ANALYSIS. found excavations, one of which was sixty feet in diame 1. Their prob. ter at the surface, with steps formed in its sides. "These able design. excavations were probably wells that supplied the inhabitants with water. 2 Works at Circleville. b. See No 2. inclosure. 15. At Circleville, near the Sciota River, were two earthen inclosures connected with each other; one an exact circle, and the other an exact square; the diameter of the former being sixty nine rods, and each side of the 3. The square latter fifty nine. "The wall of the square inclosure was about ten feet in height, having seven openings or gate. The circu- ways, each protected by a mound of earth. The circu lar inclosure lar inclosure was surrounded by two walls, with a ditch between them; the height from the bottom of the ditch to 5 Central the top of the walls being twenty feet. In the centre of the inclosure was a mound ten feet high, thirty feet in diameter at the summit, and several rods at the base. "East of the mound-partially inclosing it, and extending five or six rods, was a semicircular pavement, composed of pebbles, such as are found in the bed of the adjoining river, and an inclined plane leading to the summit. mound. 6. Semeir ment, and cular pave inclined plane. 7. Contents of the mound 16. On removing the earth composing the mound, there were found, immediately below it, on the original surface of the earth, two human skeletons partially consumed by fire, and surrounded by charcoal and ashes, and a few bricks well burnt ;-also a large quantity of arrow-heads, -the handle of a small sword or knife, made of elk-horn, having a silver ferule around the end where the blade had been inserted, and showing the appearance of a blade which had been consumed by rust, a large mirror of isinglass three feet in length and eighteen inches in width, and on the mirror the appearance of a plate of iron which closure. had likewise been consumed by rust. 'A short distance ANALYSIS. beyond the inclosure, on a hill, was another high mound, 1. Mound bewhich appears to have been the common cemetery, as it yond the incontained an immense number of human skeletons, of all sizes and ages. 2 Ancient works near Newark, below. 17. 'Near Newark, in Licking County, on an extensive and elevated plain at the junction of two branches of the Muskingum, were the remains of ancient works of a still more interesting character. At the western extremity of a. See No. 3, these works was a circular fort containing twenty two acres, on one side of which was an elevation thirty feet high, built partly of earth, and partly of stone. This circular fort was connected, by parallel walls of earth, with an octagonal fort containing forty acres, the walls of which were ten feet high. To this fort were eight openings or gateways, about fifteen feet in width, each protected by a mound of earth on the inside. walls of earth: other closures: mounds, . forts or in 18. From the fort, parallel walls of earth proceeded 3. Parallel to the former basin of the river:-others extended several miles into the country;-and others on the east to a square fort containing twenty acres, nearly four miles distant.* From this latter fort parallel walls extended to the river, and others to a circular fort a mile and a half distant, containing twenty six acres, and surrounded by an embankment from twenty five to thirty feet high. Farther north and east, on elevated ground protected by intrenchments, were mounds containing the remains of the dead. It has been supposed that the parallel walls, extending The proportionate length of the parallel walls of earth in the engraved plan, has been di minished, for want of room. ANALYSIS. South, connected these works with others thirty miles dis 1. Ancient ruin near Ohio. page. tant. 19. 'Near Somerset, in Perry County, is an ancient Somerset, in ruin, whose walls, inclosing more than forty acres, were a. See No. 4, built with rude fragments of rocks, which are now thrown preceding down, but which were sufficient to construct a wall seven feet in height, and five or six in thickness. The inclosure has two openings, before one of which is a large and high rock, protecting the passage. Near the centre of the work is a circular conical mound, fifteen or twenty feet in height; and in the line of the wall, and forming a part of it, is one of smaller dimensions. Near the southern extremity of the inclosure is a small work, containing half an acre, whose walls are of earth, but only a few feet in height. 2. Works on the North Branch of Paint Creek. b. See No. 5, preceding page. 20. A short distance west of Chilicothe, on the North Branch of Paint Creek, there are several successive natural deposites of the soil, called river bottoms, rising one above the other in the form of terraces. Here are ancient works consisting of two inclosures, connected with 8 The largest each other. The largest contains an area of one hundred and ten acres, wholly surrounded by a wall of earth, and encompassed by a ditch twenty feet wide, except on the side towards the river. Within this inclosure, and encompassed likewise by a wall and ditch, were two circular works, the largest of which contained six mounds, 4. The small which have been used as cemeteries. "The smaller in inclosure. er one. 5. Ruins at Paint Creek c. See No 6, on the north stream. closure, on the east, contains sixteen acres, and is surrounded by a wall merely, in which are several openings or gateways. 21. 'On Paint Creek, also, a few miles nearer Chilicothe, in the same state, were extensive ruins on opposite next page. sides of the stream. Those on the north consisted of an 6. Inclosures irregular inclosure, containing seventy seven acres, and side of the two adjoining ones, the one square and the other circular, the former containing twenty seven and the latter seven7. Mounds, teen acres. 'Within the large inclosure were several mounds and wells, and two elliptical elevations, one of which was twenty five feet high and twenty rods long. This was constructed of stones and earth, and contained vast quantities of human bones. wells, eleva tions, c. d See a in the engraving. 8. Other works. e. Sec b. 1 See c. 22. The other elliptical elevation was from eight to fifteen feet high. Another work, in the form of a half moon, was bordered with stones of a kind now found about a mile from the spot. Near this work was a mound five feet high and thirty feet in diameter, composed entirely of red ochre, which was doubtless brought from a hill at a great distance from the place. of the stream. 23. 'The walls of the ruins on the south side of the ANALYSIS. stream were irregular in form, and about ten feet high. Ruins on The principal inclosure contained eighty four acres, and the south side the adjoining square twenty seven. A small rivulet, rising without the inclosure, passes through the wall, and loses itself in an aperture in the earth, supposed to have been originally a work of art. cinders. 24. 'East of these works, on the summit of a rocky 2. Stone wall. precipitous hill, about three hundred feet in height, rises a wall of unhewn stone, inclosing an area of one hundred and thirty acres. The wall was on the very edge of the hill, and it had two gateways, one opening directly towards the creek. A large quantity of ashes and cinders, sev- 3 Ashes anderal feet in depth, was found within the inclosure, adjoining the wall on the south side. 'Below the hill, in the slate-rock which forms the bed of the creek, are four wells, several feet in depth. Each was found covered by a large stone, having an aperture through the centre. It is believed that the stream has changed its channel since the wells were excavated. 4. Wells. 5. Ruins opmouth of the posite the Sciota River. a. See No. 7, 25. 'At the mouth of the Sciota River, on both sides of the Ohio, are ruins of ancient works several miles in extent. On the south side of the Ohio, opposite Alexandria, is an extensive inclosure, nearly square, whose walls next page. of earth are now from fourteen to twenty feet in height. At the southwest corner is a mound twenty feet in height, and covering about half an acre. Both east and west of the large inclosure are walls of earth nearly parallel— half a mile or more in length-about ten rods apart—and at present from four to six feet in height. ruins at the mouth of the north side of re Sciota, on the 26. "On the north side of the river are similar ruins, 6. Similar but more intricate and extensive. Walls of earth, mostly parallel, commencing near the Sciota, after running a distance of nearly four miles, and ascending a high hill, terminate near four mounds, three of which are six feet in height, covering nearly an acre each. The fourth and largest is twenty feet high, and has a raised walk ascend parallel walls of earth ANALYSIS. ing to its summit, and another descending from it. 1. Mounds, 'Near this was a mound twenty five feet in height, containing wells, c. the remains of the dead; and about a quarter of a mile northwest another mound had been commenced. On the brow of the hill is a well now twenty feet deep, and two others near, of less depth. From the summit of the hill are parallel walls, nearly two miles in length, extending eastwardly to a bend in the Ohio, and thus embracing an area of several square miles within the circuit of the works and the river. Parallel walls. 2. Ruins throughout in Missouri. 27. 'Ruins similar to those already mentioned are found the Mississip in great numbers throughout almost the entire valley of pi Valley the Mississippi, but those in the State of Ohio have been the most carefully surveyed, and the most accurately de3. Stone walls scribed. In Missouri are the remains of several stone works; and in Gasconade county are the ruins of an ancient town, regularly laid out in streets and squares. The walls of the ruins were found covered with large cotton 4. Ruins far- trees, a species of poplar, of full growth. 'Similar remains have been discovered in the territory west of the State of Missouri, and also on the Platte River, the Kan. zas, and the Arkansas. ther test. 5. Mounds throughout States. 28. Mounds, likewise, of various forms, square, obthe United long, or circular at the base, and flat or conical at the summit, have been found in great numbers throughout the United States; sometimes in isolated positions, but . Their uses. mostly in the vicinity of the mural remains. "Some were used as general cemeteries, and were literally filled with human bones: others appear to have been erected as monuments over the ashes of the dead, their bodies having |