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ANALYSIS.

Subject of Chapter VII.

1. In what New Jersey

included.

CHAPTER VII.

NEW JERSEY.*

1. The territory embraced in the present state of was at first New Jersey was included in the Dutch province of New Netherlands; and the few events connected with its history, previous to the conquest by the English in 1664, 2. Early set belong to that province. In 1623 Fort Nassau was built

tlements.

1664.

8 Portion of conveyed

York.

a. July 3, 4.

on the eastern bank of the Delaware, but was soon after deserted. Probably a few years before this the Dutch began to form settlements at Bergen, and other places west of the Hudson, in the vicinity of New York; but the first colonizing of the province dates, more properly, from the settlement of Elizabethtown in 1664.

2. Soon after the grant of New Netherlands to the the territory Duke of York, and previous to the surrender, the duke away by the conveyed that portion of the territory which is bounded on the east, south, and west, respectively, by the Hudson, the sea, and the Delaware, and north by the 41st degree and 40th minute of latitude, to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, who were already proprietors of Carolina. "This tract was called New Jersey, in compliment to Carteret, who had been governor of the island of Jersey,‡ and had defended it for the king during the civil war.b

4. Name

given to this tract.

b Note, p. 173.

tution formed

etors.

c. Feb. 20.

1665. 3. "To invite settlers to the country, the proprietors The consti- soon published a liberal constitution for the colony, by the propri promising freedom from taxation, except by the act of the colonial assembly, and securing equal privileges, and The first liberty of conscience to all. In 1665 Philip Carteret, the the capital of first governor, arrived, and established himself at Elizathe province. bethtown, recently settled by emigrants from Long Island, and which became the first capital of the infant colony.

governor.and

d. Aug.

7 The early settlers.

d

4. New York and New England furnished most of the early settlers, who were attracted by the salubrity of the climate, and the liberal institutions which the inhabthe security itants were to enjoy. Fearing little from the neighboring enjoyed. Indians, whose strength had been broken by long hostili.

8. Causes of

which they

NEW JERSEY, one of the Middle States, bordering on the Atlantic, and lying south of New York, and east of Pennsylvania and Delaware, contains an area of about 8000 square miles. The northern part of the state is mountainous, the middle is diversified by hills and valleys, and is well adapted to grazing and to most kinds of grain, while the southern part is level and sandy, and, to a great extent, barren; the natural growth of the soil being chiefly shrub oaks and yellow pines.

↑ Elizabethtown is situated on Elizabethtown Creek, two and a half miles from its entrance Into Staten Island Sound, and twelve miles 8.W. from New York city. It was named from Lady Elizabeth Carteret, wife of Sir George Carteret. (See Map, p. 220, and p. 863.)

The island of Jersey is a strongly fortified island in the English Channel, seventeen miles It is twelve miles long, and has an average width of about five miles.

from the French coast.

1. Repose of

the bed. 1670.

disturbed.

ties with the Dutch, and guarded by the Five Nations and 1665. New York against the approaches of the French and their savage allies, the colonists of New Jersey, enjoying a happy security, escaped the dangers and privations which had afflicted the inhabitants of most of the other provinces. 5. 'After a few years of quiet, domestic disputes began to disturb the repose of the colony. The proprietors, by their constitution, had required the payment, after 1670, of a penny or half penny an acre for the use of land; but when the day of payment arrived, the demand of the tribute met with general opposition. Those who had chased land of the Indians refused to acknowledge the claims of the proprietors, asserting that a deed from the former was paramount to any other title. A weak and 2 Troubles dissolute son of Sir George Carteret was induced to assume the government, and after two years of disputes and confusion, the established authority was set at defiance by open insurrection, and the governor was compelled to return to England.

pur

that followed. a 1670.

b 1672.

1673.

occurred in

year.

4. Farther

the Duke

of York. d. July 9.

6. In the following year, during a war with Holland, the Dutch regained all their former possessions, including 3. Events that New Jersey, but restored them to the English in 1674. the following After this event, the Duke of York obtained a second c. See p 223. charter, confirming the former grant; and, in disregard proceedings of the rights of Berkeley and Carteret, appointed Andros of governor over the whole re-united province. On the application of Carteret, however, the duke consented to restore New Jersey; but he afterwards endeavored to avoid the full performance of his engagement, by pretending that he had reserved certain rights of sovereignty over the country, which Andros seized every opportunity of asserting.

e. July 11.

f. Oct.

1674. 5. Berkeley territory.

disposes of his

g. March 28.

1675.

6. Dificulties

teret and Andros.

7. In 1674 Lord Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Byllinge and his assignees. In the following year Philip Carteret returned to New Jersey, and resumed the government; but the arbitrary proceedings of Andros long continued to disquiet the colony. Carteret, attempting to establish a between Cardirect trade between England and New Jersey, was warmly opposed by Andros, who claimed, for the duke his master, the right of rendering New Jersey tributary to New York, and even went so far as to arrest Governor Carteret and convey him prisoner to New York. 8. 'Byllinge, having become embarrassed in his for- 7 Assignment tunes, made an assignment of his share in the province to William Penn and two others, all Quakers, whose first care was to effect a division of the territory between themselves and Sir George Carteret, that they might es

by Byllinge,

vince.

ANALYSIS. tablish a separate government in accordance with their 1 Division peculiar religious principles. The division* was accomof the pro- plished without difficulty; Carteret receiving the eastern a July 11 portion of the province, which was called EAST JERSEY ; and the assignees of Byllinge the western portion, which 1677. they named WEST JERSEY. The western proprietors then The best gave the settlers a free constitution, under the title of "Concessions," similar to that given by Berkeley and b. March 13. Carteret, granting all the important privileges of civil and religious liberty.

2.

etors.

3 Settlers invited to the

9. The authors of the "Constitution" accompanied its colmy with publication with a special recommendation of the province tchat result. to the members of their own religious fraternity, and in 1677 upwards of four hundred Quakers came over and Subject of settled in West New Jersey. The settlers being unexSovereignty. pectedly called upon by Andros to acknowledge the sov ereignty of the Duke of York, and submit to taxation, they remonstrated earnestly with the duke, and the question was finally referred to the eminent jurist, Sir William Jones, for his decision.

taxation and

1680.

Sir William

10. The result was a decision against the pretensions 5. Decision of of the duke, who immediately relinquished all claims to Jones, and the territory and the government. Soon after, he made a similar release in favor of the representatives of Carteret, in East Jersey, and the whole province thus became independent of foreign jurisdiction.

conduct of the duke.

1681. Pro

ings of the

in West Jer

11. In 1681 the governor of West Jersey convoked the first representative assembly, which enacted several imArst assembly portant laws for protecting property, punishing crimes, essey tablishing the rights of the people, and defining the powers "The most remarkable feature in the new laws 7 Remarka of rulers. ble feature in was a provision, that in all criminal cases except treason, murder, and theft, the person aggrieved should have pow er to pardon the offender.

c. Dec. 5.

the new laws.

Jersey, and

ministration

8. Sale of East 12. After the death of Sir George Carteret, the trusBarclay's ad tees of his estates offered his portion of the province for d. Dec 1879. sale; and in 1682 William Penn and eleven others, meme. Feb. 11, 12 bers of the Society of Friends, purchased East Jersey, over which Robert Barclay, a Scotch gentleman, the author of the "Apology for Quakers," was appointed' gov. ernor for life. During his brief administration the colony received a large accession of emigrants, chiefly from Barclay's native county of Aberdeen, in Scotland.

f July 27,

1683

g. He died in 1690.

According to the terms of the deed, the dividing line was to run from the most southerly point of the east side of Little Egg Harbor, to the N. Western extremity of New Jersey; which was declared to be a point on the Delaware River in latitude 41° 40', which is 18′ 23′′ farther north than the present N. Western extremity of the state. Several partial attempts were made, at different times, to run the line, and much controversy arose from the disputes which these attempts occasioned.

1. Arbitrary

the Duke of

13. 'On the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, 1685. with the title of James II.,-disregarding his previous engagements, and having formed the design of annulling all the charters of the American colonies, he caused writs to York when he be issued against both the Jerseys, and in 1688 the whole became king. province was placed under the jurisdiction of Andros, 1688. who had already become the king's governor of New a. See p 197, York and New England.

and p. 228.

2. Events that

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England.

Evils that the disputes

arose from

of the pro-
prietors.

14. "The revolution in England terminated the author- 1688-9. ity of Andros, and from June, 1689, to August, 1692, no followed the regular government existed in New Jersey, and during revolution in the following ten years the whole province remained in an unsettled condition. For a time New York attempted to exert her authority over New Jersey, and at length the disagreements between the various proprietors and their respective adherents occasioned so much confusion, that the people found it difficult to ascertain in whom the government was legally vested. At length the proprietors, finding that their conflicting claims tended only to disturb the peace of their territories, and lessen their profits as owners of the soil, made a surrender of their powers of government to the crown; and in 1702 New Jersey became a royal province, and was united to New York, under the government of Lord Cornbury.

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Disposal of the propri

the claims of

elors.

1702. b April 25.

c. See p. 232.

ment of New
Jersey.

bury's ad

Bee p 232.

15. From this period until 1738 the province remained 5. Govern under the governors of New York, but with a distinct legislative assembly. "The administration of Lord Corn- 6 Lord Cornbury, consisting of little more than a history of his conten- ministration. tions with the assemblies of the province, fully developed d. 1702-1709, the partiality, frauds and tyranny of the governor, and served to awaken in the people a vigorous and vigilant siprit of liberty. "The commission and instructions of Cornbury formed the constitution of New Jersey until the period when it ceased to be a British province.

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16. In 1728 the assembly petitioned the king to separate the province from New York; but the petition was disregarded until 1738, when through the influence of Lewis Morris, the application was granted, and Mr. Morris himself received the first commission as royal governor over the separate province of New Jersey. After this period 9. we meet with no events of importance in the history of New Jersey until the Revolution.

7. Constitu tion of Nero Jersey.

Separation from New

of New Jersey

York. 1738.

Subsequent
New Jersey.

history of

L

.

ANALYSIS.

Subject of Chapter VIII.

1609.

a. June 2

the country

CHAPTER VIII.

MARYLAND.*

1. 'The second charter given to the London Company 1. Maryland. embraced within the limits of Virginia all the territory See p. 165. which now forms the state of Maryland. "The country 2. By whom near the head of the Chesapeake was early explored" by toas explored the Virginians, and a profitable trade in furs was estab 8. License to lished with the Indians. In 1631 William Clayborne, a man of resolute and enterprising spirit, who had first been sent out as a surveyor, by the London Company, and who subsequently was appointed a member of the council, and c. May 26. secretary of the colony, obtained a royal license to traffick Iwith the Indians.

b. 1627, 8, 9.

Clayborne.

1632.

formed by him.

d March 18.

Virginia.

2. Under this license, which was confirmed by a 4. Settlements commission from the governor of Virginia, Clayborne perfected several trading establishments which he had previously formed; one on the island of Kent,† nearly opposite Annapolis, in the very heart of Maryland; and one 5. Claims of near the mouth of the Susquehanna. Clayborne had obtained a monopoly of the fur trade, and Virginia aimed at extending her jurisdiction over the large tract of unoccupied territory lying between her borders and those of the 6. Her claims Dutch in New Netherlands. "But before the settlements defeated. of Clayborne could be completed, and the claim of Virginia confirmed, a new province was formed within her limits, and a government established on a plan as extraordinary as its results were benevolent.

3. As early as 1621, Sir George Calvert, whose title in New- was Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic nobleman, influfoundland. enced by a desire of opening in America a refuge for

7. Lord Balti more's colony

MARYLAND, the most southern of the Middle States, is very irregular in its outline, and contains an area of about 11,000 square miles. The Chesapeake Bay runs nearly through the state from N. to S., dividing it into two parts, called the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore The land on the eastern shore is generally level and low, and, in many places, is covered with stagnant waters; yet the soil possesses considerable fertility. The country on the western shore, below the falls of the rivers, is similar to that on the eastern, but above the falls the country becomes gradually uneven and hilly, and in the western part of the state is mountainous. Iron ore is found in various parts of the state, and exVICINITY OF ANNAPOLIS. tensive beds of coal between the mountains in the western part.

[graphic]

t Kent, the largest island in Chesapeake Bay, lies opposite Annapolis, near the eastern shore, and belongs to Queen Anne's County. It is nearly in the form of a triangle, and contains an area of about forty-five square miles. (See Map.)

Annapolis, (formerly called Providence,) now the capital of Maryland, is situated on the S.W. side of the River Severn, two miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. It is twenty-five miles S. from Baltimore, and thirty-three N.E. from Washington. The original plan of the city was designed in the form of a circle, with the State-house on an eminence in the centre, and the streets, like radii, diverging from it. (See Map.)

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