Page images
PDF
EPUB

ETSCH-ETTY.

Die Etrusker (Breslau, 1828); Micali, Monumenti
Inediti, &c. (Rome and Paris); Dennis, Cities and
Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1849); Abeken,
Kugler, Lenoir, Hittorf, Amaduzzi, Mommsen,
Bunsen, Gerhard, &c., and the Transactions of the
many archæological societies and institutes.

ETSCH. See ADIGÉ

ETSHMIA'DZIN, a remarkable Armenian convent in Erivan, a Transcaucasian province of Russia, and about 16 miles west of the town of Erivan. It is of great extent, is surrounded by a wall 30 feet in height, and 1 mile in circuit. This wall encloses several distinct churches, each of which is presided over by a bishop, is cruciform in shape, and is surmounted by a kind of cupola crowned by a low spire. For many centuries, this has been the seat of the Catholicos (the head or patriarch of the Armenian Church). This patriarch presides at the synodical meetings, but cannot pass a decree without its having the approval of the moderator, an official appointed by the Russian emperor, in whose hands the control of the convent virtually rests. In the convent library there are 635 manuscripts, 462 of which are in the Armenian language.

and James Hogg, the Scottish poet, who, having been originally a shepherd in this part of the country became known as 'the Ettrick Shepherd.'

ETTY, WILLIAM, R.A. This distinguished artist was born at York, March 10, 1787. His father was a miller and spice-maker. Before he was twelve years of age, he was apprenticed to a printer, and served out his dreary term of seven years, the irksome drudgery of which he himself often afterwards was in the habit of narrating, occasionally soothed by dreams of, on some future day, being an artist. Freed at last, and assisted by some relatives, in 1805, at the age of 18, he entered on the study of art, and, after a year's probation, was admitted as a Royal Academy student. His career is very interesting and instructive. It exhibits one gifted with enthusiasm for art, high resolutions, and great industry and perseverance, for a series of years invariably surpassed by many of his fellowstudents, and, as has been recorded, looked on by his companions as a worthy plodding person, with no chance of ever becoming a good painter.' Neither prizes nor medals fell to his share as a student; and for several years his pictures were ETTMÜLLER, ERNST MORITZ LUDWIG, an able tution Exhibitions. rejected at the Royal Academy and British InstiIt was only after six years writer on German antiquities, was born 5th October of hard study that he obtained a place for a 1802, at Gersdorf, near Lobau, in Upper Lusatia, picture in the Exhibition of the Royal Academy; and studied medicine at Leipsic from 1823 to 1826, and his works only began to attract notice in but subsequently the language and history of his 1820, when the artist was 33 years of age, and native country. In 1830, having taken his degree as he himself has said, having exhibited nine of Ph.D. at Jena, he began to deliver lectures there years to no purpose.' But the circumstance of on the German poets of the middle ages; but in 1833 E.'s genius being so long unappreciated, did not he was called to the Zürich Academy as teacher of so much arise from his works evincing no talent, the German language and literature. E.'s literary as from his class of subjects, and those technical activity has been exhibited chiefly in the editing of qualities for which his works are remarkable, not the literary remains of the Middle High-German, being appreciated at the time; for long before his and older Low-German dialects. To the former pictures were saleable, his powers were highly belong his Sant Oswaldes Leben (Zürich, 1835); Hade-appreciated by his professional brethren. On his loubes Lieder und Sprüche (Zürich, 1840); Heinrich's Von Meissen des Frouwenlobes Lieder, Leiche, und Sprüche (Quedlinb. 1843); Frawen Helchen Süne (Zürich, 1846); Heinrich's Von Veldecke Eneide (Zürich, 1852). Of poems composed in Low German he published, among others, Theophilus (Quedlinb. 1849); and Wizlawes IV., des Fürsten Von Rügen, Lieder und Sprüche (Quedlinb. 1852). In 1850 appeared, under his editorship, an Anglo-Saxon chrestomathy, entitled Engla and Seaxna Scopas and bôceras; and in the following year his Lexicon Anglo-Saxonicum, which supplied a want long felt in Germany. At an earlier period in his literary career, E. paid great attention to the old Norse literature, and in this department we have from him an edition of the Völuspá, &c. E. has also written poetry, as well as edited it. His Deutsche Stammkönige appeared at Zurich in 1844, his Kaiser Karl d. Gr. und das Fränkische Jungfrauenheer in 1847, and his Karl d. Gr. und der Heilige Goar in 1852.

ETTRICK, a pastoral vale in the south of Selkirkshire, watered by the Ettrick river, which rises amid bleak hills in the south-west corner of this county near Ettrick Pen, 2258 feet high, and runs 28 miles north-east, and falls into the Tweed. Its chief affluent is the Yarrow, which runs 25 miles from the west, through one of the loveliest of Scotch _vales, and the scene of many a plaintive song. Ettrick Forest, a royal hunting tract, swarming with deer till the time of James V., included Selkirkshire and some tracts to the north. In Ettrick Vale, at Tushielaw, dwelt the celebrated freebooter or king of the Border, Adam Scot, who was summarily executed by James V. The district derives some note from two persons in modern times-Thomas Boston (q. v.), a Scottish divine, who was minister of the parish of Ettrick;

return from Italy in 1822, where he had been studying the great Venetian colourists, he was elected an Associate of the Academy. In 1824, his chef-d'œuvre, The Combat-Woman pleading for the Vanquished,' was purchased by an artist, John Martin. In 1828, he was elected Academician by the members of the Royal Academy; while in the same year the Royal Scottish Academy testified its high appreciation of his talents by purchasing the most important of his efforts, the historical work illustrating the history of Judith and Holofernes. Testimonials so high soon had their effect; E.'s pictures came into great request, and brought large prices, and he was enabled amply to repay those who, trusting to his energies, had assisted him when he entered on the contest, in which, after so arduous a struggle, he gained so much honour. He always cherished a love and reverence for York, his native city, and had retired there some time previous to his death, which took place on November 30, 1849.

E. had an exquisite feeling for colour, which he most assiduously cultivated by studying the works of the great Venetian masters, and constantly painting from the life; and though, in his drawing, carelessness and incorrectness may often be observed, it is never vulgar, and often possesses much elevation and largeness of style. He generally chose subjects that afforded scope for colour, in which the nude and rich draperies were displayed. He executed nine pictures on a very large scale, viz.: The Combat;' series of three pictures illustrating the delivery of Bethulia by Judith; Benaiah slaying two Lion-like Men of Moab'-these five, which are the best of his large works, were purchased by the Royal Scottish Academy, and are now in the Scottish National Gallery The Syrens,' now in the

ETYMOLOGY-EUCALYPTUS.

Manchester Institution; and three pictures illustrating the history of Joan of Arc. His smaller works are numerous. Besides his large works above referred to, he sent for exhibition to the Royal Academy and British Institution, between 1811 and 1849 inclusive, no less than 230 pictures, many of them composed of numerous figures, and all remarkable for exquisite colour. The following may be particularly noted: The Coral-finders;' Venus and her youthful Satellites arriving at the Isle of Paphos; Cleopatra's Arrival in Cilicia;' a composition from the eleventh book of Paradise Lost Bevy of Fair Women'); The Storm;' Sabrina; The Warrior Arming "Youth at the Prow, and Pleasure at the Helm; The Dance,' from Homer's description of Achilles's Shield; 'Britomart redeems Fair Amoret;' Dance on the Sands, and yet no Footing seen;' Amoret Chained.'--Compare E.'s Life by Gilchrist (Bogue, London, 1855).

[ocr errors]

6

ETYMOLOGY (Gr.) is that part of grammar that treats of the derivation of words. It embraces the consideration of the elements of words, or letters and syllables, the different kinds of words, their forms, and the notions they convey; and lastly, the modes of their formation by derivation and composition. Etymological inquiries have formed a favourite pursuit from the earliest times. In the book of Genesis, numerous indications are given of the derivation of proper names. Homer also attempts etymologies of the names of gods and men, which, however, can only be looked upon as more or less ingenious fancies. The grammarians of Alexandria and Varro among the Romans tried to base their etymologies on something like principle; but the wildest conjectures continued to be indulged in, and the results were little better than guess-work down to a very recent period. As philology extended its sphere, and became acquainted with the languages and grammarians of the East, who far excelled those of the West in this particular, etymology took on a new form. It no longer sought the relations of the words of a single language exclusively within itself, but extended its view to a whole group, e. g., the Teutonic, or wider still, to a whole family, as the Indo-European, or Aryan (q. v.), and became a new science under the name of Comparative Grammar. See LANGUAGE.

Etymologicum Magnum is the name of a Greek lexicon, the oldest of the kind, professing to give the roots of the words. It appears to belong to the 10th c.; the author's name is unknown. The etymologies are mere guesses, sometimes right, often wildly absurd; but the book is valuable, as containing many traditions and notices of the meanings of old and unusual words. There is an edition by Schäfer (Leip. 1816); one by Sturz, called Etymologicum Gudianum (Leip. 1818); and another by Gaisford (Oxf. 1849).

EU, a tolerably well-built town of France. in the department of the Lower Seine, in Norman ly, situated near the mouth of the Bresle, 93 m les north-north-west of Paris. It is remarkable for its fine Gothic church, and for the Château d'E, a low building of red brick, with high tent-shaped roofs of slate. E. has manufactures of sail-cloth, ropes, soap, lace, and silk. Pop. 4019. In the 11th and 12th centuries, E. was in the possession of the counts of the same name, a collateral branch of the Norman royal family. After various vicissitudes, it was purchased by Mademoiselle de Montpensier in 1675, whose fanciful taste has perpetuated itself in the architecture and decoration of the château. At a later period, it came into the possession of the Duke of Maine, from whom it passed to the Duke of Penthièvre, the maternal grandfather of

1

Louis Philippe, who succeeded to it in 1821. Louis Philippe expended large sums on the embellishment of the château, and especially on its magnificent park and the unique portrait-gallery. It has recently acquired a new historical association through the visits of the queen of England in 1843 and 1845. The eldest son of the Duke of Nemours (born 29th April 1842) received from his royal grandfather the title of Count d'Eu. Compare Vatout, Le Château d'Eu, Notices Historiques (5 vols., Paris, 1836), his Résidences Royales (Paris, 1839).

Negroponte), the largest island in the Agean Sea, EUBE'A (ancient, Euboia; Turkish, Egripo; Ital. forms a portion of the present kingdom of Greece. bounded on the N. by the Trikeri Channel, and Until recently, it was called Negropont. It is on the W. by those of Talanta and Egripo. It extends in a direction parallel to the mainland; is 105 English statute miles long, and 30 miles in extreme breadth, although in one part its breadth is scarcely four miles. At the narrowest part, it is connected with the mainland by a bridge. The island is intersected by a chain of mountains, running north-west and south-east, and attaining in the centre, in the range of Mount Delphi, an elevation of about 4500 feet. Copper and other metals are obtained in the island, which also contains numerous hot springs. The pastures are excellent, and the declivities of the mountains covered with forests of fir-trees. The climate is salubrious, the valleys well watered and very fertile, but little cultivated. The chief products are cotton, oil, wine, wheat, fruit, and honey. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the breeding of cattle; they export wool, hides, and cheese, as well as oil and grain. The chief towns are Chalcis (q. v.) on the north, and Carystos on the south coast, the latter having a population of 3000. E. was peopled in the early historic times chiefly by Ionic Greeks, and afterwards by colonists from Athens, who formed a number of independent cities or states. These were at first monarchical in their constitution, but at a later period democratic. They soon rose to power and prosperity. After the Persian wars, however, E. was subjugated by the Athenians, under whose rule it continued till they, in their turn, were subdued by Philip of Macedon. By the Romans, it was finally united with the province of Achaia under Vespasian. In 1204, it came into the possession of the Venetians, and received the name of Negroponte. In the year 1470, the island was taken by the Turks, in whose hands it remained till 1821, when the inhabitants rose to vindicate their independence at the call of the beautiful Modena Maurogenia. It now forms a portion of the modern kingdom of Greece, and has a population of 68,813.

EUCALYPTUS, a genus of trees of the natural order Myrtacea, sub-order Leptosperme, containing a large number of species, mostly natives of Australia, and which, along with trees of nearly allied genera, form one of the most characteristic features of the vegetation of that part of the world. The genus occurs also, although much more sparingly, in the Malayan Archipelago. The trees of this genus have entire and leathery leaves, in which a notable quantity of a volatile aromatic oil is usually present. The leaves, instead of having one of their surfaces towards the sky, and the other towards the earth, are often placed with their edges in these directions, so that each side is equally exposed to the light. Many of the species abound in resinous secretions, and are therefore called GUM-TREES in Australia. Some of them attain a great size; some are found with trunks from eight to sixteen feet in diameter; a plank 148 feet in length was exhibited at the

EUCHARIST-EUDOCIA.

Great Exhibition of 1851. They are of very rapid growth; and their timber, when green, is soft, so that they are easily felled, split, or sawn up; but when dry, it becomes very hard. It is used for a great variety of purposes, amongst which may be mentioned ship-building. The bark of many of the species abounds in tannin, and has become to some extent an article of commerce. Some kinds of it are said to be twice as strong as oak-bark. The bark of some is remarkable for its hardness; whilst some throw off their outer bark in longitudinal strips or ribbons, which, hanging down from their stems and branches, have a very singular appear ance.-Among the resinous secretions of this genus is the substance called BOTANY BAY KINO, which is used in medicine as a substitute for Kino (q. v.). It is the produce of E. resinifera, a species with ovatolanceolate leaves, known in Australia as the RED GUM TREE and IRON BARK TREE, a very lofty tree, attaining a height of 150-200 feet. When the bark is wounded, a red juice flows very freely, and hardens in the air into masses of irregular form, inodorous, transparent, almost black when large, but of a beautiful ruby red in small and thin fragments. Botany Bay Kino is said to consist chiefly of a peculiar principle called Eucalyptin, analogous to tannin. About sixty gallons of juice may sometimes be obtained from a single tree, or, in the course of a year, as much as five hundred pounds of kino.-E. robusta, STRINGY BARK TREE, also a lofty tree, yields a most beautiful red gum, which is found filling large cavities in its stem, between the concentric circles of wood.-E. mannifera yields, from its leaves, an exudation resembling manna, less nauseous, and of similar medicinal properties. It contains a saccharine substance, different from mannite, from glucose, and from all previously known kinds of sugar. Another similar exudation, from the leaves of E. dumosa, is sometimes seen spread over large districts like snow, and used by the natives as food. Other species also yield exudations of this kind, which are described as sometimes dropping from the leaves in coagulated tears as large as an almond.-E. Gunnii, when wounded, yields a copious supply of a refresh ing and slightly aperient liquid, which ferments and for is a kind of beer. The tree grows in Tasmania. It is not improbable that some of the Eucalypti of the higher parts of Tasmania may be found hardy enough for the climate of the south of England, where, indeed, some of them may already occasionally be seen in the open air.

EUCHARIST. See LORD'S SUPPER.

EUCHLO'RINE is a very explosive green coloured gas, possessing bleaching properties, and is prepared by heating gently a mixture of 2 parts hydrochloric acid, 2 of water, and 1 of chlorate of potash. It explodes when merely touched with a hot wire, and is most likely composed of a mixture of chlorine and chlorochloric acid (2C1O,,ClO3).

EU'CLID, sometimes called the father of mathematics, was born at Alexandria, about 300 B. C. We know little more of his history than that he belonged to the Platonic school of philosophy, and taught mathematics in the famous school of Alexandria, during the reign of Ptolemy Soter. Though he did not create the science of mathematics, as is sometimes represented, he made prodigious advances, especially by his rigorous method and arrangement. In this respect he has perhaps never been excelled, and his Elements of Geometry continue to the present day to hold their place as a text-book of that science. Besides the Elements, there are extant treatises on music, optics, data, &c., ascribed to E., the authenticity of some of which is doubtful. The best editions of the whole reputed works of E. are

those of David Gregory (Oxf. 1703) and Peyrard (3 vols., Par. 1814-1818). The oldest Greek edition of the Elements appeared at Basel, 1533; the best is that of August (2 vols., Berlin, 1826). Of English editions of E.'s Elements, those of Simpson and Playfair are considered the best. There is a full account of everything connected with E. and his works in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.

often been confounded with the mathematician of EUCLID, of Megara, a Greek philosopher, has the same name. He was one of the earliest disciples of Socrates. Although Megara lay at a considerable distance from Athens, and all Megarians were for bidden to enter the Athenian territories under pain of death, E. came into the city in the evening in female disguise, to enjoy the instruction of Socrates, After the death of his master, he established a school of his own, which received the name of the Megaric basis of his system was the Eleatic dogma of a one, School. His death took place about 424 B. C. only, universal, substance or existence. Blending with this the Socratic idea of the predominance of the moral element, E. held this one real existence to be the good, though it receives various names under its special manifestations.

The

EUDIO'METER (Gr. eudios, good, and metron, measurer) is an instrument originally introduced as a measurer of the goodness of air in any locality, but which is now employed generally in the analysis of gases for the determination of the nature and proportions of the constituents of any gaseous mixture. The instrument is now made of glass in the form of a tube, which is hermetically sealed at one end, and open at the other. The tube may be straight, or bent in the shape of the letter U. In either case, the tube is graduated or marked off in equalsized divisions from the closed end onwards, so as to admit of the volume of gas placed within being accurately measured; and two platinum wires are inserted through the glass near the shut end of the tube, and closely approach, but do not touch, each other. These wires are intended for the conveyance of electric sparks through any mixture of gases, so as to cause the combustion of certain of them. For the modes of manipulating with the eudiometer, see GAS, ANALYSIS OF.

EUDO CIA, the name of several Byzantine princesses, of whom the most important is the wife of the Emperor Theodosius II. She was the daughter of the sophist Leontius or Leon, and was educated by her father, who instructed her in the literature of Greece and Rome, in rhetoric, geometry, arith metic, and astronomy. Her accomplishments and her singular beauty were reckoned by Leontius a sufficient fortune, for at his death he left all his property to her two brothers. E. appealed to the emperor at Constantinople. Pulcheria, the sister of Theodosius, was interested in the maiden, and thought she would make a suitable wife for the emperor. But as E. (or, more properly, Athenais, for this was her name until her baptism) had been brought up a pagan, it was necessary first to con vert her. This was easily accomplished. E. was married to the emperor in 421 A.D. For many years, however, Pulcheria ruled in the imperial household and councils, E., according to Nicephorus, submitting to her as mother and Augusta ;' but in 447, a quarrel broke out between them in regard to the Eutychian heresy, of which E. had beeome a supporter. At first, E. was triumphant, and Pulcheria was banished; but in a short time the emperor was reconciled to his sister, and treated E. so sharply that she retired to Jerusalem, where she died 460461 A. D. Her latter days were spent in works of

EUDOXUS-EUGENIA.

piety and charity. She enriched churches, rebuilt the year 1706. He shared, too, with Marlborough the walls of the Holy City, and founded many monas-glory of the fields of Oudenarde (in 1708) and Malteries and hospitals. Through the influence of the plaquet (in 1709); but being crippled in his resources famous Symeon Stilites, she was induced to renounce by the retirement of Holland and England from the Eutychianism, and become an orthodox Catholic contest, he was unable to withstand the enemy on Christian. E was a poetess of considerable merit. the Rhine, and his defeat by Villars at Denain, She wrote a poem in heroic verse on the victory 24th July 1712, was followed by other disasters, obtained by the troops of Theodosius over the Per- until the peace of Rastadt put an end to the war. sians, 421 or 422 A. D.; a paraphrase of eight books In 1716, on the recommencement of the war against of Scripture, a paraphrase of Daniel and Zechariah, the Turks, E. defeated an army of 180,000 inen at and a poem in three books on the history and Peterwardein, took Temeswar, and in the year 1717, martyrdom of Cyprian and Justina. The authorship after a bloody battle, gained possession of Belgrade. of Homero-Centones has also (but without sufficient After the peace of Passarowicz, which was conreason) been attributed to her. This is a work com- cluded in the following year, he returned covered posed of verses taken from Homer, and so arranged with glory to Vienr, where, during the succeeding as to appear a history of the fall of man and of his years of peace, he laboured with unwearied energy redemption by Christ. It has been often published. in the cabinet. When the question of the succes sion to the throne of Poland brought on a new war EUDO'XUS, of Cnidus, called by Cicero the prince with France, E. appeared again on the Rhine; of astronomers, flourished about 366 B. C. He studied but being now advanced in years, and destitute of under Plato for some time, and afterwards went to sufficient resources, he was unable to accomplish Egypt, where he resided for thirteen years, and had much intercourse with the Egyptian priesthood, returned to Vienna, where he died, 21st April 1736. anything of importance. After the peace, he from whom he is supposed to have derived his supe-E. was small in stature, with thin face, an 1 long nose; rior knowledge. His last years are said to have been he was simple in dress and manner, and indulged spent on the summit of a high hill, that he might profusely in snuff. An enthusiast in his profession, have the starry heavens ever before his eyes. There and a strict disciplinarian, he was also kind-hearted is little reason for believing that E. deserves any and sympathetic, and always carefully attended to great admiration for his attainments in astronomy; the wants of his men. He introduced no new He probably introduced the sphere into Greece, and tactics in the art of war, and was deficient in the may have corrected the length of the year, upon guidance and command of masses; but by his rapidity Egyptian information, but he appears to have been of perception and decision, and faculty for making but an indifferent observer of heavenly phenomena, the best of existing circumstances, which was his and Delambre considers that he was ignorant of forte, he raised the prestige of the Austrian arms to geometry. E.'s works are entirely lost, and our only reliable sources of information regarding him He successively served under three emperors, of an eminence unequalled before or since his time. are the poem of Aratus and the commentary of whom he was wont to say, that in Leopold I. he Hipparchus. had a father, in Joseph I. a brother, and in Charles EUGENE, FRANÇOIS (le Prince François-Eugene VI. a master. E.'s political writings, published by de Savoie-Carignan), better known as Prince Eugene, Sartori, are important for the light they throw upon equally distinguished as a general and as a states- the history and manners of the time. Compare man, was born at Paris, 18th October 1663. He Dumont, Histoire Militaire du Prince Eugene; Ferwas the son of Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons, rari, De Rebus Gestis Eugenii (Rome, 1747); Kausler, and of Olympia Mancini, a niece of Cardinal Leben des Prinzen Eugen von Savoyen, &c.; and Mazarin. He was intended for the church; but Campbell's Military History of Prince Eugene and the banishment of his mother to the Low Coun- the Duke of Marlborough. tries, by the orders of Louis XIV., was so deeply resented by him, that he indignantly renounced his country, and entered the service of the Emperor Leopold as a volunteer against the Turks. Subsequently, the French government made him the most flattering offers, but he never returned to the service of his native country. He displayed extraordinary military talent in the Turkish war, especially at the fainous siege of Vienna in 1683, and soon rose to a high position in the army. In the Coalition War against Louis XIV. in Italy, he took an active part; and in 1691, he was raised to the command of the imperial army in Piedmont. On his return to Vienna, he was placed at the head of the army of Hungary, and defeated the Turks, with immense slaughter, in the famous battle of Zenta, September 11, 1697. The booty obtained was almost incredible, amounting to several millions sterling. In 1701 broke out the Spanish War of Succession. E. for two years commanded the army of Italy, but his forces were too small for him to accomplish anything of importance. In the year 1703, being appointed president of the council of war, he became thenceforth the prime mover of every undertaking. He first took the command of the imperial army in Germany, and along with Marlborough gained a brilliant victory at the battle of Blenheim, 13th August 1704, when the two commanders defeated the French and Bavarian army. E. afterwards saved Turin, and expelled the French from Italy in the

EUGENIA, a genus of plants of the natural order Myrtaceae, nearly allied to Myrtus (see MYRTLE), and differing only in having a 4-parted instead of a 5-cleft calyx, four instead of five petals, and a 1-2-celled berry, with one seed in each cell. The species are trees and shrubs, natives chiefly of tropical and sub-tropical_countries. The dried fruit of E. Pimento and E. acris forms the spice well known as allspice, Jamaica pepper, or PIMENTO (q. v.). The seeds of E. Tabasco are also used as condiment. Other species yield some of the finest fruits of tropical regions, remarkable for their delicious balsamic odours. Among these is the MALAY APPLE (E. Malaccensis), a native of the Malayan archipelago and of the South Sea Islands, a low tree, with ovate-oblong smooth leathery leaves, and fruit in size and shape resembling a small apple, of a beautiful red colour, and with a white juicy pulp. This fruit has an agreeable odour, like that of the rose, whence it is sometimes called ROSE APPLE; a name which, on the same account, is often extended to the fruits of allied species, as E. aquea, and which is very often given to the JAMBOS or JAMROSADE (E. Jambos or Jambosa vulgaris), an East Indian fruit, now cultivated in all tropical countries. This fruit is pear-shaped, about the size of a hen's egg, white or red. The tree is about 20 or 30 feet high, much branched, with leaves somewhat like those of the peach, and greenish-yellow flowers in terminal bunches. E. cauliflora, a Brazilian species, cultivated

EUGENIE-MARIE DE GUZMAN-EULER.

in most of the gardens of the diamond and gold districts of the south of Brazil, yields a very fine fruit of a black colour, about the size of a greengage plum, called the JABUTICABA or JABOTICABUROS. Similar fruits are produced by other Brazilian species, particularly E. dysenterica, E. inocarpa, and E. Braziliensis. The BASTARD GUAVA (E. pseudopsidium) and the CAYENNE CHERRY (E. cotonifolia

Cayenne Cherry (Eugenia Michelii).

and E. Michelii) produce fruits which are held in considerable esteem in the West Indies. One species only, the UGNI (E. Ugni), a native of Chili, appears to be sufficiently hardy for the climate of Britain; it endures at least that of the south of England: it has been recently introduced, and much extolled as a fruit shrub. Its flowers are very fragrant, and its fruit pleasant. It is much cultivated in Chili, and a very refreshing beverage, with an agreeable balsamic odour, is made of the expressed juice mixed with water. The fruit is of the size of a black currant, somewhat flattened, and of a brownish-red colour.-The bark of many species of E. is very rich in tannin. Some produce good timber.

EUGENIE-MARIE DE GUZMAN, empress of the French, was born at Granada, in Spain, 5th May 1826, and is the second daughter of the Count of Montijo and of Marie Manuela Kirkpatrick. She is descended, on the father's side, from an old and noble Spanish family, which, by marriages at various times, acquired the right to assume the names of Guzman, Fernandez, Cordova, La Cerda, and Levia, and contracted alliances with the noble families of Téba, Banos, and Mora. By her mother also born in Spain, and the daughter of Mr Kirkpatrick, who was for some time English consul at the Spanish seaport of Malaga-she is connected with an ancient Scottish family-the Kirkpatricks of Closeburn-which still exists, but no longer in possession of their original property. She was educated principally at Madrid, and spent a great portion of her youth in travelling with her mother, under the name of the Countess de Téba. In 1851, she appeared at the fees d'Elysée in Paris. where her beauty and graceful demeanour attracted the notice and excited the admiration of the emperor of the French, who married her on the 30th January 1853, at Notre Dame. On that occasion an amnesty was granted to 4312 political prisoners. The Prince Imperial, the heir to the French throne, was born 16th March 1856. In the absence of the emperor during the Italian war of 1859, she exercised the office of regent with the

assistance of a council.

EUGENIUS is the name of four popes, of whom the last is the most important. Eugenius IV.,

originally called Gabriele Condulmero, was a native of Venice, and was elevated to the pontificate in March 1431. The great event in his career was the schism created in the church by the proceedings of the Council of Basel, which had been convoked by E.'s predecessor, Martin V., and had exhibited a strong tendency to ecclesiastical reform, and to limit the papal authority. E. was kept in perpetual trouble by this council, and at last, having been compelled to flee from Rome, opened a new council at Ferrara in 1438, and issued a bull of excommunication against the bishops assembled at Basel, whom he pronounced to be a satanic conclave, which was spreading the abomination of desolation into the bosom of the church.' The result was, that the council of Basel formally deposed him from his pontifical office in 1439, and elected in his stead Amadeus VIII., Duke of Savoy, under the title of Felix V. The conduct of France and Germany seemed to warrant this bold step, for Charles VII. had introduced into the former country the decrees of the Council of Basel, with some modifications, through the Pragmatic Sanction (1438), and the same thing happened in Germany by means of the Deed of Acceptance (1439). At the Council of Ferrara, John Paleologus 11., emperor of Constantinople, and upwards of twenty Greek bishops, presented themselves, and a union between the two great divisions of Christendom-the Greek and Latin Church-was for a moment effected in Discord, however, broke out almost July 1439. immediately, and the two have ever since remained separate. E.'s rival, Felix, did not obtain much recognition, and after the death of the former at Rome, in 1447, he had to give way in favour of Nicholas V. E.'s pontificate was stormy and unhappy, and in his old age he is said to have regretted that he ever left his monastery.

EU'GUBINE TABLES (Lat. Tabula Eugubine), the name given to seven bronze tablets, the inscriptions on which present a comprehensive and very remarkable memorial of the Umbrian language. They were discovered in 1444 at Gubbio (the ancient Iguvium or Eugubium), where they are still preserved. The characters on four of the tablets are Umbrian, on two Latin, and on one partly Latin and partly Umbrian. The language employed, however, is in all cases the same, and differs both from Etruscan and Latin, but resembles somewhat the older forms of the latter, and also the Oscan dialects, so far as we know them. The subjects of the inscriptions are directions concerning sacrificial usages and forms of prayer, and they seem to have been inscribed three or four centuries before the Christian era. Philip Bonarota first published them in a complete form in Dempster's Etruria Regalis (2 vols., Florence, 1723-1724). The first really judicious attempt at interpretation was that of Lanzi, in his Saggio di Lingua Etrusca (3 vols., Rome, 1789), who points out the important fact that they related to sacrificial usages, &c. His views have been carried out by Ottfried Müller in his work Die Etrusker; Lepsius, De Tabulis Eugubinis, &c. The most accurate copy of the inscriptions is that given by Lepsius in his Inscriptiones Umbrica et Osca (Leip. 1841); the best and most complete work on the language and contents of the tablets is that of Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, entitled Dre Umbrischen Sprach. Denkmäler (2 vols., Berlin, 1849 1851).

mathematicians, was born at Basel, April 15, 1707, EU'LER, LEONARD, one of the greatest of and received his first instructions in the science, for which he afterwards did so much, from his father, who was pastor of the neighbouring village

[ocr errors][merged small][merged small]
[graphic]
« PreviousContinue »