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continued on friendly terms with the Jews. Of the Kenizzites nothing is known, nor are they heard of in the subsequent history of the Bible.

The Kadmonites are supposed to have resided about the head-waters of the Jordan, under Hermon. This name is still preserved among the Nusairîyeh north of Tripoli, and they have a tradition that their ancestors were expelled from Palestine by Joshua. It is curious, also, that a fragment of this strange people still cling to their original home at 'AinFît, Zaora, and Ghujar, near the foot of Hermon. I have repeatedly traveled among them in their own mountains, and many things in their physiognomy and manners gave me the idea that they were a remnant of the most ancient inhabitants of this country. We may yet become better acquainted with them before our pilgrimage is completed. The Rephaims are often mentioned as giants and rulers among the people of the land. King Og was one of them, and so, I suppose, was Goliath. A tribe of them resided, long before, in the north of the Hauran, and were defeated and subdued by Chedorlaomer.' They also dwelt in the south of Judea even down to the time of David, if not later. The Perizzites seem to have been a mingled race like the Canaanites, and their residence was in the mountains of Judea, and northward in Ephraim as far as the plain of Esdraelon. It is plain, from Josh. xi. 3, and Judg. iii. 3, that the Hivites dwelt mainly along the western base of Hermon, and up the great Wady et Teim, between the two Lebanons, unto the entering in of Hamath, toward Baalbek. There is good reason to believe that, with the seven Canaanitish families condemned to extermination for their pre-eminent wickedness, there were various other tribes mingled, especially on the outskirts of the Hebrew territory: the Kadmonites and Rephaims, as we have seen, on the east; the Moabites and Arabs on the southeast; the Amalekites on the south; the Philistines from Egypt on the southwest; the Phoenicians of Sidon, Tyre, Dor, etc., on the west, and the Maacathites and Geshurites on the north; and still beyond these were

1 Gen. xiv. 5.

2 Judg. i. 4; Josh. xvii. 15, 17.

CANAAN-PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS.

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the Arkites, Arvadites, Zimrites, Sinites, and Hamathites. These were not attacked by Joshua, and doubtless multitudes of their brethren from the south escaped and took refuge among them. Nor are there wanting faint traditions to confirm this supposition. I have visited the primeval seats of all these old tribes-Hamath, Sin, Zimri, Ruad, and Arca. The tenacity with which these and other places cling to their ancient names is truly wonderful. One is not only surprised, but startled, to hear ignorant peasants pronounce, without an effort or a moment's hesitation, over shapeless ruins, the very names by which they were called by Moses and Abraham three or four thousand years ago.

Do you suppose that the Phoenicians, so celebrated in ancient story, the inventors of commerce, of manufactures, and of letters, and the founders of so many splendid colonies, were really Canaanites, and consequently the descendants of Ham?

I do, and that notwithstanding what has been written by learned men to prove that they came from the shores of the Red Sea, or from the Arabian, or even from the Indian Ocean. The Bible is now almost our only authority, and it is explicit. Josephus, who lived in this country nearly two thousand years ago, and had access to documents which have long since perished, does not even allude to a suspicion of such an immigration from the south; and if there are, or ever have been cities and temples on the Persian Gulf or along the Arabian Ocean with names similar to those of the Phoenicians, it is much more likely that those who built them were emigrants from this country than that this country was colonized from them. It is extremely probable that the Phoenicians did establish colonies in those parts. Their general practice was to form permanent settlements wherever they carried on commerce-in the islands of the Mediterranean, in Asia Minor, in Greece, and in Spain, possibly in England, certainly at Carthage, and along the northern coast of Africa. We know also from the Bible and from other sources that they traded extensively in the Red Sea, and along the southern shores of Arabia and Africa,

and are therefore quite prepared to find traces of them along those coasts. The fountain-head of the Phoenicians, however, was Sidon and her renowned daughter Tyre.

I see that the name Canaan is derived by some critics from a Hebrew root said to signify low land, and it is maintained that it was given to the inhabitants of this country because they dwelt on the sea-board, and not because they were descended from the son of Ham.

Such philological criticism, when applied to questions of this kind, is far from satisfactory; and in the present case, if it could be proved that there is such a Hebrew word, it is obvious that it could not be applied to the Canaanites with any propriety, for they resided in all parts of the land, and not merely on the shore and the low plains, and from them the whole country, though very mountainous, was called Canaan. In short, we have from the remotest antiquity, and on the very best authority, the origin of this name in that of the great ancestor of the several tribes that settled the country soon after the Deluge; and one can scarcely avoid the suspicion that it is because this authority is the Bible that certain savans have called it in question, and have rummaged among Hebrew roots and doubtful scraps of heathen authors, who knew nothing about the matter, in order to cast suspicion upon the sacred records.

But here is something more interesting than dry historical discussions. Let us turn aside, and examine these gray resting-places for Phoenicia's ancient dead.

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CAVES OF 'ADLUN-PHOENICIA.

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This cave, with its mouth blackened by the smoke of gipsies, is, of course, chiefly natural, though it was formerly plastered, in part at least, and fitted for a dwelling, or possibly a cistern, like those at Beit Jibrîn. The tombs were cut by quarriers who lived in the town whose ruins. are scattered over the plain. These quarries extend for miles southward, and are crowded with sepulchres. The inhabitants seem to have done nothing but quarry stone for other cities, and cut sepulchres for themselves. Many of these tombs are as perfect as when first made, but the doors are all gone, and the tombs empty, and were so, most likely, two thousand years ago. They are nearly all of the same pattern, having a small ante-room in front, and a door leading from that into the body of the tomb, which is about six feet square, with niches on three sides for the dead, the door occupying the fourth. Some of them are cut into the rock where it is nearly horizontal, in which case a square shaft was sunk about three feet deep, and from that a low window leads into the tomb. A deep groove ran round the face of the rock above, to turn the water away from this entrance. There are a few words of a Greek inscription over that tomb just south of this cave. The rest are absolutely destitute of architectural ornament, device, or inscription of any kind. The ancient Phoenicians delighted to cut their tombs in the perpendicular faces of the rock left in quarrying, as is seen on all this coast, and particularly at Tortosa, Ladakîyeh, and Suadea.

Did Phoenicia extend as far north as Ladakîyeh?

The people did, whatever may be said of the country. The Sinites settled, I suppose, along the River Sin, and doubtless they spread round the shore to Ladakîyeh, and may have even reached to the mouth of the Orontes. This would agree with Strabo. The largest extent of Phoenicia, therefore, was from the Sinites on the north, to Dor on the south. Phoenicia proper, however, reached no farther northward than to the Eleutherus, the modern Nahr Kebîr, in the plain of Akkar. The width of territory belonging to these small states differed greatly. The plain of Jebilé, where

the Sinites dwelt, runs far back into the interior. The Zimrites, or Zemarites, had scarcely any level land, for the mountains shut down upon the very margin of the sea. So also the Arvadites were probably confined to a narrow strip along the coast; but the Arkite had the magnificent plain of June. The plains of Tripoli, Butrone, Jebail, Beirût, Sidon, and Tyre, are comparatively narrow, but that of Acre is twenty miles long, and from six to ten broad. No doubt the Phoenicians possessed also the western slopes of the mountains, and the Sidonians and Tyrians extended their territorial limits to the Ijon and the Hûleh, perhaps still farther to the east. The average breadth of their estates, however, could not have been more than twenty miles.

Syria has always been cursed with a multiplicity of tribes and religions, which split up the country into small principalities and conflicting classes-the fruitful parent of civil war, anarchy, and all confusion. Nor has this source of mischief been materially mitigated down to the present hour. This will appear but too evident from the following statistics. The Moslems, who are the ruling class all over the country, except in Lebanon, may number about . 800,000 They are divided into two principal sects-the Sun

150,000

20,000

nites and Shïïtes. There may be 50,000 Kurds 50,000 The Nusairîyeh occupy the mountains north of Tripoli, and may amount to. The Ismailîyeh and Yezzîdy are too few to merit specific attention, and the same may be said of the Nowar or gipsies, who are found in all parts. They will not amount to more than . The Druses occupy the southern half of Lebanon, extend over to Hermon, and out into the Hauran-a few thousand reside in Jebel el 'Alah, west of Aleppo, and on Carmel and the mountains above Acre. They number about The Jews are about 25,000. In Jerusalem 7000, in Damascus 5000, Aleppo 4000, Safed 2000, Tiberius 1500, Hebron 600, and the remainder in Beirût, Sidon, etc., etc.

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100,000

25,000

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