1650. The par Ticular year source came the first emigrants, who soon after settled near the mouth of the Chowan,* on the northern shore of Albemarle Sound. In 1663 the province of Carolina was granted to Lord Clarendon and seven others, and in is not known. the same year a government under William Drummond to whom the was established over the little settlement on the Chowan, second grant which, in honor of the Duke of Albemarle, one of the and what proprietors, was called the Albemarle County Colony. 3. Two years later, the proprietors having learned that the settlement was not within the limits of their charter, the grant was extended, so as to embrace the half of Florida on the south, and, on the north, all within the present limits of North Carolina, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. The charter secured religious freedom to the people, and a voice in the legislation of the colony; but granted to the corporation of eight, an extent of powers and privileges, that made it evident that the formation of an empire was contemplated. 1 When and 3. was made, governmen 10as estab Lished. b. April 3. given to the Rights and red by the powers secu charter. ment of the Clarendon colony. 4. 'During the same year that the grant to Clarendon 4. Establish was extended, another colony was firmly established within the present limits of North Carolina. In 1660 or 1661, a band of adventurers from New England entered Cape Fear River,† purchased a tract of land from the Indians, and, a few miles below Wilmington, on Old Town Creek, formed a settlement. The colony did not prosper. The Indians became hostile, and before the autumn of 1665, the settlement was abandoned. Two years 1665. later a number of planters from Barbadoes|| formed a permanent settlement near the neglected site of the New England colony, and a county named Clarendon was established, with the same constitution and powers that had been granted to Albemarle. Sir John Yeamans, the 5. Governor. choice of the people, ruled the colony with prudence and affection. The Chowan River, formed by the union of Nottaway, Meherrin, and Blackwater Rivers, which rise and run chiefly in Virginia, flows into Albermarle Sound, a little north of the mouth of the Roanoke. The first settlements were on the N.E. side of the Chowan, near the present village of Edenton. + Cape Fear River, in North Carolina, is formed by the union VIC. OF WILMINGTON, N. C. of Haw and Deep Rivers, about 125 miles N.W. from Wilmington. It enters the Atlantic by two channels, one on each side of Smith's Island, twenty and twenty-five miles below Wilmington. (See the Map.) Wilmington, the principal seaport in North Carolina, is situated on the east side of Cape Fear River, twenty-five miles from the ocean, by way of Cape Fear, and 150 miles N.E. from Charleston. (See Map.) Old Town Creek is a small stream that enters Cape Fear River from the W. eight miles below Wilmington. (Map.) Barbadoes is one of the Caribbee or Windward Islands, and the most eastern of the West Indies. It is twenty miles long, and contains an area of about 150 square miles. The island was granted by James I. to the Earl of Marlborough in 1624. LANTIC designs-of the ANALYSIS. 5. As the proprietors of Carolina anticipated the rapid 1 Anticipa growth of a great and powerful people within the limits of their extensive and fertile territory, they thought proper proprietors to establish a permanent form of government, commensu. rate, in dignity, with the vastness of their expectations. 2. Framers of "The task of framing the constitution was assigned to the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the number, who chose the celebrated philosopher, John Locke, as his friend and adviser in the work of legislation. the constitu tion. 3 Object of the proprie tors. a Constitu the constitu 6. The object of the proprietors, as expressed by themselves, was "to make the government of Carolina tions signed agree, as nearly as possible, to the monarchy of which it March 11. was a part; and to avoid erecting a numerous democ4 Nature of racy." 'A constitution of one hundred and twenty arti. tion adopted. cles, called the "Fundamental Constitutions,” was adopted, establishing a government to be administered by lords and noblemen; connecting political power with hereditary wealth; and placing nearly every office in the government beyond the reach of the people. 1670. establish the 7. The attempt to establish the new form of govern5 Attempt to ment proved ineffectual. The former plain and simple constitution laws were suited to the circumstances of the people, and result. the magnificent model of government, with its appenda -and the b. 1693. 1671. 6. Circum finally defeat ment of Clar c. Dec. ges of royalty, contrasted too ludicrously with the sparse population, and rude cabins of Carolina. After a contest of little more than twenty years, the constitution, which was never in effectual operation, and which had proved to be a source of perpetual discord, was abrogated by the proprietors themselves. 8. "The Clarendon county colony had never been stances that very numerous, and the barrenness of the soil in its viretarded and cinity offered little promise of reward to new adventued the settle- rers. In 1671 Sir John Yeamans, the governor, was endon. transferred from the colony to the charge of another which had recently been established in South Carolina. Numerous removals to the southward greatly reduced the numbers of the inhabitants, and nearly the whole country embraced within the limits of the Clarendon colony was a second time surrendered to the aborigines before the year 1690. d. See p. 255. 7. Dissensions in the Albemarle colony. 9. 'Domestic dissensions long retarded the prosperity of the Albemarle, or northern colony. Disorder arose from the attempts of the governors to administer the government according to the constitution of the proprietors; 1676. excessive taxation, and restrictions upon the commerce of the colony, occasioned much discontent; while numerous refugees from Virginia, the actors in Bacon's rebellion, friends of popular liberty, being kindly sheltered in Carolina, gave encouragement to the people to resist op- 1677. pression. Carolina. a. 1677. Dec 10. The very year after the suppression of Bacon's 1 Revolt in rebellion in Virginia, a revolt occurred in Carolina, occasioned by an attempt to enforce the revenue laws against a vessel from New England. The people took arms in support of a smuggler, and imprisoned the president of the colony and six members of his council. John Culpepper, who had recently fled from South Carolina, was the leader in the insurrection. 'During several years, 2 Tranquills officers chosen by the people administered the government, and tranquillity was for a time restored. The inhabitants were restless and turbulent under a government imposed on them from abroad, but firm and tranquil when left to take care of themselves. 3. ty restored. 1683. Sothel goocharacter. ernor, his 11. 'In 1683 Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, arrived as governor of the province. Being exceedingly avaricious, he not only plundered the colonists, but cheated his proprietary associates. He valued his office only as the means of gaining wealth, and in the pursuit of his favorite object, whether as judge, or executive, he was ever open to bribery and corruption. An historian of 4. What is Te North Carolina remarks, that "the dark shades of his character were not relieved by a single ray of virtue." The patience of the inhabitants being exhausted after nearly six years of oppression, they seized their governor with the design of sending him to England; but, at his own request, he was tried by the assembly, which banished him from the colony. marked of him. His arrest and trial. 1688. 1689. . Adminis Ludwell. tration of. Aug. 7. Arrival, and character of Archdale. First settle- ments on River. 12. Ludwell, the next governor, redressed the frauds, public and private, which Sothel had committed, and restored order to the colony. In 1695 Sir John Archdale, another of the proprietors, a man of much sagacity and exemplary conduct, arrived as governor of both the Carolinas. In 1698 the first settlements were made on Pamlico or Tar* River. The Pamlico Indians in that vicinity had been nearly destroyed, two years previous by a pes tilential fever; while another numerous tribe had been greatly reduced by the arms of a more powerful nation. 13. The want of harmony, which generally prevailed 9. Increase of between the proprietors and the people, did not check the increase of population. In 1707 a company of French Protestants, who had previously settled in Virginia, removed to Carolina. Two years later, they were followed population. 10 Arrival of emigrants." 1709. Tar River, in the eastern part of North Carolina, flows S.E., and enters Pamlico Sonud. It is the principal river next south of the Roanoke. It expands into a wide estuary a short distance below the village of Washington, from which place to Pamlico Sound, a distance of forty miles, it is called Pamlico River. mate for the ANALYSIS. by a hundred German families from the Rhine,* who had been driven in poverty from their homes, by the de1. Provisions vastations of war, and religious persecution. The propriemigrants. etors assigned to each family two hundred and fifty acres of land; and generous contributions in England furnished them with provisions and implements of husbandry, sufficient for their immediate wants. 2 Changes that had fallen upon the Indian tribes since Sir Walter 14. A great change had fallen upon the numerous Indian tribes on the sea-coast, since the time of Sir Walter Raleigh's attempted settlements. One tribe, which could the time then bring three thousand bowmen into the field, was now reduced to fifteen men; another had entirely disappeared; and, of the whole, but a remnant remained. After hav ing sold most of their lands, their reservations had been encroached upon;-strong drink had degraded the Indians, and crafty traders had impoverished them; and they had passed away before the march of civilization, like snow beneath a vertical sun. 8. Tuscaroras and the. Corees. 1711. 15. The Tuscaroras and the Corees, being farther inland, had held little intercourse with the whites; but they had observed, with jealousy and fear, their growing pow er, and the rapid advance of their settlements, and with Indian secrecy they now plotted the extermination of the strangers. A surveyor, who was found upon their lands 4 Commence with his chain and compass, was the first victim. Leaving their fire-arms, to avoid suspicion, in small parties, acting in concert, they approached the scattered settlements along Roanoket River and Pamlico Sound; and in one night, one hundred and thirty persons fell by the hatchet. ment of hos. b. Oct. 2. 5. Services of Col. Barn the Indians. 16. Colonel Barnwell, with a considerable body of well against friendly Cherokees, Creeks, and Catawbas, was sent from South Carolina to the relief of the settlers, and having defeated the enemy in different actions, he pursued them to their fortified town, which capitulated, and the Indians were allowed to escape. "But in a few days the treaty was broken on both sides, and the Indians renewed hostil. ities. At length Colonel Moore, of South Carolina, ar. rived, with forty white men and eight hundred friendly Indians; and in 1713 the Tuscaroras were besieged in J. April 5, their fort, and eight hundred taken prisoners. At last 6 Farther progress, and the end of the roar. c. Dec. 1713. *The Rhine, one of the most important rivers in Europe, rises in Switzerland, passes through Lake Constance, and after flowing N. and N.W. through Germany, it turns to the west, and, through several channels, enters the North Sea or German Ocean, between Holland and Belgium. Roanoke River, formed by the junction of Staunton and Dan Rivers, near the south boundary of Virginia, flows S.E. through the northeastern part of North Carolina, and enters the head of Albemarle Sound. This place was near the River Neuse, a short distance above Edenton, in Craven County. This place was in Greene County, on Cotentnea (or Cotechney) Creek, a short distance above its entrance into the River Neuse. the hostile part of the tribe migrated north, and, joining 1713. their kindred in New York, became the sixth nation of the Iroquois confederacy. In 1715 peace was concluded with the Corees. 1 1715. a. Feb. 1729. Events that occurred in 1729 b. July. c Sept. and progress this time till the revolu 17. 'In 1729, the two Carolinas, which had hitherto been under the superintendence of the same board of proprietors, were finally separated; and royal governments, entirely unconnected, were established over them. 'From this time, until the period immediately preceding 2 Condition the Revolution, few events occurred to disturb the peace of North Car and increasing prosperity of North Carolina. In 1744 olina from public attention was turned to the defence of the sea-coast, on account of the commencement of hostilities between England and Spain. About the time of the commencement of the French and Indian war, the colony received large accessions to its numbers, by emigrants from Ireland 1754. and Scotland, and thus the settlements were extended into the interior, where the soil was far more fertile than the lands previously occupied. tion. CHAPTER XI. SOUTH CAROLINA.* 1. "The charter granted to Lord Clarendon and others, in 1663, embraced, as has been stated, a large extent of territory, reaching from Virginia to Florida. After the establishment of a colony in the northern part of their province, the proprietors, early in 1670, fitted out several ships, with emigrants, for planting a southern colony, under the direction of William Sayle, who had previously explored the coast. The ships which bore the emigrants entered the harbor of Port Royal, near Beaufort,† whence, after a short delay, they sailed into Ashley‡ River, on the • SOUTH CAROLINA, one of the Southern States, contains an area of nearly 33,000 square miles. The sea-coast is bordered with a chain of fertile islands. The Low Country, extending from eighty to 100 miles from the coast, is covered with forests of pitch pine, called pine barrens, interspersed with marshes and swamps, which form excellent rice plantations. Beyond this, extending fifty or sixty miles in width, is the Middle Country, composed of numerous ridges of sand hills, presenting an appearance which has been compared to the waves of the sea suddenly arrested in their course. Beyond these sand hills commences the Upper Country, which is a beautiful and healthy, and generally fertile region, about 800 feet above the level of the sea. The Blue Ridge, a branch of the Alleghanies, passes along the N Western boundary of the state. t Beaufort, in South Carolina, is situated on Port Royal Island, on the W. bank of Port Royal River, a narrow branch of the ocean. It is sixteen miles from the sea, and about thirtysix miles, in a direct line, N.E. from Savannah. (See Map, p. 129.) 1 Ashley River rises about thirty miles N.W. from Charleston, and, side of the city, enters Charleston Harbor seven miles from the ocean. passing along the west (See Map, next page.) |