IV.

THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN FREDERICK BAROSSA AND ALEXANDER III.

(Doeberl iv. pp. 165-247.)

(a.) Epistola Minor of the Council of Pavia, Feb. 51160 A.D. (Encyclic.)

Inasmuch as the turmoil in which the apostolic se been involved has exceedingly wounded the hear Christians, we, who have congregated at Pavia to hea schisms and to restore the peace of the church, thought best fully to intimate to all of you the natu the case and the manner of procedure and the ru of the holy council. We do this in order that the shown forth simply and truly in the present writing forcibly expel any false impressions which the hearers have conceived, and that henceforth they may not be ceived by schismatic writings.

When, therefore, all of the orthodox congregated Pavia in the name of the Lord had taken their seats, case was lawfully and canonically tried and diligently vestigated during 7 successive days. And it was s ciently and canonically proved in the eyes of the cou through capable witnesses, that, in the church of St Pe our lord pope Victor and no other had been elected solemnly enmantled by the sounder part of the cardinal at the request of the people and with the consent at the desire of the clergy; and that, Roland the for chancellor being present and not objecting, he was pla in the chair of St Peter; and that there, by the clergy Rome and the cardinals, a grand Te Deum was sung to hi and that thence, wearing the stoles and other papal insign he was led to the palace.

And the clergy and people being asked according custom by the notary if they agreed, replied thrice with loud voice: "We agree."

It was proved also that Roland, on the twelfth day af the promotion of pope Victor, going forth from Rome w

first enmantled at Cisterna where once the emperor Nero, an exile from the city, remained in hiding. It was proved that Roland, being interrogated by the rectors of the Roman clergy and the clergy of his cardinalate as to whether they were to obey pope Victor,-expressly confessed that he himself had never been enmantled, and expressly said: Go and obey him whom you shall see to be enmantled. . . .

Then the venerable bishops Hermann of Verden, Daniel of Prague and Otto count Palatine, and master Herbert, provost, whom the lord emperor, by the advice of 22 bishops and the Cistercian and Clairvaux abbots and other monks there present, had sent to Rome to summon the parties before the council at Pavia, gave testimony in the sight of the council that they had summoned before the presence of the church congregated at Pavia, through three edicts at intervals, peremptorily and solemnly, all secular influence being removed, Roland the chancellor and his party; and that Roland the chancellor and his party with loud voice and with their own lips manifestly declared that they were unwilling to accept any judgment or investigation from the church. . .

Being sufficiently instructed, therefore, from all these things, and the truth being fully declared on both sides, it pleased the reverend council that the election of pope Victor, who, like a gentle and innocent lamb had come to humbly receive the judgment of the church, should be approved and confirmed, and the election of Roland should be altogether cancelled. And this was done.

The election of pope Victor, then, after all secular influence had been removed and the grace of the Holy Spirit invoked, being confirmed and accepted,—the most Christian emperor, last, after all the bishops and after all the clergy, by the advice and petition of the council, accepted and approved the election of pope Victor. And, after him, all the princes and an innumerable multitude of men who were present, being asked three times if they agreed, replied, rejoicing with loud voice: "We agree."

On the following day-that is, on the first Saturday in Lent-pope Victor was led with honour in procession from the church of St. Salvatore without the city, where he had

been harboured, to the universal church. There the most holy emperor received him before the gates of the church, and, as he descended from his horse, humbly held his stirrup, and, taking his hand, led him to the altar and kissed his feet. And all of us-the patriarch, the archbishops, bishops and abbots and all the princes as well as the whole multitude that was present-kissed the feet of the pope. And on the next day-the Sabbath, namely—a general council being held, the lord pope and we with him, with blazing candles anathematized Roland the chancellor as schismatic, and likewise his chief supporters; and we handed him over to Satan unto the death of the flesh, that his spirit might be safe at the day of the Lord.

We wish, moreover, that it be not hidden from your prudent discernment that Roland the chancellor and certain cardinals of his following had formed a conspiracy while pope Adrian was still alive. The tenor of this conspiracy was, moreover, that if pope Adrian should happen to die while they were still living, they should elect one cardinal from those who were banded together in that conspiracy.

For the rest, on the part of Almighty God, and of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul, and of all the saints, and of the orthodox men who have come together by the divine will to heal the schism, we humbly implore and admonish all of you in Christ, that, all doubt and ambiguity being removed, you will irrefragably confirm and hold fast those things which the church of God congregated at Pavia has faithfully ordained for the honour of the Creator and for the tranquillity of your mother the holy Roman church and for the salvation of all Christians. And we pray that our Redeemer Christ Jesus may long preserve the universal pontiff, our pope Victor, in whose sanctity and religion we altogether trust; and that He will grant to him all tranquillity and peace, so that, through him, Almighty God shall be honoured and the Roman church and the whole Christian religion may receive an increase pleasing to God. In order, moreover, that our action may have more weight with those who read this we have thought best to subscribe the consent and the names of all of us. I, Peregrin, patriarch of Aquileija, etc. etc.

(b.) Letter of John of Salisbury concerning the Council of Pavia. June, 1160.

To his master and dearest friend Randolf de Serres, John of Salisbury sends greeting and whatever there is better than that. I do not doubt thee to be a sharer, my beloved, in our difficulties; for the cause which troubles us is not different or dissimilar, although it affects us differently and dissimilarly. For we, from near by, receive in our hands the arrows of raging fortune, and always before our eyes there is matter for continual labour and grief and sorrow. Our bitter lot gives us no time or place for happiness or rest, hardly is even a faint hope of solace left to us. And that is from God; for now, indeed, we despair of human help. Want of means, indeed, oppresses me on account of weight of debt and of the importunity of my creditors; but grief obliterates this care, and the inroad of a stronger and a public fear swallows up all that is private. Thou thyself dost feel also what I feel; what I say, thou dost, I think, say to thyself in continual meditation; and, with circumspect mind thou dost anticipate the sad word which I am about to speak. For thou also, unless thou dost put off thyself, art with viligant and continual care occupied with our labours and griefs, inasmuch as thou art troubled with the misfortune of our common master. For whilst thou dost look upon the disasters of the universal church from whose breasts we are nourished, dost weigh the matter, dost measure the dangers,-the meditation adds grief to grief, grief such as thou canst not bear. Nevertheless in all this thou hast been more gently treated than I, for thou having obtained the lot of a more independent condition, art not compelled to be present and to weep at every breath and at every hour, and at every complaint of a desolate family; nor dost thou by any means fear that there is hanging over thee either exile or the necessity of committing some infamous crime. For thou dost live under a prince who is thought of with joy and benediction.1 We, however, fear beyond measure lest the

1 Louis VII. of France.

German emperor circumvent and subvert with his the serenity of our prince.' It seems to me to very little difference whom the presumption of the Pavian convention supports, unless that the elect Alexander, if any one doubted of it, is confirmed very testimony of the opposing party.

To pass over the rashness of one who has presum judge the Roman church which is reserved for the ment of God alone, and who, when he ought to have excommunicated-as the disgraceful treatment o cardinals at Vesançon shows-cited through a perem edict before his judgment seat two men, and, h already made up his mind as to the sentence, greete with the name of his old office and dignity, the other the appellation of Roman pontiff, revealing to the ser and people his secret inclination: whatever has been at Pavia is found to be contrary, as well to common ness, as to the lawful constitutions and sanctions o fathers. Of course the absent were condemned, and case which was not investigated, nay, which had no to be investigated there, or in that way, or by such m impudently and imprudently and iniquitously, a sen was hurriedly given.

But perhaps one ought to say "those who abse themselves," rather than "the absent." Surely so those men ignore or pretend to ignore the privilege of holy Roman church. Who has subjected the univ church to the judgment of a single church? Who constituted the Germans judges of the nations? Who conferred authority on these brutal and impetuous me electing at their will a prince over the sons of men? indeed, their fury has often attempted this, but, bringing it about, it has often had to blush, prostrate confused, over its iniquity. But I know what this Ger is attempting. For I was at Rome, under the rule of blessed Eugenius, when, in the first embassy sent at beginning of his reign, his intolerable pride and incaut tongue displayed such daring impudence. For he prom that he would reform the rule of the whole world,

1 Henry II. of England.