everywhere conspicuous in the sculptures of their temples would seem impure in description, but no clean and thoughtful mind could so regard them while witnessing the obvious simplicity and solemnity with which the subject is treated.

Concerning future states of existence, they held views very similar to those taught by the Bramins. The human soul was regarded as an emanation from the Universal Soul, and a portion of him. It had fallen from a state of purity and bliss, and was sent into this world for expiation. Eventually, it would be absorbed in the Eternal Source, after many transmigrations through a great variety of forms. Herodotus says, "The Egyptians are the first of mankind who asserted that the soul of man is immortal, When the body perishes, they believe it enters the form of a newly-born animal; but when it has passed through all animals of the earth, water, and air, it again returns to a human body. They affirm that this series of transmigrations is completed in three thousand years."

The expression of Herodotus seems to imply return to a new human body. But it is generally supposed that they expected the soul would come back, at the end of that period, to the same body it formerly inhabited; and there seems no other way of accounting for the great care and expense bestowed on embalming the dead, the size and magnificence of the tombs built for their reception, and the numerous convenient and valuable articles usually deposited therein.

Diodorus Siculus says: "The Egyptians consider this life as of very trifling consequence, and they therefore value in proportion a quiet repose after death. This leads them to consider the habitations of the living as mere lodgings, in which as travellers they put up for a short time; while they call the sepulchres of the dead everlasting dwellings, because the dead continue in the grave such an immeasurable length of time. They therefore pay but little attention to the building of their houses, but bestow cost and care, scarcely credible, upon their sepulchres."

Before a funeral, a tribunal of forty members was assembled to inquire into the character of the deceased, and decide whether he was worthy of burial. Every one was free to appear as accuser, but false charges were severely punished. If the departed one was adjudged worthy of sepulture, deities were invoked to receive him among the just, and with many solemn ceremonies he was consigned to the tomb.

All the dead, both men and women, were spoken of as Osiriana; by which they intended to signify "gone to Osiris." Their belief in One Supreme Being, and the immortality of the soul, must have been very ancient; for on a monument, which dates ages before Abraham, is found this epitaph: "May thy soul attain to the Creator of all mankind." Sculptures and paintings in these grand receptacles of the dead, as translated by Champollion, represent the deceased ushered into the world of spirits by funeral deities, who announce, "A soul arrived in Amenti!" Forty two Assessors of the Dead presided over the forty-two sins to which Egyptians believed human beings were subject. Each of these assessors in turn question the spirit that has just parted from its body: "Have you blasphemed? Have you stolen sacred property? Have you lied? Have you been licentious? Have you shaken your head at the words of truth?" (meaning, "Have you been sceptical ?") Thoth produces the Book of Life, on which he has recorded the moral life of this soul. The symbols of his actions are put in scales of Thmei, Goddess of Truth and Justice, "who weighs hearts in the balance; no sinner escapes her." These records are presented to Osiris the Judge, and if they are favourable, he raises his sceptre as a signal to pass into the abodes of the blest. Little is now known concerning the nature of the happiness supposed to be in those regions. It is mentioned that Osiris ordered the names of some souls to be written on the Tree of Life, the fruit of which made those who ate it to become as gods. Rather more is known concerning the nature and degrees of punishment. They believed there

were three zones for the residence of souls. The lowest was this earth, a zone of trial; the second was the zone of the air, perpetually convulsed by winds and storms, a place of temporary punishment; the third and highest was an ethereal zone of rest and peace. In several of the sculptures there are indications of punishment by transmigration into inferior forms. Spineto speaks of one, where, on a flight of steps, which formed a communication between Amenti and the world, the deceased was represented in the form of a dog, with his tail between his legs, striving to escape from the god Anubis, who was driving him back to this world. Harriet Martineau thus describes another which she examined: "A hopeless-looking pig, with a bristling back, was in a boat, the stern of which was toward the heavenly regions. Two monkeys were with it, one at the bow, the other whipping or driving the pig. This was a wicked soul sent back to earth under the conduct of the agents of Thoth. The busy and gleeful look of the monkeys, and the humbled aspect of the pig were powerfully given. This was the lowest state of the punished soul; but it would have to pass through some very mournful ones, and for a very long time; to be probably a wolf, scorpion, kite, or some other odious creature, in weary succession."

In some of these monuments, the deceased is represented with a chain round his neck, led by a procession of Spirits, each with a star over his head. Progressive states of the soul, after it leaves this lower zone, are indicated by a series of twelve small apartments, the entrance of each guarded by a Serpent, with his name over him, and the inscription, "He dwells above this great door, and opens it to the God Sun." According to Champollion, one series of these abodes bear this inscription: "These hostile souls see not our god when he casts the rays from his disk; they no longer dwell in the terrestrial world; and they hear not the voice of the great god, when he traverses their zones." Over another series is written: "These have found grace in the eyes of the Great God. They dwell in the abodes of glory; those in which the heavenly life is led. The

bodies which they have abandoned will repose forever in their tombs, while they will enjoy the presence of the Supreme God."

Egyptians considered their own country as peculiarly privileged, and set apart from others. They called it "The Pure Land;" "Region of Justice and Truth." They were extremely courteous to foreigners in all things unconnected with religious scruples; but they considered it unclean to eat or drink with them. They were more partial to the Grecians than any other nation, but they deemed it pollution to kiss a Greek, or touch the knife with which he ate his food, or to use any of his cooking utensils; because Greeks were accustomed to eat the beef of cows, the most sacred of all animals in Egypt. It is recorded in the Hebrew Scriptures that when the brethren of Joseph were invited to eat, "they set on for him by himself, and for them by themselves, and for the Egyptians by themselves; because the Egyptians may not eat bread with the Hebrews; for that is an abomination unto them." Though Joseph was so high in favour with Pharaoh, he was excluded by the same custom which now prevents wealthy Hindoos from dining at the same table with their British governors.

The idea of successive grades of emanations from the Deity introduced a distinction of castes into Egypt, as it did in Hindostan. Priests and kings were believed to have emanated before labourers, who, on account of being further removed from the Divine Source of Being, were supposed to have received a smaller and more attenuated influence of his Pure Spirit. Priests, warriors, and labourers constituted the principal castes; but the latter were subdivided into various classes. Fishermen, and those who tended herds and flocks, were among the lowest. The caste of swine-herds was the most despised, and their situation seems to have been similar to the wretched Pariahs of Hindostan. They were not allowed to enter the temples, to come in contact with the priests, or to hold any communication with the higher castes. They were obliged to live in places set apart for them, and it was pollution to touch any vessel VOL. I.-14*

they had used. Egyptians supposed that Evil Spirits, and the souls of impure men, entered into swine, which they regarded as the most unclean of all animals. The higher castes had great horror of tasting the flesh, and if they happened to touch the creatures, even by accident, they went through religious purifications to cleanse themselves from pollution. They were, however, necessary; for when they sowed their lands, soaked by inundation of the Nile, herds of swine were driven over the fields, to trample the seed into the earth. Because they thus assisted the Fructifying Principle, a hog was annually sacrified to Osiris in every house. The soul imprisoned in the pig, for punishment, expiated its sins by being sacrificed; thus a debt of gratitude was paid to the animal.

In addition to pride of caste, there were other reasons for Egyptian prejudice against shepherds. Their policy was opposed to the nomadic life, which they knew was fatal to the progress of civilization; therefore, the descendants of Jacob were required to settle in one territory, which would lead to the necessity of building towns. They had, moreover, a strong national animosity to wandering herdsmen, in consequence of what they had suffered by the irruption of Pali, or Shepherds, from the East. The monarchs, who compelled them to toil in building the great pyramids, were of that odious race. Herodotus says they had such an extreme aversion to their memory, that they avoided mentioning them, and called their pyramids by the name of a shepherd who fed his cattle in those places. Thus there was a threefold reason why Joseph should say, "Shepherds are an abomination unto the Egyptians." They made a distinction in favour of their own herdsmen, who tended cattle connected with agricultural pursuits in their villages. Such men, though humble in rank, were not detested like tribes of roving shepherds. To a certain degree, they were cared for by the priests, who prescribed such food for them as they deemed suitable; bread made of bran, fish, the flesh of some few animals, and barley-beer for drink.

Circumcision, being closely connected with their ideas of