ANALYSIS. Pilot of the kingdom, and received a pension for his services.

1. Account of the voyage

1500. 1501.

II. GASPAR CORTEREAL.-1. 'Soon after the successof Cortereal. ful voyage of the Cabots, which resulted in the discovery of North America, the king of Portugal, in the year 1500, despatched Gaspar Cortereal to the coast of America, on a voyage of discovery. After exploring the coast of a. Note, p. 111. Labrador several hundred miles, in the vain hope of b. Note, p. 118. finding a passage to India, Corte real freighted his ships with more than fifty of the natives, whom, on his return, he sold into slavery.

c. Aug.

2. The second voyage.

land fisheries.

the voyage of

b

2. Cortereal sailed on a second voyage, with a determination to pursue his discovery, and bring back a cargo of slaves. Not returning as soon as was expected, his brother sailed in search of him, but no accounts of either ever again reached Portugal.

1504. III. VERRAZANI.-1. At an early period the fisherNewfound ies of Newfoundland began to be visited by the French and the English, but the former attempted no discoveries Account of in America until 1523. 'In the latter part of this year Verrazant. Francis I. fitted out a squadron of four ships, the command of which he gave to John Verrazani, à Florentine navigator of great skill and celebrity. Soon after the vessels had sailed, three of them became so damaged in a storm that they were compelled to return; but Verrazani proceeded in a single vessel, with a determination to d. Jan. 27. make new discoveries. Sailing from Madeira,* in a westerly direction, after having encountered a terrible c. March. tempest, he reached the coast of America, probably in the latitude of Wilmington.†

1524.

5. His first landing and

with the

2. After exploring the coast some distance north and intercourse south, without being able to find a harbor, he was obliged natives. to send a boat on shore to open an intercourse with the natives. The savages at first fled, but soon recovering their confidence, they entered into an amicable traffic with the strangers.

6 Events that occurred on

New Jersey.

3. Proceeding north along the open coast of New the coast of Jersey, and no convenient landing-place being discovered, a sailor attempted to swim ashore through the surf; but, frightened by the numbers of the natives who thronged the beach, he endeavored to return, when a wave threw him terrified and exhausted upon the shore. He was, however, treated with great kindness; his clothes were

The Madeiras are a cluster of islands north of the Canaries, 400 miles west from the coast of Morocco, and nearly 700 southwest from the Straits of Gibraltar. Madeira, the principal island, celebrated for its wines, is 54 miles long, and consists of a collection of lofty mountains on the lower slopes of which vines are cultivated.

+ Wilmington. (See Note and Map, p. 251.)

dried by the natives; and, when recovered from his 1524. fright and exhaustion, he was permitted to swim back to the vessel.

4. 'Landing again farther north, probably near the city of New York,* the voyagers, prompted by curiosity, kidnapped and carried away an Indian child. It is supposed that Verrazani entered the haven of Newport,† where he remained fifteen days. Here the natives were liberal, friendly, and confiding; and the country was the richest that had yet been seen.

b

1. Near New York.

a. May 1.

2 Character of the natives

in

the vicini

ty of Newport.

3. Farther

north.

Note, p. 111

News France.

5. Verrazani still proceeded north, and explored the coast as far as Newfoundland. The natives of the northern regions were hostile and jealous, and would traffic only for weapons of iron or steel. "Verrazani 4. The name gave to the whole region which he had discovered the name of NEW FRANCE; an appellation which was afterwards confined to Canada, and by which that country was known while it remained in the possession of the French.

5.

IV. JAMES CARTIER.-1. After an interval of ten years, another expedition was planned by the French; and James Cartier, a distinguished mariner of St. Malo, was selected to conduct a voyage to Newfoundland. After having minutely surveyed the northern coast of that island, he passed through the Straits of Belleisle into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and entered the mouth of the river of the same name; but the weather becoming boisterous, and the season being far advanced, after erecting a cross, taking possession of the country in the name d. of the king of France, and inducing two of the natives to accompany him, he set sail on his return, and, in less than thirty days, entered the harbor of St. Malo in safety. 2. In 1535 Cartier sailed with three vessels, on a second voyage to Newfoundland, and entering the gulf on the day of St. Lawrence, he gave it the name of that martyr. Being informed by the two natives who had returned with him, that far up the stream which he had discovered to the westward, was a large town, the capital of the whole country, he sailed onwards, entered the river St. Lawrence, and, by means of his interpreters, opened a friendly communication with the natives.

3. Leaving his ship safely moored," Cartier proceeded with the pinnace and two boats up the river, as far as the

1534.

Account of voyage of

the first

Cartier.

c. June.

At the bay

of Gaspee.

e. Aug. 19.

f. Sept. 15. 1535.

g. May 29. 6 of the second voyage.

h. In Quebec

harbor See map. p. 230. 7. Explore

i. Sept 29.

tion of the St. Lawrence, and events

that happen during the

ed

New York. (See Note and Map, p. 220.) ↑ Newport. (See Note, p 215, and Map, p. 217.) t St. Malo is a small seaport town in the N. W. part of France, in the ancient province of The town is on a rocky elevation called St Brittany, or Bretagne, 200 miles west from Paris. Aaron, surrounded by the sea at high water, but connected with the mainland by a causeway. The inhabitants were early and extensively engaged in the Newfoundland cod fishery

ANALYSIS principal Indian settlement of Hochelaga, on the site of Oct. 13. the present city of Montreal,* where he was received in a friendly manner. Rejoining his ships, he passed the winter where they were anchored; during which time twenty-five of his crew died of the scurvy, a malady until then unknown to Europeans.

b. 1535-6.

1536.

c. May 13.

treachery

d. May 16.

2. Prevalent opinion with

value of new

4. 'At the approach of spring, after having taken formal possession of the country in the name of his sovereign, Cartier prepared to return. An act of treachery, at his departure, justly destroyed the confidence which the natives had hitherto reposed in their guests. The Indian King, whose kind treatment of the French merited a more generous return, was decoyed on board one of the vessels and carried to France.

V. ROBERVAL.-1. Notwithstanding the advantages regard to the likely to result from founding colonies in America, the Countries. French government, adopting the then prevalent notion that no new countries were valuable except such as produced gold and silver, made no immediate attempts at colonization.

3. Designs and titles of

2. At length a wealthy nobleman, the Lord of RoberRoberval. val, requested permission to pursue the discovery and 1540. form a settlement. This the king readily granted, and

e. Jan.

4. Account of the third voyage of Cartier.

1541.

f. June 2.

5. Fort erected.

1542.

6. Arrival of Roberval, and

Roberval received the empty titles of Lord, Lieutenantgeneral, and Viceroy, of all the islands and countries hitherto discovered either by the French or the English.

3. 'While Roberval was delayed in making extensive preparations for his intended settlement, Cartier, whose services could not be dispensed with, received a subordinate command, and, in 1541, sailed with five ships already prepared. The Indian king had in the mean time died in France; and on the arrival of Cartier in the St. Lawrence, he was received by the natives with jealousy and distrust, which soon broke out into open hostilities. "The French then built for their defence, near the present site of Quebec,† a fort which they named Charlesbourg, where they passed the winter.

4. Roberval arrived at Newfoundland in June of the The failure of following year, with three ships, and emigrants for found

schemes.

Montreal, the largest town in Canada, is situated on the S. E. side of a fertile island of the same name about 30 miles long and 10 broad, inclosed by the divided channel of the St. Lawrence. The city is about 140 miles S. W. from Quebec, but farther by the course of the river

t Quebec, a strongly fortified city of Canada, is situated on the N. W. side of the St. Lawrence, on a promontory formed by that river and the St. Charles. The city consists of the Upper and the Lower Town,the latter on a narrow strip of land near the water's edge; and the former on a plain difficult of access, more than 200 feet higher. Cape Diamond, the most elevated point of the Upper Town, is 345 feet above the level of the river, and commands a grand view of an extensive tract of country. (See Map, p. 280.)

ing a colony; but a misunderstanding having arisen be- 1542. tween him and Cartier, the latter secretly set sail for France. Roberval proceeded up the St. Lawrence to the place which Cartier had abandoned, where he erected two forts and passed a tedious winter. After some un- a. 1542 8. successful attempts to discover a passage to the East Indies, he brought his colony back to France, and the b. Note, p. 118 design of forming a settlement was abandoned. In 1549 Roberval again sailed on a voyage of discovery, but he was never again heard of.

VI. RIBAULT, LAUDONNIERE, AND MELENDEZ.-1. 'Coligni, admiral of France, having long desired to establish in America a refuge for French Protestants, at length obtained a commission from the king for that purpose, and, in 1562, despatched a squadron to Florida, under the command of John Ribault. Arriving on the coast in May, he discovered the St. Johns River, which he named the river of May; but the squadron continued north until it arrived at Port Royal* entrance, near the southern boundary of Carolina, where it was determined to establish the colony.

1.

1549.

Attempts of form a settle

Coligni to

ment in America.

1562.

c. Feb. 28.

Note, p. 115 ries made.

2. Discove

3. Fort

Carolina.

e. July.

The settle

ment abandonded.

2. Here a fort was erected, and named Fort Charles, erected in and twenty-six men were left to keep possession of the country, while Ribault returned to France for farther emigrants and supplies. "The promised reinforcement not arriving, the colony began to despair of assistance; and, in the following spring, having constructed a rude brigantine, they embarked for home, but had nearly perished by famine, at sea, when they fell in with and were taken on board of an English vessel.

1563.

1564.

5 Second Colony estab lished.

and conduct
of the
colonists.
f. Dec.
1565.

3. In 1564, through the influence of Coligni, another expedition was planned, and in July a colony was established on the river St. Johns,† and left under the command of Laudonniere. "Many of the emigrants, however, 6. Character being dissolute and improvident, the supplies of food were wasted; and a party, under the pretence of desiring to escape from famine, were permitted to embark for France; but no sooner had they departed than they commenced a career of piracy against the Spanish. The remnant were on the point of embarking for France, when Ribault arrived and assumed

Port Royal is an island 12 miles in length, on the coast of South Carolina, on the east side of which is situated the town of Beaufort, 50 miles S. W. from Charleston. Between the island and the mainland is an excellent harbor.

The St. John's, the principal river of Florida, rises in the eastern part of the territory, about 25 miles from the coast, and runs north, expanding into frequent lakes, until within 20 miles of its mouth, when it turns to the east, and falls into the Atlantic, 35 miles north from St. Augustine. (See Map next page.)

VICINITY OF PORT ROYAL

Miles nba

ANALYSIS. the command, bringing supplies, and additional emigrants with their families.

a. Note, p. 113. 1. Events that

occurred when the

heard of the

4. 'Meanwhile news arrived in Spain that a company of French Protestants had settled in Florida," within the Spaniards Spanish territory, and Melendez, who had obtained the settlement appointment of governor of the country, upon the condition of completing its conquest within three years, departed on his expedition, with the determination of speedily extirpating the heretics.

b. Sept. 7.

and the

tine.

b

5. Early in September, 1565, he came in sight of ArFlorida, and soon discovering a part of the French fleet, founding of gave them chase, but was unable to overtake them. On St. Augus- the seventeenth of September Melendez entered a beautic. Sept. 18. ful harbor, and the next day, after taking formal possession of the country, and proclaiming the king of Spain monarch of all North America, laid the foundations of St. Augustine.*

3. The French fleet.

colony.

d. Oct. 1.

6. Soon after, the French fleet having put to sea with the design of attacking the Spaniards in the harbor of St. Augustine, and being overtaken by a furious storm, every ship was wrecked on the coast, and the French settlement 4. Destruction was left in a defenceless state. "The Spaniards now of the French made their way through the forests, and, surprising the French fort, put to death all its inmates, save a few who fled into the woods, and who subsequently escaped on board two French ships which had remained in the harbor. Over the mangled remains of the French was placed the inscription, "We do this not as unto Frenchmen, but as unto heretics." The helpless shipwrecked men being soon discovered, although invited to rely on the clemency of Melendez, were all massacred, except a b. Manner in few Catholics and a few mechanics, who were reserved French rere as slaves. avenged.

which the

e. 1567.

7. Although the French court heard of this outrage with apathy, it did not long remain unavenged.

AND ST. JOHN'S RIVER.

VICINITY OF ST. AUGUSTINE, De Gourgues, a soldier of Gascony,† having fitted out three ships at his own expense, sur

HAREOR OF ST. AUGUSTINE.

St. Augustine is a town on the eastern coast of Florida, 350 miles north from the southern point of Florida, and 35 miles south from the mouth of the St. Johns River. It is situated on the S. side of a peninsula, having on the east Matanzas Sound, which separates it from Anastatia island. The city is low, but healthy and pleasant.

† Gascony was an ancient province in the southwest of France, lying chiefly between the Garonne and the Pyrences. "The Gascons are a spirited and a fiery race, but their habit of exaggeration, in relating their exploits, has made the term gasconade proverbial."