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ANALYSIS. of the enemy, for 10,000 pounds sterling, and a commission as brigadier in the British army.

1. Major Andre.

stances under

which he was

made pris

oner.

a. Sept. 23.

13. To Major Andre, aid-de-camp to Sir Henry Clin. ton, and adjutant-general of the British army, a young and amiable officer of uncommon merit, the business of 2 Circum negotiating with Arnold was intrusted.. Having passed up the Hudson, near to West Point, for the purpose of holding a conference with the traitor, and being obliged to attempt a return by land; when near Tarrytown* he was stopped by three militia soldiers,-John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert; who, after searching their prisoner, conducted him to Colonel Jameson, & Arnold's as their commanding officer. Andre was incautiously suf fered to write to Arnold; when the latter, taking the alarm, immediately escaped on board the Vulture, a British vessel lying in the river.

cape.

4. The fate of

Andre.

5. What more is said of Ar

19. The unfortunate Andre was tried by court-martial; upon his own confession he was declared a spy, and, agreeably to the laws and usages of nations, was condemned to death. 'Arncld received the stipulated reward of his treason; but even his new companions viewed the traitor with contempt, and the world now execrates his The cap- name and memory. "Each of the captors of Andre retors of An- ceived the thanks of congress, a silver medal, and a pension for life.

nold.

dre.

7. Circumstances under

war against Holland.

20. 'In the latter part of this year, another European which Eng power was added to the open enemies of England. Holland declared land, jealous of the naval superiority of Britain, had long been friendly to the American cause; she had given encouragement and protection to American privateers, and had actually commenced the negotiation of a treaty with congress, the discovery of which immediately called forth a declaration of war on the part of England.

b. Dec. 20.

8 Situation

at this period,

21. Thus the American Revolution had already invol ager ved England in war with three powerful nations of Europe, and yet her exertions seemed to increase with the occasions that called them forth. Parliament again granted a large amount of money for the public service of the coming year, and voted the raising of immense armaments by sea and land.

(Se

Tarrytown is on the E. bank of the Hudson, twenty-eight miles N. from New York. Map, p. 862.) Andre was arrested about a quarter of a mile N. from the village. He was exe cuted and buried on the W. side of the river, a quarter of a mile west from the village of Tap pan, a few rods south of the New Jersey line.

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1. 'THE Condition of the army of Washington, at the beginning of the year 1781, was widely different from that of the royal forces under the command of Clinton. While the latter were abundantly supplied with all the necessaries and comforts which their situation required, the former were suffering privations arising from want of pay, clothing, and provisions, which at one time seriously threatened the very existence of the army.

1781.

Subject of
Chapter
VIII.

1 Relative the two ar beginning of this year.

situations of

mies at the

the Pennsyl

2. 'So pressing had the necessities of the soldiers become, 2 Revolt of that, on the first of January, the whole Pennsylvania line of vania troops. troops, to the number of one thousand three hundred, abandoned their camp at Morristown,-declaring their intention of marching to the place where congress was in session, in order to obtain a redress of their grievances.

ken by the

3. The officers being unable to quell the sedititon, the 3. Course ta mutineers proceeded in a body to Princeton, where they mutineers. were met by emissaries from Sir Henry Clinton, who sought to entice them into the British service. Indignant at this attempt upon their fidelity, they scized the British agents, and delivered them to General Wayne, to be treated as spies.

4. A committee from congress, and also a deputation from the Pennsylvania authorities met them, first at Princeton, and afterwards at Trenton; and after liberal con

4.

with the s

Dificulties adjusted.

ANALYSIS. cessions, and relieving their necessities in part, induced those whose terms of service had not expired, to return to 1. Offer of their duties, after a short furlough. 'Being offered a re. ward for apprehending the British emissaries, they nobly refused it; saying, that their necessities had forced them to demand justice from their own government, but they desired no reward for doing their duty to their country against her enemies.

reward.

2 Effect of this mutiny,

the Jersey line.

5. This mutiny, and another in the Jersey line which and one in was instantly suppressed, aroused the attention of the states, and of congress, to the miserable condition of the troops, and called forth more energetic measures for their relief. 8 By what Taxation was resorted to, and readily acquiesced in; tants of the and money, ammunition, and clothing, were obtained in supplied. Europe; but the most efficient aid was derived from the exertions of Robert Morris, a wealthy merchant of Philadelphia, whom congress had recently appointed superintendent of the treasury.

means the

army toere

4. Robert Morris, and

tributed to his aid.

6. 'He assumed the collection of taxes, contracted to benefisat furnish flour for the army, and freely used his own ample means and personal credit to sustain the government. In the course of the year the Bank of North America was established under his care, which exerted a highly beneficial influence upon the currency, and upon public credit. It has been asserted, that to the financial operations of Robert Morris it was principally owing that the armies of America did not disband, and that congress was enabled to continue the war with vigor and success.

5. Arnold's depredations in Virginia.

a. Jan. 5.

b. N. p. 162. c. Jan. 20.

d. N. p. 387.

• Attempt to seize him,

ure.

e. March 8.

7. Early in January of this year, General Arnold, then a brigadier in the royal army, made a descent upon Virginia, with a force of 1600 men, and such a number of armed vessels as enabled him to commit extensive ravages on the unprotected coasts. Having destroyed the public stores in the vicinity of Richmond, and public and private property to a large amount in different places, he entered Portsmouth," which he fortified, and made his head-quarters; when a plan was formed by Washington to capture him and his army.

8. Lafayette, with a force of 1200 men, was sent into and its fat. Virginia; and the French fleet, stationed at Rhode Island, sailed to co-operate with him; but the English being apprized of the project, Admiral Arbuthnot sailed from New f. March 16. York,-attacked the French fleet, and compelled it to return to Rhode Island. Thus Arnold escaped from the im minent danger of falling into the hands of his exasperated 1. Gen. Phil Countrymen. Soon after, the British general Philips ar. rived in the Chesapeake, with a reenforcement of 2000 After joining Arnold he took the command of the

ips.

#. March 25.

men.

forces, and proceeded to overrun and lay waste the coun- 1781. try with but little opposition.

Camden.

ure taken by

Greene.

9. After the unfortunate battle near Camden, men- 1 Change of officers after tioned in the preceding chapter, congress thought proper the battle of to remove General Gates, and to appoint General Greene a. See. p. 393. to the command of the southern army. "Soon after taking 2 First meas the command, although having a force of but little more General than two thousand men, he despatched General Morgan to the western extremity of South Carolina, in order to check the devastations of the British and loyalists in that quarter. Cornwallis, then on the point of advancing against North Carolina, unwilling to leave Morgan in his rear, sent Colonel Tarleton against him, with directions to "push him to the utmost."

10. 'Morgan at first retreated before the superior force of his enemy, but being closely pursued, he halted at a place called the Cowpens,* and arranged his men in order of battle. "Tarleton, soon coming up, confident of an easy victory, made an impetuous attack upon the militia, who at first gave way. The British cavalry likewise dispersed a body of the regular troops, but while they were engaged in the pursuit, the Americans rallied, and in one general charge entirely routed the enemy, who fled in confusion. The British lost three hundred in killed and wounded; while five hundred prisoners, a large quantity of baggage, and one hundred dragoon horses, fell into the hands of the conquerors. The Americans had only twelve men killed and sixty wounded.

11. On receiving the intelligence of Tarleton's defeat, Cornwallis, then on the left bank of the Broad River, destroyed his heavy baggage, and commenced a rapid march towards the fords of the Catawba,‡ hoping to arrive in time to intercept the retreat of Morgan before he could pass that river. After a toilsome march, Morgan succeeded in reaching the fords, and crossed the river in safety; but only two hours later the van of the enemy appeared on the opposite bank. It being then in the evening, Cornwallis halted and encamped; feeling confident of overtaking his adversary in the morning. During the night a heavy rain raised the waters of the river, and rendered it impassable for two days.

12. At this time General Greene, who had left the

3. Corn

wallis.

4 Course pursued by Morgan.

5. Battle of

the Cowpens.

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b. Jan. 17.

Loss sustained by each party.

Attempt of intercept

Cornwallis to

Morgan.

8. His pursuit, and Mor

gan's escape. c. Jan. 29.

9. Second disappointment of Cornwallis.

• Cowpens is near the northern boundary of S. Carolina, in Spartanburg district, five miles 8. from Broad River. (See Map, p. 392.)

t Broad River rises in the western part of N. Carolina, and flowing 8. into 8. Carolina receives Pacolet and Tiger Rivers from the W., and unites with the Saluda two miles N. from CoJumbia to form the Congaree. (See Map, p. 392.)

+ Catawba is the name given to the upper part of the Wateree. Cornwallis crossed at Gowan's Ford, 30 miles N. from the northern boundary of S. Carolina. (Map, p. 392.)

a. Jan. 31.

ANALYSIS. main body of his army on the left bank of the Pedee,* opposite Cheraw,† arrived and took the command of Morgan's division, which continued the retreat, and which was soon followed again in rapid pursuit by Cornwallis. Both armies hurried on to the Yadkin, which the Amerb. Feb. 2, 3. icans reached first; but while they were crossing, their rear-guard was attacked by the van of the British, and part of the baggage of the retreating army was abandoned. Again Cornwallis encamped, with only a river between him and his enemy; but a sudden rise in the waters again retarded him, and he was obliged to seek a passage higher up the stream. The rise of the waters, on these two occasions, was regarded by many as a manifest token of the protection which Heaven granted to the justice of the American cause.

1. How this

rise of the

waters toas

regarded.

2 The retreat after cross

ing the Yad

kin.

c. Feb 7.

d. See 12th

verse.

e Feb. 15.

L. The Dan.

3. Termina.

tion of the pursuit.

B. N. p. 393.

4. Next movements of Gen

company of

h. Feb 21, 22.

13. After crossing the Yadkin, General Greene proceeded to Guilford Court House, and after being joined by the remainder of his army," continued his retreat towards Virginia, still vigorously pursued by Cornwallis, who a third time reached the banks of a river, just as the American rear-guard had crossed safely to the other side. Mortified at being repeatedly disappointed after such prodigious efforts, Cornwallis abandoned the pursuit, and turning slowly to the South, established himself at Hillsboro'."

14. 'Soon after, General Greene, strengthened by a eral Greene; body of Virginians, recrossed the Dant into Carolina. and fate of a Learning that Tarleton had been sent into the district beloyalists. tween Haw§ and Deep Rivers, to secure the cooperation of a body of loyalists who were assembling there, he sent Col. Lee with a body of militia to oppose him. On the march, Lee fell in with the loyalists, three hundred and fifty in number, who, thinking they were meeting Tarlei Feb 25. ton, were easily surrounded. While they were eager to make themselves known by protestations of loyalty, and cries of "Long live the king," the militia fell upon them with fury, killed the greater portion, and took the remainder prisoners.

5. Battle of Guilford

15. Having received additional reenforcements, which Court House increased his number to 4400 men, Greene no longer avoided an engagement, but advancing to Guilford Court House,* posted his men on advantageous ground, and

The Great Pedee River rises in the Blue Ridge, in the northwestern part of N. Carolina, and flowing S.E. through S. Carolina, enters the Atlantic through Winyaw Bay, sixty miles N.E. from Charleston. In N. Carolina it bears the name of Yadkin River.

† Cheraw is on the W. bank of the Pedee, ten miles S. from the N. Carolina line. (See Map, p. 392) The Americans crossed the Yadkin near Salisbury.

Dan River, rising in the Blue Ridge, in the southern part of Virginia, and flowing E. unites with the Staunton to form the Roanoke.

Haw River from the N.W., and Deep River, from the W., unite in Chatham County, thirty miles S.W. of Raleigh, to form Cape Fear River.

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