. into suitable moulds, and then firing, like common earthen-ware. It is moulded into wheels, laps, &c. Its hardness and cutting power are very considerable. EMESA. See HEMS, or HOMS.

EMETICS, medicines given for the purpose of producing Vomiting (q. v.). They are given when it is desirable to relieve the stomach of some noxious or indigestible substance, as a narcotic poison, or excess of food, or some special article of diet which has disagreed. Emetics are also administered in cases of fever, where the copious secretion they produce from the glands of the stomach and intestines is supposed to have a directly curative effect, aided, perhaps, by the sedative action of emetics upon the circulation and nervous system. There is a considerable amount of evidence to shew, that emetics have the power of cutting short typhus and other fevers in the earliest stage, and afterwards of making the attack of the disease less severe. In diseases of the respiratory organs, emetics are given as the quickest and safest method of removing accumulated mucus from the air-passages; and in Croup (q. v.), their action is especially favourable, being often followed by expectoration and a rapid improvement in the suffocative symptoms. Emetics are to be given with great caution, however, in all very depressed states of the system, as their primary action is to produce Nausea (q. v.), which is attended always with more or less diminution of the vital power, and often with great depression of the heart's action, amounting to syncope or fainting. The principal emetics are the preparations of antimony, zinc, and copper; ipecacuanha in powder or

in wine; squill, lobelia, and, generally speaking, the whole class of expectorants and irritants; the latter of which, however, with the exception f sulphate of zinc, and perhaps mustard and water, form a dangerous kind of emetics, which should never be administered when the milder kinds can be procured.

EMETINE. See IPECACUANHA.

EMIGRATION is the passing from one part of the world to another for the purpose of permanently settling in it. People going thus from one district of the same state to another-especially if it be a distant part, with different habits and physical peculiarities are sometimes said to emigrate, and in this way the term has been often applied to the English and Scotch settlers in Ireland. In its established signification, however, the word now refers to those who leave the state or dominions in which they have heretofore lived, and in this sense the term applies to those going to the colonies, though these are like the United Kingdom, under the authority of the British crown. In the country which people leave, they are called emigrants or wanderers out-in that in which they settle, they are usually called immigrants. Jacob and his family were immigrants to Egypt, and their descendants became emigrants from that country when they went to inherit the promised land.

The Greeks were addicted to emigration, owing, it has been said, to the many political contests which drove the weaker party from home. Greek emigrants planted colonies on the borders of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, carrying them as far northward as France, where they established the city of Marseille. The Romans were great colonisers, but by conquest rather than emigration. They disliked leaving Italy; and the military and civil officers necessary to rule a colony were generally the only Romans who abode in it. These even did not, in general, settle in the colonies with their families, but were recalled after a certain period of service, the whole arrangement much resembling that for the government of British India.

The migrations of the northern tribes who overran the Roman empire, are well known in history; their wanderings may be said, indeed, to have continued down to the 13th century. Those who wandered from the north into France, where they acquired great territories, became known as Normans, and were remarkable for entirely throwing off the language and manners, and even all the traditions of their original homes, and becoming the most civilised and courtly portion of the French people. But though thus changed, they still continued to wander, spreading over Britain, Sicily, and the intervening portions of Europe.

The discovery of America opened a vast new field for emigration, which was taken immediate advantage of by the Spanish and Portuguese, and later, by the British, the French, the Germans, and the Dutch. In the 17th c., many of the English Puritans, persecuted in, or discontented with, their own country, found it more congenial to their tastes to live together in a new country, where they would be free from the presence of those who did not sympa thise with them, and they thus founded the New England colonies. It is singular that, in the 19th c., an attempt should be made to revive the plan of emigrating for the purpose of maintaining an exclusive church, as, for instance, in the English High Church colony of Canterbury, and the Scotch Free Church colony of Otago.

The principal emigration fields at the present day are the vast territory of the United States of America, the British colonies in America, and the colcaies in

EMIGRATION.

South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. There is a great distinction to be taken between colonies fit for emigration and those dependencies of the British crown held for other purposes. India, for instance, the greatest dependency of the crown, is totally unsuited for emigration. The British people who go there, with the exception of a few merchants, go to form the civil and military staff which rules the country. They stay there no longer than they can help, and instead of living on from generation to generation, send home their children in early youth, families of British origin having a tendency to degenerate, both physically and mentally, by long residence there. It is useless for working-people to go there, as every kind of work is done in some way or other by the natives much cheaper than it could be by Europeans, and the same may be said of every colony in the hot latitudes.

As a question in political economy, opinions about emigration have oscillated violently. At one time it has been prohibited, at another encouraged by all kinds of tempting offers held out to emigrants, while teachers of political economy have proclaimed that there can never be too much emigration. The conclusion to which we are coming in this, as in so many other questions in political economy is, that what is good for the individual members of a community is good for the community collectively-if people can improve their condition by emigrating, it is as well that they should emigrate; but if otherwise, they had better stay at home. It might seem unnecessary to promulgate a doctrine which every man's self-interest should teach him, but unfortunately emigration is one of the matters on which the populace have been liable to delusions which have produced great mischief. Sometimes poor workmen have crowded in where labour was superabundant and capital deficient; at others, men have taken their capital to districts where there was no employment for it, and the unnaturally high price of the necessaries of life has immediately absorbed it all. Young gentlemen, with nothing but showy accomplishments, have gone to the backwoods of America, where they could only prosper by ceaseless toil in felling and clearing. Ambitious, discontented artisans have wandered to the wide pastures of Australia, where they could only get a scanty subsistence as hut-keepers or assistant shepherds, not having skill enough to be intrusted with the charge of stock. Such mistakes have originated from people's ignorance of the fate of those who have gone before, it being generally taken for granted that the emi. grant has gone away for his benefit, whereas it has often been for his ruin, and to meet an untimely death.

in Australia, where it prevailed, capitalists, instead of buying land, squatted,' as it was termed, and the government had to countenance the system, by charging them a small rent or squatting licence.

There was one shape, however, in which it was found necessary for the government to interferethe protection of emigrants, so far as possible, from cruelty and imposition. Conducting emigration is a trade in which a large body of men are engaged. Before he leaves his own country, the intending emigrant, through means of agents who take up that line of business, can not only be shipped for a distant port, but can contract for his removal inland to his final place of settlement, and can even contract for the purchase of a plot of ground, or for the sale of his labour. The temptations and the opportunities for imposition in contracts to be fulfilled so far away from the place where they are undertaken, is obvious, and the instances of cruelty and rapacity exhibited in the emigration trade are among the most atrocious that have ever disgraced human nature. These led to the appointment of a department of government called the Emigration Commission, and to the passing of the Passengers' Act of 1849, which regulates the build and character of the vessels which may carry emigrants to certain points, limits the number that may be conveyed, requires the sufficiency of the provisions and other stores to be certified, and provides for proper medical attendance.

The total immigration into the United States from the year 1856 to 1874 inclusive, was 4,804,714, being an average of nearly 253,000 per annum. For the 14 years, from 1861 to 1874, the annual arrivals were as follows:

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As will be seen, the greatest number of arrivals was in 1873, when it amounted to 459,803. Of the 313,339 which arrived in 1874, 50,935 were from England, 53,707 from Ireland, and 10,429 from Scotland. Germany contributed 87,291; Austria, 7888; Sweden, 5712; Norway, 10,384; Denmark, 3082; Switzerland, 3093; France, 9643; Italy, 7596; Russia, 3960, and China, 13,776. About 33,000 arrived from the Dominion of Canada.

Comparing decade with decade the tide of immigra tion is largely on the increase almost every year of the present decade, being in excess of 1869, which greatly exceeded that of any previous year since 1854, and amounted to 352,569. Of this aggregate, 253,754

Michigan; 23,294 at Boston; 13,490 at San Francisco; 11,202 at Baltimore; 4026 at Portland, Maine; 3424 at New Orleans; 1061 at Philadelphia, and the remainder at various other ports. The largest proportion of immigrants in 1869 was from Germany, which sent 132,537; Great Britain, 60,286; Ireland, 64, 938; Sweden, 24,224; B. North America, 29.918; Norway, 16,068; China, 12,874; France, 3879; Switzerland, 3650; Denmark, 3649, &c.

The standard difficulty is the want of adjustment of capital to labour. This is enhanced by the circum-arrived at the port of New York; 35,586 at Huron, stance, that those who wish to emigrate are generally persons feeling the pressure of poverty at home. The man, however, who goes to a place where there is no capital to employ him with either his own or some other person's is just in the position of a shipwrecked mariner cast on the shore. It has been justly remarked, that perfect emigration should consist of a transplantation of home-society with all its several classes and institutions, including capitalists employing labour, artisans of various kinds, members of the learned professions, teachers, and clergymen. An ingenious plan for bringing about such a distribution was called the Wakefield system of emigration, after the name of its inventor. The foundation of the plan was a high charge for land£1 per acre, the money so advanced by capitalists being employed in exporting labour. The plan failed, however, because people could get land in the United States for a quarter of the price; and even

The numerical force of emigration is influenced by material and moral disturbances in Europe as well as by the commercial and political condition of America. Thus in 1838, the total migration decreased to 38,914, while in 1837 it had amounted to 79,340, and in 1839 and 1840 it increased again to 68,069 and 84,066 respectively. The decline was caused by the financial crisis of 1837, which shook the foundations of the business and industry of the United States.

The emigration from Ireland reached its highest

EMIGRATION OF PAUPERS-EMINENCE.

point after the famine of 1846, and from 1845 to 1854 inclusive, numbered 1,512,100 souls; and from Jan. 1, 1850, to Dec. 31, 1854, 904,859 came to the United States. This emigration appears to have exhausted the island, and since 1855 the average is less than half that of the preceding ten years.

The failure of the Revolution of 1848-1849 in Europe caused the voluntary expatriation of twice as many from Germany as in previous years, and 176,986, the largest number ever received, landed at New York in 1854. From Jan. 1, 1845, to Dec. 31, 1854, 1,226,892 Germans arrived in the United States, 773,449 of whom reached here during the last five years of the term named. In 1858 and 1859 the influx of aliens was smaller than for any previous year since 1842, the commercial crisis of 1857 having alarmed many whose capital was the labour of their hands. In 1860, the total immigration rose to 105,162, but the civil war caused it to recede to 65,539 in 1861, and to 76,306 in 1862. In 1867 the German immigration increased over that of 1866 by more than 10,000 in consequence of the Prussian war, and the annexation of neighbouring provinces, and the new order of things. At the port of New York, which receives almost three-fourths of the total immigration, there exists an organized system for the reception and care of immigrants. The Board of Commissioners of Emigration of the State' has been in operation since May, 1847, and has for its object the protection of the newly arrived from fraud and imposition, the care of the sick and helpless, and to render aid to those seeking employment. The labours of the Board are bestowed gratuitously, but a fund to aid the work is raised by a tax of $2.50 on each alien entering the port of New York, which is paid by the owner of the vessel carrying the immigrant. The fund, in 1868, amounted to $538,480, and in 1869 exceeded the sum of $650,000. In 1868, $330,000 of the sum was paid for nursing and maintenance of the sick in the asylums and hospitals devoted to this purpose. The nationalities of all and destination of most of these for 1868-69 may be seen in the following statements:

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Wales,.

Newfoundland

Australia,

Brazil,

Chili,

...

China & Japan,

Lima,

1791, by all who considered themselves aggrieved by the destruction of their privileges, or who were exposed to persecution. Nobles quitted their châteaus; officers, with whole companies, passed the frontiers. Crowds of priests and monks ted to escape the oath of allegiance to the constitution. Belgium, Piedmont, Holland, Switzerland, and, above all, Germany, were overrun with fugitives of every age. Only a few had been able to save their property; the greater portion were in a state of destitution, and sank into utter demoralisation. A court had formed itself round the princes at Coblenz; a government, with ministers and a court of justice, had been established, and communication was kept up with all the foreign courts unfavourable to the Revolution. This conduct imbittered France, aggravated the position of the king, and drove the revolutionary party forward in their sanguinary career. Under the command of the Prince of Condé, a body of émigrés was formed, which followed the Prussian army into Champagne. The result was that the severest laws were now put in force against the émigrés. Their lands were confiscated. The penalty of death was proclaimed against any one who should support or enter into communication with them. Thirty thousand persons were placed upon the list of émigrés, and exiled for ever from the soil of France, although many of them had refused to bear arms against their country. Not until after the failure of their attempt to land at Quiberon in 1795, did the émigrés abandon all thoughts of penetrating into France by force of arms. Condé's corps, after the peace of Luneville, was obliged formally to dissolve, and sought an asylum in Russia. Even under the Directory, however, many had endeavoured to obtain permission to return to France. The general amnesty proclaimed by the First Consul was there fore joyfully hailed by the greater portion of the émigrés. Many, however, did not return home till after the downfall of Napoleon. Dignities, pensions, and offices were now showered upon these faithful adherents; but, according to the charter of 1814, they were unable to recover either their estates or their privileges. Finally, on the motion of the minister Villèle, the émigrés who had lost 3,989 3,594 their landed estates, by the law of the 27th April 3,458 3,922 1825, received a compensation of 30 million francs 34,625 37,313 yearly on the capital of 1000 million francs. After 3,852 3,025 the July revolution, however, the grant was with7,040 8,026 drawn. Compare Antoine de Saint-Gervais, His1,604 1,524 toire des Emigrés Français (3 vols., Paris, 1823), and 7,604 8,158 Montrol, Histoire de l'Emigration (2d edit., Paris, 7,324 6,939 1825).

Destination. 1868. 1869.

101,989 96,841 California,
47,571 68,632 || Canada, .
29,695 41,537 Connecticut,
14,520 24,683 Illinois,
7,390 10,411 || Indiana,
3,302 3,153 Iowa,
2,811 1,024 Kansas,.

Maryland,.

1,265 1,342 Massachusetts,
1,387 2,673
1,008 2,537

Michigan,
Minnesota,
Missouri,
Nebraska,
New Jersey,

993 1,540

699 1,022

1

New York,

1

Ohio,.

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2,723 2,564

1,085 1,632

5,891 6,725
6,517 4,723
1,419 1,641

5,916 7,743 65,714 82,372 11,133 11,738 16,926 30,746 Rhode Island, 2,279 2,227 3,155 2,325 Wisconsin,..16,537 16,632 Of the entire number, about 6100 appear to have been destined to 15 southern and southwestern states in 1868, and about 5300 in 1869. The active efforts to turn the tide towards the south will undoubtedly influence the future history of immigration to the U. States. For a detailed account of immigration into the United States, see Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics: Commerce and Navigation, 1874. EMIGRES, the name given more especially to those persons who quitted France during the Revolution. After the insurrection at Paris, and the taking of the Bastile, 14th July, 1789, the princes of the royal family departed from France. They were bollowed, after the adoption of the constitution of

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