philosophical arguments for religious

doctrines, i. 123.

Abbaconites, ii. 323.

Absence of means of permanent power
under the feudal system, i. 76.
Absolute power, incorrigible evil and
infallible effect of, 262; progress of
under Philip le Bel, iii. 276.
Adoptians, heresy of, ii. 317.
Agricultural population in Gaul, state

of from fourth to fourteenth century,
iii. 135, et seq.; not materially changed
by the invasion, ib.; improvement in
its condition, 145; texts illustrating
this improvement, ib., et seq.
Alaric, contents of the collection of laws
made by, ii. 8.

Alcuin chosen as representative of the
intellectual movement of his time,
ii. 230; meeting of, with Charlemagne,
233; consequences, ib.; his occupa-
tions under Charlemagne, 234;
restoration of ancient manuscripts by,
ib.; revisal of the sacred writings by,
235; ancient manuscripts, ardour for
the reproduction of, caused by the
labours of, 236; list of some of the
distinguished auditors of, at the
School of the Palace, 238; review of
the letters of, to Charlemagne, 248
-246; letters of, 247; retires to
the abbey of St. Martin of Tours, ib.;
his activity of life there, ib.; letter
to Charlemagne, refusing to attend
him to Rome, ib.; his death, 248;
account of his works, 248, 252;
summary of his character, 253.

tion in England, i. 60.

Alliance of philosophy and history one

of the characteristics of the present
day, i. 64.

Allodium, meaning of, as contradistin-
guished from beneficium, iii. 22.
Ambrose, Saint, bishop of Milan, his
works, i. 358

America, discovery of, by Christopher
Columbus, i. 211.

Ammianus Marcellinus referred to, i.
415.

Ancient peoples often merely confedera⚫
tions of towns, i. 28.

Angesise, his collections of canons, ii.
212.

Anglo-Saxons, conversion of the, by Gre-
gory the Great, ii. 173; missionaries.
employed by the popes, 174.
Anima De Ratione, account of and ex-
tracts from this work, ii. 251.
Apostles, the first instruments in the
foundation of Christianity, i. 324.
Arabs, peculiar character of their inva-
sion, i. 53.

Archbishops, institution of, ii. 46.
Archdeacons, institution of, ii. 46.
Archicapellanus, gradual assumption of
importance by the, ii. 32.
Archiepiscopal system, decay of the, ii.
48.

Arnobius, his opinion, " that that which
is ethereal immortal, cannot feel
pain," i. 314.

Aristocracy, true meaning of the term,
i. 310; birth of the territorial,
448.

tianity, two essential differences be-
tween, ii. 281.

ill. 73.

Aristocratic principle, prevalence of the,

in the Gaulo-Frankish church; its de-
cay, ii. 163; prevalence of the, in
Gaulo-Frankish state after the inva-
sion, 165.

Aristocratic spirit, predominant in the
Roman cities, iii. 331; good and
evil of this spirit, ib.

Arles, council of, in 472, i. 387; that of
813, its canons, 318.

Art, its share in the civilization of na-
tions, i. 6.

Ascetes, or first forms of monks, described,
ii. 61.

Assemblies in the eighth century, i. 444.
Assises de Jerusalem, quoted in illustra-

tion of the obligations of vassalage,
iii. 157.

Athanacum established at Lyons, i. 398.
Attila to Theodosius, embassy of, narra-
tive of, ii. 415.

Augustin, St., called upon to maintain
the general systems of the doctrines of
the church, i. 381; death of, in 430,
386.

Ausonius, the poet, characterized, i. 340.
Austregesilus, St., passage from the life
of, ii. 135.

Austria, the house of, elevates itself, and

becomes dominant in Europe, i. 215.
Auxilia, a service due from vassals to
their suzerain, iii. 102.
Avitus, St., sketch of his life, ii. 146; list
of his poems; resemblance to Milton,
147; his poems reviewed, 147-156;
extracts, with analogous passages from
Paradise Lost, 148-156.

BACON and Descartes, the authors of the

greatest philosophical revolution the
world has undergone, i. 217.
Bailiffs, use and nature of their office,
iii. 277.

Bands, distinguished from tribes, ii. 41.
Barante, M. de, his Histoire des ducs de
Bourgogne, i. 148.

Barbaric royalty, government of Charle-
magne did not resemble it, iii. 70.
Barbarism, prevalent character of, iii.
195, 196.

Barbarous epoch, its true character re-
vealed by the simultaneous preten-
sions of the different principles of civi-
lization to a predominance therein, i.
49; confusion and instability of insti-
tions during, 51.; characterized, ib. ;
condition of individuals during, ib.

Barbarous invasion, proofs of its long
duration after the fall of the Roman
empire, i. 52, 53; arrested, 60.
Barbarous society, difficulty of ascertain.
ing its character; reason of that dif
ficulty, i. 39.

Bavon, St., passage from the Life of, il,

128.

Benedict, St., history of, ii. 72—74; re-
prehension and reformation of monkish
irregularities by, ii. 73, 74; his rules
of monastic life, 74-80, introduction
of perpetual vows by, 78; peculiar
political institutions given to monas-
teries by, 79, 80; good sense and mo-
deration of his rules, 80; rapid spread
of his rule, 80, 81; his instructions
concerning the admission of priests
into monasteries, 87, 88.

Benedict d'Aniane at the council of
Francfort, ii. 316.

Benedict the deacon, his collection or
canons, ii. 213.

Benedictine monks, agriculturists, ii. 75;

passive obedience of to their supe
riors, 77; personal property not per-
mitted to, 78.

Beaumanoir, text from, with regard to
feudal judgment, iii. 175.
Beauvais, history of, and ordinances re-
specting, iii. 390; murder of Renaud,
398; letter of the peers of, to
Suger, 405; plaint of the chapter of,
against the bishop, 413: inquiry into
the disturbances caused by an irregu
lar nomination of a king's officer, 418
-427; decree relating to the parlia-
ment of Paris, 429.

bishop of, right of, to use
the citizens' horses, 241; decree of
the bishop concerning, ib.; decree of
parliament concerning it, 444; appeal
of, against the interdict of Simon de
Nesle, 448; enumeration of the com.
plaints of the borough and bishop of
452; accusations brought against the
borough by the bishop, 457; judgment
of the arbitrators concerning, 458; &
judgment of the bailiff of, 468.
Benefices, different kinds of, iii. 22; legal
condition of, 23; theories of the politi-
cal historians respecting them, 23; the
theory of their revocability, a fallaoy,
24; their instability, 25,
Benefices, various texts illustrative of the
popular opinion respecting their fixity,

Hi. 25; their permanent character, 26;
second stage of their progress, ib.;
their third stage, 28; texts illustrating
that stage, viz. aat of life duration,

29.

Benefices, temporary, mention of a spe-
cies of, iii. 28.

hereditary, appear at all
epochs, iii. 29; necessity for this, ib.;
illustrative texts, 30; period at which
they became universally hereditary,
82; causes of this, ib.

Beneficia, necessity of studying the his-
tory of the, in order to study that of
the feoda, iii. 22; difference between
beneficium and allodium, ib.
Beneficium indicated the same condition
of territorial property, as, at a later
period, was expressed by feodum, iii
21; these two words synonymous, ib.
Bertin, Chronique de Saint, extract from,
concerning the return of the crown to
the Carlovingian race, iii. 205.
Bishops, position of, in their dioceses
in the fifth century, i. 327; the start-
ing point of ecclesiastical organization,
ii. 45; causes of their independence of
the clergy, 52; the sole administrators
of church property, 53; power of,
over parish priests, 54; increased po-
litical importance of, strengthened
their religious dominion, ib.; erect
fortifications, iii. 88.

Boniface, St., sketch of the life of, ii. 175;
oath taken by him upon his nomina-
tion, ib.; his statement of the decrees
of the first German council held under
his presidence, 176; extract from
letter addressed by him to pope Za-
charias, 177; his retirement from
the bishopric of Mayence, and death,
178.

Boroughs first occupy a place in his-
tory in the 11th century, i. 125;
of the 12th and 18th centuries con-
trasted, 126-128; two keys to the
history of, 129; condition of, down
to the 16th century, 143; causes of
their want of influence in the state,
143, 144; diversity in their his-
tories, 144; the great ones created
by the crusades, 159; opposition of
the, and feudalism, 189, 190; origin
of, iii. 29, 298; instances of their
military service, 299; Roman, their
origin, review of, 305; differences in

the internal organization of, ib.; cor-
porate, their formation as such, 316.
Boroughs of the middle ages do not re-
semble the Roman cities, iii. 326; or-
ganization of the, 333; those in
southern France more aristocratic
than those in northern France, 334;
distinction between those of France
and those of Italy, 335; destiny of in
Italy, 338; way in which most bo-
roughs formed themselves, 341; ex-
ample of the intervention of royalty
in, given in a charter of the abbey of
St. Riquier, ib.; first cause of the de-
cline of, 338; second cause, 340;
third cause, 343; necessity for the in-
tervention of royalty, 344; disappear-
ance of many at the end of the 13th
and beginning of the 14th century,
345; examples of, ib.; public collec-
tions of ordinances relating to, first
appear under St. Louis and Philip le
Bel, 348,

Bourgeoisie, nowhere so completely de-
veloped as in France, iii. 292; origin
of, 300.

Bourges, sketch of the history of, iii. 306.
Bovines, account of the public rejoicings
after the battle of, iii. 240.

Bray, Nicholas de, his description of the
entrance of Louis VIII. into Paris, iii.
241.
Breviarium Alaricanum, the, collected
by Alaric, i. 486; interpretation of,
ii. 8, 9.

Aniani, collected by command of
Alaric, ii. 6, 7.
Brosse, Pierre de la, his trial and exe-
cution, iii. 279.

Brussel, mistake of, regarding the mean-
ing of the word fief, iii. 20.
Burghers, sources of the influence of the,
upon modern civilization, i. 129; the
class of, described, 137.
Burgundians, establishment of the, in
Gaul, i. 434; establishment of the
Frank and Visigoth kings, iii. 98;
law of the, not the same with that
of the Franks, i. 485; Roman law
among the, ii. 11.

CABAL, character of the, and of the
English government, from 1667-
1679, i. 244.

Canons sent in 747 to Pepin, by Pope

Zachary, ii, 312; in 774, by Adrian I.

to Charlemagne, ib.; of the church,
collections of, 339.
Capetian kings, their importance not so
little as is supposed, iii. 207; their in-
activity has been greatly exaggerated,
210; causes of this, ib.
Capet, Hugh, crowned at Reims, iii. 206;
abdicates the abbotships of Saint Ger-
main and Saint Denis, ib.; his appro- |
priation of the Christian character of
royalty, 207.

Cape of Good Hope, discovery of the,
i. 211.

Capitation Tax, vexations of, iii. 131
Capitularies, the term not applied only

to the laws of Charlemagne, ii. 212;
list of the capitularies of the descend-
ants of Charlemagne, ib.; two different
collections of, 212; Baluze's edition of
these and other collections, 213; erro-
neous notions concerning the meaning
of the word, 214; analysis of Baluze,
215; attempted classification of his
contents, ib.; extracts from Baluze,
ib., et seq.

of Charlemagne, Louis le De-
bonnaire, Charles le Chauve, Louis le
Begue, Carloman, Eudes, and Charles
le Simple, comparative analytical
table of the, ii. 303.

Carloman, analytical table of the capitu-
laries of, ii. 300; capitulary decreed
by, in 743, 323.

Carlovingian kings, the accession of,
marks a crisis in religious society,
ii. 17.
Carlovingians, character of the revolu-
tions which substituted the, for the
Merovingians, ii. 162.

Cassienus the monk, i. 354.
Caste, the dominion of a victorious, the
organizing principle of some ancient
civilizations, i. 22; essentially heredi-
tary, has therefore no existence among
the Christian clergy, 98,

Castle, description of one, in the Mid-
dle Ages, iii. 86, 87.
Celebrated men of the time of Charle-
magne, table of, ii. 347.

Celibacy of priests an obstacle to the
establishment of a theocracy, i. 182,

183.

Cenobites, or fourth form of monastic in-
stitutions, ii. 62.

Central government, organization of, ii.

498.

Centralization of government, attempts
at, by Philip Augustus, iii. 282.
Centralization, advantages of, to France
iii. 354.

Cesaire, St. life of, sketched, ii. 105; ex-
tracts from the writings of, 106.
Charles XII., expedition of, against Rus-
sia, i. 256.

Charlemagne, his endeavours to revive
civilization in France; the revival of
civilization the leading motive of all
his actions, i. 59, 60; erroneous no-
tions prevalent as to what was really
effected by him, ii. 183; apparent eva-
nescence of his greatness, ib.; eventful
character of his period compared with
the preceding period, 185; he may be
considered under three principal points
of view, 186; table of his wars, 186
-188; character and results of his
wars, 188-191; how far he succeeded
in his attempt to found a great system
of administration, 191; his govern-
ment of the provinces, 192; his missi
dominici, ib.; his central government,
93; table of the general assemblies
convoked under him, ib. ; curious docu-
ment of Hincmar concerning those
assemblies, 194-196; Charlemagne
himself their centre, 196; table of the
capitularies of, 197, 198; activity the
characteristic of his government, 199;
table of the acts and documents which
remain of his epoch, 199, 200; the
central government wich he esta-
blished could not long survive him,
201; the effect of his local govern-
ment remained, ib.; influence of, in
the intellectual order; difficulty of es-
timating it, 202; table of the cele
brated men born, or who died under
his reign, 203, 347; vast permanent
change effected by in western Europe,
207; character of this change, 207,
208; failure of his attempt to re-
establish the Roman empire, 208, 209;
analytical table of his capitularies,
220, 221; moral legislation of, 221-
223; political legislation of, 223; pe
nal legislation of, 225; civil legislation
of, ib.; religious legislation of, 226;
canonical legislation of, ib.; domestic
legislation of, 227, occasional legisla-
lation of, ib.; his endeavours to at-
tract learned foreigners into his states,
231; ordinance of, concerning the