FANCY-FANG.

FANNERS-FAN-TRACERY VAULTING.

FANNERS, a machine employed to winnow grain. In passing through the machine, the grain is rapidly agitated in a sieve, and falling through a strong current of wind, created by a rotatory fan, the chaff is blown out at one end, and the cleansed

Africa, residing on the tributaries of the Gaboon river, and said to be cannibals; the accounts of this savage race are, however, still imperfect, and what is mentioned respecting them wants confirmation.

particles fall out at an orifice beneath. The appa ratus is composed chiefly of wood, and though ordinarily moved by the hand, it is sometimes connected with the driving power of a thrashingmill. The fanners superseded the old and slow process of winnowing, which consisted in throwing up the grain by means of sieves or shovels, while Rupert. He was taken prisoner at the battle of a current of wind, blowing across the thrashing in Holland, where Charles II. was holding his court Worcester; and on his release, withdrew to Breda floor, carried away the chaff. A machine for the in exile. After the Restoration, he was appointed winnowing of corn was, as far as can be ascertained,

at Ware Park, in the county of Hertford; studied at FANSHAWE, SIR RICHARD, was born in 1608 Jesus College, Cambridge; and in 1626, became a member of the Inner Temple. On the outbreak of the civil war, he took part with the king; and in 1648, became treasurer to the navy under Prince

FANTA'SIA, in Music, the name of a composition of a similar character to the capriccio; also given to extempore effusions performed by a musician who possesses the rare gift of producing, as it were, offhand music like a well-studied, regular composition. Hummel was more celebrated for his extempore fantasias on the pianoforte than even for his published compositions. Frederick Schneider was equally great for his free fantasias on the organ.

for the first time made in this island by Andrew ambassador at the court of Madrid, where he died Rodger, a farmer on the estate of Cavers in Rox-in 1666. F. was an author of considerable reputation. His most celebrated work, now very rare, is burghshire, in the year 1737. It was after retiring from his farm to indulge a bent for mechanics, that a translation of Guarini's Pastor Fido, the lyrical he entered on this remarkable invention, and began skill and elegance. passages of which are rendered with remarkable The volume in which it circulating what were called Fanners throughout the country, which his descendants continued to appeared was published in 1664, and contains other do for many years.'-Domestic Annals of Scotland, pieces in prose and verse. by R. Chambers, vol. iii. Strangely enough, there was a strong opposition to the use of this useful instrument; the objectors being certain rigid sectaries in Scotland, who saw in it an impious evasion of the Divine will. To create an artificial wind, was a distinct flying in the face of the text, 'He that formeth the mountains, and createth the wind.'-Amos iv. 13. Apart from the folly of the objectors, who carried their fancies to the extent of petty persecution, we are amazed at their apparent neglect of the fact, that the winnowing of corn by artificial means, in which fans performed a conspicuous part, is mentioned repeatedly in the Old Testament. See FAN. The advantages in using the fanners soon overcame all prejudices on the subject, and the objections to the use of the machine are now remembered only by tradition, and by a passage in one of the imperishable fictions of Scott. In the tale of Old Mortality, Mause Headrigg is made anachronously to speak to her mistress about a newfangled machine for dighting the corn frae the chaff, thus impiously thwarting the will o' Divine Providence, by raising wind for your leddyship's use by human art, instead of soliciting it by prayer, or patiently waiting for whatever dispensation of wind Providence was pleased to send upon the shieling-hill.'

6

FA'NO (Lat. Fanum Fortunæ, so called from the temple of Fortune which the Romans erected here in commemoration of the defeat of Asdrubal on the Metaurus) is the name of a town and seaport of Italy, in the province of Urbino e Pesaro, finely situated in a beautiful and fertile district on the shore of the Adriatic, 30 miles north-west of Ancona, and near the mouth of the Metaurus. It is well built, is surrounded with walls and ditches, has a cathedral dedicated to St Fortunato, and numerous churches containing many valuable paintings, among which are several of the best works of Domenichino, and an excellent Annunciation' by Guido. The remains of a triumphal arch of white marble, raised in honour of Augustus, form perhaps the chief object of classical interest at Fano. Pop. 8960, who carry on considerable trade in corn and oil, and in silk goods. Here, in 1514, Pope Julius II. established the first printing-press with Arabic letters known in Europe. The port of F. was once well known to the traders of the Adriatic; its commerce, however, has declined, and the harbour become, to some extent, choked up with

sand.

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FANS, THE, a race of aborigines in Equatorial

FANTOCCI'NI. See PUPPET.

FAN-TRACERY VAULTING, a kind of Late Gothic vaulting (15th c.), so called from its resemblance to a fan. The ribs or veins spring from one point, the cap of the shaft, and radiate with the same curvature, and at equal intervals, round the surface of a curved cone or polygon, till they reach the semicircular or polygonal ribs which divide the roof horizontally at the ridge level. The spaces between the ribs are filled with foils and cusps, resembling the tracery of a Gothic window; hence the name fan-tracery. The spaces between the outlines of the fans at the ridge level, are called by Professor Whewell (German Churches) ridge lozenges. In Henry VII.'s Chapel, Westminster, one of the

FAN-TRACERY VAULTING-FARADAY.

nothing. They are, however, supported with great ingenuity by internal arches, rising high above the visible vaulting. This is one of the tours-de-force which astonish the vulgar, but are only adopted when art has reached a low level, and has in a great measure given place to artifice. Fan-tracery is a very beautiful kind of vaulting, and is peculiar to England, where it originated, and where alone it was practised. Among the finest examples are Henry VII.'s Chapel at Westminster; St George's, Windsor; and King's College Chapel, Cambridge. Fan-tracery is also frequently used in the vaulting of cloisters, as at Canterbury, Chester, &c.

FA'RADAY, MICHAEL, D.C.L., 1832, one of the most distinguished chemists and natural philosophers now living; a splendid instance of success obtained by patience, perseverance, and genius, over obstacles of birth, education, and fortune. He was born in 1794, near London, his father being a blacksmith. He was early apprenticed to a book binder; yet even then he devoted his leisure time to science, and amongst other things, made experiments with an electrical machine of his own construction. Chance having procured him admission, in 1812, to the chemical lectures of Sir H. Davy (q. v.), then in the zenith of his fame, he ventured to send to Davy the notes he had taken, with a modest expression of his desire to be employed in some intellectual pursuit. Davy seems to have at first endeavoured to discourage him, but finding him thoroughly in earnest, soon engaged him as his assistant at the Royal Institution. He travelled with Davy to the continent, as assistant__and amanuensis. On their return to London, Davy confided to him the performance of certain experiments, which led in his hands to the condensation of gases into liquids by pressure. Here he first shewed some of that extraordinary power and fertility which have rendered his name familiar to every one even slightly acquainted with physics, and which led to his appointment, in 1827, to Sir H. Davy's post of Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution. We shall give a brief summary of his more important discoveries and published works, arranging the different subjects according to their position in various branches of science, rather than in their chronological order.

In chemistry, we have his treatise on Chemical Manipulation, 1827; 2d ed. 1842, even now a very valuable book of reference. His Lectures on the Non-metallic Elements, and Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle, delivered at the Royal Institution, were published within the last few years. As discoveries or investigations of a high order in this branch of science, we may mention-New Compounds of Chlorine and Carbon, 1821; Alloys of Steel, 1822; Compounds of Hydrogen and Carbon, 1825; Action of Sulphuric Acid on Naphthaline, 1826; Decomposition of Hydrocarbons by Expansion, 1827; and the very valuable series of experiments made in 1829-1830, on the Manufacture of Glass for Optical Purposes, which resulted in one of his greatest discoveries, to be afterwards mentioned.

liquids and solids, though previously effected by others (and F. has ever been the foremost to acknowledge another's priority), he has really made his own, not only by the extent and accuracy of his experiments, but by the exquisite experimental methods by which he effected the results. His ideas on regelation, and its connection with the motion of glaciers, have not met with universal acceptance, though (see HEAT, ICE, GLACIER) there is no dispute as to his being correct in his facts. In regard to Conservation of Force, there can be no doubt that he has been led into a fallacy, by mistaking the technical use of the word force (see FORCE), for in his article on the subject he describes experiments made with the view of proving the conservation of statical, not dynamical force, whereas the doctrine of conservation asserts merely the conservation of energy,' which is not statical force. He may be right also, but if so, it will be by a new discovery, having no connection whatever with 'conservation of energy.'

His Christmas lectures at the Royal Institution, though professedly addressed to the young, contain in reality much that may well be pondered by the old. His manner, his unvarying success in illustration, and his felicitous choice of expression, though the subjects are often of the most abstruse nature, are such as to charm and attract all classes of hearers. Besides two sets (already mentioned) on chemical subjects, we have his Lectures on the Physical Forces, a simple work, but in reality most profound, even in its slightest remarks.

But the great work of his life is the series of Experimental Researches on Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions during the last thirty years and more. Fully to understand all the discoveries contained in that extraordinary set of papers, would require a knowledge of all that has been discovered during that time as to Electricity, Magnetism, Electro-magnetism, and Diamagnetism. We may merely mention the following, almost all of which are discoveries of the first order. They are given in the order of publication, which is nearly that of discovery: 1. Induced Electricity, 1831, comprehending and explaining a vast variety of phenomena, some of which have already been applied in practice (especially as Magneto-electricity) to light-houses, electro-plating, firing of mines, telegraphy, and medical purposes. Electric currents derived from the earth's magnetism. 2. The Electrotonic State of Matter, 1831; 3. Identity of Electricity from Different Sources, 1833; 4. Equivalents in Electro-chemical Decomposition, 1834; 5. Electrostatic Induction-Specific Inductive Capacity, 1838; 6. Relation of Electric and Magnetic Forces, 1838; 7. The Electricity of the Gymnotus, 1839; 8. Hydro-electricity, 1843; 9. Magnetic Rotatory Polarisation, 1846, effected by means of the optical glass already mentioned; 10. Diamagnetism and the Magnetic Condition of all Matter, 1846; 11. Polarity of Diamagnetics, and the Relation of Diamagnetism to Crystalline Forces, 1849; 12. Relation of Gravity to Electricity, 1851. This, as before remarked, is F.'s attempt to prove a con

As practical applications of science, his Prepara-servation of statical force. The results are all tion of the Lungs for Diving, and Ventilation of Light-house Lamps, are conspicuous, as are also his celebrated letter on Table-turning, and his lecture on Mental Education.

To enumerate only the most prominent of his publications on physical science, we may commence with the Condensation of the Gases (already referred to); then we have Limits of Vaporisation, Optical Deceptions, Acoustical Figures, Regelation, Relation of Gold and other Metals to Light, and Conservation of Force. Of these, the condensation of gases into

negative, but are none the less worthy of careful study; the mode of experimenting detailed in the paper, and the precautions taken and required, render it a model for every physicist. 13. Atmo spheric Magnetism, 1851. An attempt to explain the diurnal changes of the earth's magnetic force by the solar effect on the oxygen of the air; a very interesting paper.

We have omitted many things well worthy of notice even in so slight a sketch as this, but F.'s name will be found in these pages in connection

FARCE-FAREL.

with something new in nearly every branch of physics.

FARCE, a dramatic piece of a low comic character. The difference between it and comedy proper is one of degree, and not of kind. The aim of both is to excite mirth; but while the former does so by a comparatively faithful adherence to nature and truth, the latter assumes to itself a much greater licence, and does not scruple to make use of any extravagance or improbability that may serve its purpose. It does not, therefore, exhibit, in general, a refined wit or humour, but contents itself with grotesque rencontres, and dialogues provocative of fun and jollity. The name is differently explained. In any case, it comes originally from the Latin farcire, to stuff; but while Adelung says that, in the middle ages, farce signified in Germany certain songs, which were sung between the prayers during divine service, others derive it from the Italian farsa, this from the Latin farsum (stuffed); while Paolo Bernardi states that it comes from a Provençal word farsum, meaning a ragout, or mess of different ingredients, an opinion which has this to say for itself, that the dramatis persona, Jackpudding, &c., were generally named after special dishes or mixtures. The first farces are said to have been composed by the society of the Clercs de Bazoche in Paris, about the year 1400, as a contrast to the ecclesiastical plays performed by the religious orders. The most widely celebrated and the oldest is the Farce de Maître Pierre Pathelin, which some consider to be a composition of the 13th C., but which was more probably executed by one Peter Blanchet, about 1480. Subsequently, Molière elevated and refined the farce into pure comedy, in his Médecin Malgré lui, Malade Imaginaire, Les Fourberies de Scapin, and other inimitable productions. In England, the origin of the modern farce dates from about the commencement of the 18th century. It then began to be regarded as something distinct from comedy proper, and to constitute a special theatrical entertainment. Of all the numerous farces which have been performed before English audiences, only those of Samuel Foote have kept a place in literature.

FARCY in horses depends upon the same causes as Glanders (q. v.), which it usually precedes and accompanies. The absorbent glands and vessels, usually of one or both hind limbs, are inflamed, tender, swollen, hard, and knotted. The vitiated lymph thus poured out softens, and ulcers, or farcy buds appear. Unlike the ulcers of glanders, they are curable, but require time and care. They must be scarified with the hot iron, which, to prevent their spreading, may also be gently run over the adjacent sound skin. Good feeding and comfortable lodgings are essential, and if they do not interfere with the appetite, give tonics, such as a drachm each of sulphate of copper and iodine, repeated twice a day.

FA'RDEL-BOUND, a disease of cattle and sheep, consists of impaction of the fardel bag, or third stomach, with food, which is taken in between the leaves of this globular stomach, there to be fully softened and reduced. When the food is unusually tough, dry, or indigestible, consisting, for example, of overripe clover, vetches, or ryegrass, the stomach cannot moisten and reduce it with sufficient rapidity; fresh quantities continue to be taken up, until the overgorged organ becomes paralysed, its secretions dried up, and its leaves affected with chronic inflammation. The slighter cases so common amongst stall-fed cattle are loss of cud,' indigestion, and torpidity of the bowels. In severer form, there is also fever, grunting,

swelling up of the first stomach, and sometimes stupor or epilepsy. The overgorged stomach can, moreover, be felt by pressing the closed fist upwards and backwards underneath the false ribs on the right side. The symptoms often extend over ten days or a fortnight. Purgatives and stimulants are to be given. For a full-grown beast, give, in three or four bottles of water or thin gruel, lb. each of common and Epsom salt, 15 ground croton beans, a drachm of calomel, and two ounces of ginger. If no effect is produced, repeat this in 12 or 15 hours. Inject soap and water clysters every hour, withhold all solid food, and allow only sloppy mashes, treacle and water, or thin linseed tea. An occasional bottle of ale, with an ounce or two of ginger, often expedites the action of the physic, and wards off nausea

and stupor.

FAREHAM, a town and sea-bathing place in the south of Hampshire, on a creek at the northwest end of Portsmouth harbour, 12 miles eastsouth-east of Southampton, and 9 miles northnorth-west of Portsmouth. It has manufactures of earthenware. Pop. (1861) 6169.

FAREL, GUILLAUME, one of the most active promoters of the Reformation in Switzerland, was He studied born in the year 1489 in Dauphiné. at Paris, and was at first distinguished by his extravagant zeal for the practices of the Catholic Church. Truly,' says he in one of his letters, 'the papacy itself was not so papistical as my heart.' friend Lefevre d'Etaples, induced him to study the Intercourse with the Waldenses, and with his Scriptures; the result was his conversion to Protestantism, and F., who was by nature vehement even to indiscretion, immediately commenced to proselytise. The chief scene of his labours was France and Switzerland. At Basel, 15th February 1524, he opened his career of controversy and evangelisation by publicly sustaining 30 theses on the points in dispute between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. In less than two months, he was compelled to leave, mainly on account of a quarrel between himself and Erasmus, whom, on account of his moderate or trimming policy, F. had compared to Balaam. F. next went to Strasbourg, and afterwards to Montbeliard, where his iconoclastic way of preaching the gospel excited the alarm of his friends, several of whom, Ecolampadius among others, censured him sharply for his violence. His zeal was next manifested in the canton of Bern. It was also chiefly through his exertions that the towns of Aigle, Bex, Olon, Morat, and Neuchâtel followed the example of Bern in embracing the Reformation. In 1532, he went to Geneva, where his success was at first so great, that on account of the agitation excited, he had to leave the city. He returned in 1533, was again compelled to withdraw, but once more entered it in 1534. This was his year of triumph; the Reformers filled the churches, and the Catholic clergy, who had made themselves odious to the citizens by abetting the despotic schemes of the Duke of Savoy, retired to Lausanne and Fribourg. In August 1535, the town council of Geneva formally proclaimed the Reformation. F., however, was a missionary, not a legislator, and the organi sation of the Genevan Church passed into the hands of Calvin (q. v.). The severity of the new ecclesiastical discipline produced a reaction, and in April 1538, the two reformers were expelled from the city. F. took up his residence at Neuchâtel, where the reformed church was in a state of deplorable disorder. He composed its differences, and drew up a constitution, which it accepted, after long and stormy debates, in 1542. In September

FAREWELL-FARINI.