United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance to any other government. This declaration of intention, as it is called, must be made at least two years before the final steps are taken. It may be made upon his first arrival; but, of course, he would have to wait until the end of the required five years to receive his naturalization papers.

2. When the necessary length of time has expired, he must prove satisfactorily to the court that he has resided five years in the United States, and one year in the state or territory in which the court is held. He must then make oath of affirmation that he voluntarily renounces forever all allegiance to any foreign government, and particularly the

one

of which he has before been a subject, and that he will support the Constitution of the United States. He is also required to renounce any title of nobility he may have.

3. There is one exception to this rule. A soldier may become a citizen of the United States if he is twenty-one or more years of age, has served one year in the United States army, and received an honorable discharge, and makes the proper oath of allegiance to our government. The fact of his wishing to defend the country is thought sufficient evidence of his good faith in becoming a citizen.

4. Children born in foreign countries, whose parents are citizens of the United States, are American cit

izens. The children of naturalized parents are citizens of the United States, provided they were under the age of twenty-one years at the time their parents were naturalized. R. F. BEAUSAY.

Pemberville, 0.

In 1790 Congress passed an act requiring two years' residence before a foreigner could become a citizen. In 1795 the time was extended to five years, and in 1798, to fourteen years. But in 1802 it was reduced to five years, which is the time now required. MABEL KUMler.

A. L. Mendenhall states in addition that no person of the Mongolian race is eligible to naturalization only whites and Africans.

Q. 448. A leading characteristic of the "Grube Method" is the teaching of all the four fundamental operations of arithmetic simultaneously. It has been discarded in many places after a trial.

B. D.

Q. 449. It is not wise to attempt to grade each recitation of each pupil, for the reason that it cannot be done correctly; and if it could, it would require too much of the teacher's time and attention. The best record to make is a careful estimate, say once a week, of the work done by each pupil. In addition to this, an occasional written recitation (once or twice a month) may be carefully graded and the grades recorded. EDITOR.

Q. 450.-No definite rule can be. laid down as to the frequency of written tests in school. A class in

Each $1 which is applied on the principal at any time diminishes the interest for the next year 6 cents, and hence 6 cents more can be applied on the principal next time; that is, principal is diminished regularly by payments, which are 6% more each time.

For each dollar paid on principal first time, there will be $1.06 the second time, $1.1236 the third, $1.191016 the fourth, $1.26247696 the fifth, and $5.63709296 in all. $5000 $5.63709296 = 886.98, the number of dollars of principal paid first time. To this add $300, first year's interest, and it gives $1186.98, the annual payment.

MABEL KUMLER. Similar solutions and same result by F. J. Beck and R. F. Beausay.

Q. 454. What rest from labor

does the human heart have?

State Teachers' Association.

The Executive Committee of the Ohio State Teachers' Association met at Columbus, Monday evening, Jan. 1, 1894, to make arrangements for next summer's meeting. Delaware has been chosen as the place of meeting. We think this will give very general satisfaction. The University and the good people of Delaware will give the Association a warm welcome. The Ohio College Association will meet at the same time and place.

Vaccination of Pupils.

The order of the State Board of Health requiring the vaccination of all pupils attending school is meeting opposition in some quarters. While it cannot be doubted that the measure is in the interest of public health, there are cases in which there is need for the exercise of discretion. We have known some cases in which serious consequences resulted from vaccination. Though Akron suffered quite recently from a visitation of small-pox, the Akron Board of Education is not disposed to resort to extreme measures in the enforcement of the vaccination order. Judge Grant, at present a member of the Akron Board of Education, and a recognized authority in legal matters, has publicly ex

pressed the opinion that a board of education would not be sustained by the courts in excluding children from school for want of vaccination, except in a time of imminent public danger.

It is undoubtedly the duty of superintendents and teachers to throw the weight of their influence in favor of vaccination, advising and even urging all proper subjects to be vaccinated; but in reply to letters of inquiry which have come to us, we advise caution in the use of authority in the matter.

Influence of a Good Life.

Modest goodness is a great power in the world. In rare instances, great talent truly consecrated and large opportunity fully embraced shed light and blessing in ever widening circles. But the most of good comes to the world through the patient toil and sacrifice of the thousands of earnest modest souls that keep to the right in the face of adversity and discouragement. And it is a stimulating and encouraging thought that often the greatest good that flows from such lives is the unconscious influence they

Every true life, no matter how humble, sheds light upon the pathway of other souls.

These thoughts have been sug

good working condition would require less frequent tests than a class of indolent pupils, or pupils lacking in application to study. It might be desirable in some classes to have a written recitation in some study as often as once a week, with a more searching monthly test or examination on the ground gone over in the month, while in other classes less frequent tests would be needed.

EDITOR.

Q. 45. A piece of timber of uniform size is to be carried by three men. One carries at one end, the other two use a spike. Where must the spike be placed, so that they may share the load equally?

Let x the distance the spike is from the end, then 1⁄2 x= the distance the spike is from the center of gravity, hence 2 (2 x) = 1⁄2, x

=

4. The spike must be placed 14 of the entire length from the end. If the log is 20 ft. long it must be placed 5 ft. (4 of 20) from the end. F. J. BECK.

HOY D. ORTON'S RULE:-Divide the length of the stick by 4, and the quotient is the answer. EXAMPLE: There is a stick of timber, 32 feet long, to be carried by 3 men: one carries at the end, the other two carry by a lever; how far must the lever be placed from the other end, that each may carry equally? 32 ÷ 48. The lever must be placed 8 feet from the end.

R. F. BEAUSAY.

Q. 453- It is obvious that the payments must exceed the interest.

Each $1 which is applied on the principal at any time diminishes the interest for the next year 6 cents, and hence 6 cents more can be applied on the principal next time; that is, principal is diminished regularly by payments, which are 6% more each time.

For each dollar paid on principal first time, there will be $1.06 the second time, $1.1236 the third, $1.191016 the fourth, $1.26247696 the fifth, and $5.63709296 in all. $5000 $5.63709296 = 886.98. the number of dollars of principal. paid first time. To this add $300. first year's interest, and it gives $1186.98, the annual payment.

MABEL KUMLER. Similar solutions and same result by F. J. Beck and R. F. Beausay.

State Teachers' Association.

The Executive Committee of the Ohio State Teachers' Association met at Columbus, Monday evening, Jan. 1, 1894, to make arrangements for next summer's meeting. Delaware has been chosen as the place of meeting. We think this will give very general satisfaction. The University and the good people of Delaware will give the Association a warm welcome. The Ohio College

Association will meet at the same time and place.

Vaccination of Pupils.

The order of the State Board of Health requiring the vaccination of all pupils attending school is meeting opposition in some quarters. While it cannot be doubted that the measure is in the interest of public health, there are cases in which there is need for the exercise of discretion. We have known some cases in which serious consequences resulted from vaccination. Though Akron suffered quite recently from a visitation of small-pox, the Akron Board of Education is not disposed to resort to extreme measures in the enforcement of the vaccination order. Judge Grant, at present member of the Akron Board of Education, and a recognized authority in legal matters, has publicly ex

a

pressed the opinion that a board of education would not be sustained by the courts in excluding children from school for want of vaccination, except in a time of imminent public danger.

It is undoubtedly the duty of superintendents and teachers to throw the weight of their influence in favor of vaccination, advising and even urging all proper subjects to be vaccinated; but in reply to letters of inquiry which have come to us, we advise caution in the use of authority in the matter.

Influence of a Good Life.

Modest goodness is a great power in the world. In rare instances, great talent truly consecrated and large opportunity fully embraced shed light and blessing in ever widening circles. But the most of good comes to the world through the patient toil and sacrifice of the thousands of earnest modest souls that keep to the right in the face of adversity and discouragement. And it is a stimulating and encouraging thought that often the greatest good that flows from such lives is the unconscious influence they exert. Every true life, no matter how humble, sheds light upon the pathway of other souls.

These thoughts have been sug