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ANALYSIS. more of his political rights as proprietor, and constituted Maryland a royal government.

tration of

Copley.

2. Remaining history of Maryland

1692. 27. 'In the following year Sir Lionel Copley arrived 1. Adminis as royal governor,-the principles of the proprietary adSir Lionel ministration were subverted,-religious toleration was abolished, and the Church of England was established as the religion of the state, and was supported by taxation. 28. After an interval of more than twenty years, the legal proprietor, in the person of the infant heir of Lord previous to Baltimore, was restored to his rights, and Maryland again became a proprietary government, under which it remained until the Revolution. Few events of interest mark its subsequent history, until, as an independent state, it adopted a constitution, when the claims of the proprietor to jurisdiction and property were finally rejected.

the revolu

tion.

a. 1715, 1716.

Subject of Chapter IX.

3. Early Swedish

nia

CHAPTER IX.

PENNSYLVANIA.*

1. As early as 1643 the Swedes, who had previously settlements settled near Wilmington, in Delaware, erected a fort on in Pennsylva the island of Tinicum, a few miles below Philadelphia; b. See p. 223. and here the Swedish governor, John Printz, established his residence. Settlements clustered along the western bank of the Delaware, and Pennsylvania was thus colonized by Swedes, nearly forty years before the grant of the territory to William Penn.

1681.
4. Grant to

William
Penn.

c. March 14.

5. Considera

tion of this

grant.

2. In 1681, William Penn, son of Admiral Penn, a member of the society of Friends, obtained of Charles II. a grant of all the lands embraced in the present state of Pennsylvania. This grant was given, as expressed in the charter, in consideration of the desire of Penn to enlarge the boundaries of the British empire, and reduce the natives, by just and gentle treatment, to the love of civil society and the Christian religion; and, in addition, as a recompense for unrequited services rendered by his father to the British nation.

* PENNSYLVANIA contains an area of about 46,000 square miles. The central part of the state is covered by the numerous ridges of the Alleghanies, running N.E. and S. W., but on both sides of the mountains the country is either level or moderately hilly, and the soil is generally excellent. Iron ore is widely disseminated in Pennsylvania, and the coal regions are very extensive. The bituminous, or soft coal, is found in inexhaustible quantities west of the Alleghanies, and anthracite, or hard coal, on the east, particularly between the Blue Ridge and the N. branch of the Susquehanna. The principal ccal-field is sixty-five miles in length with verage breadth of about five miles.

1 Vieres of

noble alm.

Penn. a. April.

3. 'The enlarged and liberal views of Penn, however, 1681. embraced objects of even more extended benevolence than those expressed in the royal charter. His noble aim was Penn, and his to open, in the New World, an asylum where civil and religious liberty should be enjoyed; and where, under the benign influence of the principles of PEACE, those of every sect, color, and clime, might dwell together in unity and love. As Pennsylvania included the principal settlements 2 Proclomaof the Swedes, Penn issued a proclamation to the inhab. in itants, in which he assured them of his ardent desire for their welfare, and promised that they should live a free people, and be governed by laws of their own making. 4. Penn now published a flattering account of the 3 province, and an invitation to purchasers, and during the same year three ships, with emigrants, mostly Quakers, sailed for Pennsylvania. In the first came William Markham, agent of the proprietor, and deputy-governor, tions given to who was instructed to govern in harmony with law,-to Markham. confer with the Indians respecting their lands, and to conclude with them a league of peace. In the same year 5. Penn's let Penn addressed a letter to the natives, declaring himself ter to the na and them responsible to the same God, who had written his law in the hearts of all, and assuring them of his 'great love and regard for them," and his "resolution to live justly, peaceably, and friendly" with them.

66

5. Early in the following year Penn published" a "frame of government," and a code of laws, which were to be submitted to the people of his province for their approval. 'He soon after obtained from the duke of York a release of all his claims to the territory of Pennsylvania, and likewise a grant of the present state of Delaware, then called THE TERRITORIES, or, "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware." In September Penn himself, with a large number of emigrants of his own religious persuasion, sailed for America, and on the sixth of November following landed at Newcastle.

Invitation
test

and first emi-
gration.
b. May and

Oct.

4. Instruc

lives.

c. Oct. 28.

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that occurred

immediately

after his arrival.

g Nov. 7. 10 Relations lished with

already estab

6. On the day after his arrival he received in public, 9 Events from the agent of the Duke of York, a surrender of "The Territories ;"-made a kind address to the people, and renewed the commissions of the former magistrates. 10In accordance with his directions a friendly correspondence had been opened with the neighboring tribes of Indians, by the deputy-governor Markham; they had assented to the form of a treaty, and they were now invited to a conference for the purpose of giving it their ratifica- conference tion. "At a spot which is now the site of Kensington,* at Kensing

the Indians.

11. Indian

• Kensington constitutes a suburb of Philadelphia, in the N.E. part of the city, borderin

[Book II. ANALYSIS. one of the suburbs of Philadelphia, the Indian chiefs as sembled at the head of their armed warriors; and here they were met by William Penn, at the head of an un armed train of his religious associates, all clad in the simple Quaker garb, which the Indians long after venerated as the habiliments of peace.

1. Penn's

Indians.

address to the 7. Taking his station beneath a spreading elm, Penn addressed the Indians through the medium of an interpreter. He told them that the Great Spirit knew with what sincerity he and his people desired to live in friendship with them. "We meet," such were his words, "on the broad pathway of good faith and good will; no advantage shall be taken on either side; disputes shall be settled by arbitrators mutually chosen; and all shall be 2. Record of openness and love." 'Having paid the chiefs the stipulated price for their lands, he delivered to them a parchment record of the treaty, which he desired that they would carefully preserve, for the information of their posterity, for three generations.

the treaty.

3. Promises of the Indians.

1. Happy Penn's pol

effects of icy.

1683.

of Philadel phia.

8. The children of the forest cordially acceded to the terms of friendship offered them, and pledged themselves to live in love with William Penn and his children, as long as the sun and moon should endure. ship thus created between the province and the Indians "The friendcontinued more than seventy years, and was never interrupted while the Quakers retained the control of the government. Of all the American colonies, the early his tory of Pennsylvania alone is wholly exempt from scenes of savage warfare. The Quakers came without arms, and with no message but peace, and not a drop of their blood was ever shed by an Indian.

9. "A few months after Penn's arrival, he selected a 6. Founding place between the rivers Schuylkill* and Delaware, for the capital of his province,-purchased the land of the Swedes, who had already erected a church there, and having regulated the model of the future city by a map, Burton named it Philadelphia,† or the city of

PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY. Norristown WoWhite Marsh

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on the Delaware; and, though it has a separate government of its own, it should be regarded as a part of the city. (See Map.)

The Schuylkill River, in the eastern part of Pennsylvania, rises by three principal branches in SchuylCamden kill County, and pursuing a S.E course, enters Delaware River five miles below Philadelphia. Vessels of from 300 to 400 tons ascend it to the western wharves of Philadelphia. (See Map.)

1. Names of

"Brotherly Love." "The groves of chestnut, walnut, 1684. and pine, which marked the site, were commemorated by the names given to the principal streets. "At the end of the streets. a year the city numbered eighty dwellings, and at the 2. Growth of end of two years it contained a population of two thousand five hundred inhabitants.

the city.

assembly.

4. Penn's liberality to

10. The second assembly of the province was held in 3. The second the infant city in March, 1683. The "frame of governrent," and the laws previously agreed upon, were amended at the suggestion of Penn; and, in their place, a charter of liberties, signed by him, was adopted," which a. April 12. rendered Pennsylvania, nearly all but in name, a represertative democracy. While in the other colonies the proprietors reserved to themselves the appointment of the the people. judicial and executive officers, William Penn freely surrendered these powers to the people. His highest ambition, so different from that of the founders of most colonies, was to do good to the people of his care; and to his dying day he declared that if they needed any thing more to make them happier, he would readily grant it.

1684.

5. The government after

Penn's re

turn to England.

1691.

11. 'In August, 1684, Penn sailed for England, having first appointed five commissioners of the provincial council, with Thomas Lloyd as president, to administer the government during his absence. Little occurred to disturb the quiet of the province until 1691, when the "three lower counties on the Delaware," dissatisfied with 6 withdrawsome proceedings of a majority of the council, withdrewb ware from the from the Union, and, with the reluctant consent of the b. April 11. proprietor, a separate deputy-governor was then appointed over them.

al of Dela

Union.

ernment of

the province from 1992 to

12. 'In the mean time James II. had been driven from 7. Penn's imprisonment his throne, and William Penn was several times imprison- in England. ed in England, in consequence of his supposed adherence 1692. to the cause of the fallen monarch. In 1692 Penn's 8. The gov provincial government was taken from him, by a royal commission to Governor Fletcher, of New York; who, the following year, reunitedd Delaware to Pennsylvania, and extended the royal authority over both. Soon after, . Aug. 30. the suspicions against Penn were removed, and in August, 1694, he was restored to his proprietary rights.

13. In the latter part of the year 1699 Penn again visited his colony, but instead of the quiet and repose which he expected, he found the people dissatisfied, and demanding still farther concessions and privileges. "He therefore presented them another charter, or frame of

1694

c. Oct. 31.

d. May.

9. Condition of the prov

ince in 1699.

f. Dec 30. 10 Penn's

labors to sat

isfy the people. g. Nov 7, 1701.

a direct line, S.W. from New York, and 125 N.E. from Washington. The compact part of the city is now more than eight miles in circumference. (See Map, p. 248.)

ANALYSIS. government, more liberal than the former, and conferring greater powers on the people; but all his efforts could not remove the objections of the delegates of the lower couna. Oct. 20. ties, who had already withdrawn from the assembly, and who now refused to receive the charter continuing their 1702. union with Pennsylvania. 'In the following year the leg. Final sepa islature of Pennsylvania was convened apart, and in arcare from 1703 the two colonies agreed to the separation. They were never again united in legislation, although the same governor still continued to preside over both.

ration of Del

Pennsylva

nia

2. Penn's presence required in England

b. Dec. 1701.

1718.

14. 'Immediately after the grant of the last charter, Penn returned to England, where his presence was necessary to resist a project which the English ministers had formed, of abolishing all the proprietary governments in America. He died in England in 1718, leaving his 3. Death of interest in Pennsylvania and Delaware to his sons John, subsequent Thomas, and Richard Penn, who continued to adminishistory of the colony. ter the government, most of the time by deputies, until the American revolution, when the commonwealth purchased all their claims in the province for about 580,000 dollars.

Penn, and

(For a more full account of the Quakers or Friends, see Appendix, p. 311 to p. 319.)

Subject Chapter

4. Early attempts to

Carolina.

c 1585, 6, 7.

B Grant to

CHAPTER X.

NORTH CAROLINA.*

C

1. The early attempts of the English, under Sir Bettle North Walter Raleigh, to form a settlement on the coast of North Carolina, have already been mentioned. About forty See p 131. years later, the king of England granted to Sir Robert Sir Robert Heath a large tract of country lying between the 30th and 36th degrees of north latitude, which was erected into a province by the name of Carolina. "No settlements, however, were made under the grant, which, on that ac 7. When and count, was afterwards declared void.

Heath. d. 1630.

6. Why de

clared void.

by whom

Carolina was 2. 'Between 1640 and 1650 exploring parties from and settled Virginia penetrated into Carolina, and from the same

first explored

* NORTH CAROLINA, one of the Southern States, lying next south of Virginia, contains an area of nearly 50,000 square miles. Along the whole coast is a narrow ridge of sand, separated from the mainland in some places by narrow, and in other places by broad sounds and bays. The country for more than sixty miles from the coast is a low sandy plain, with many swamps and marshes, and inlets from the sea. The natural growth of this region is almost universally pitch pine. Above the falls of the rivers the country becomes uneven, and the soil more fertile. In the western part of the state is an elevated table land, and some high ranges of the Alleghanies. Black Mountain, the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, is 6476 feet high. The gold region of North Carolina lies on both sides of Blue Ridge, in the S. Western part of the state.

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