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ELK-ELLENBOROUGH.

long. The body is covered with coarse angular shell marl underlying the extensive turbaries. In hair, which breaks when it is bent. On the neck England, lacustrine deposits and brick-clay contain and withers there is a heavy mane, and the throat its remains, and, associated with the mammoth and is covered with long hair. A large goitre-like rhinoceros, they are found also in ossiferous caves. swelling under the throat of the younger elks has a very curious appearance. The hoofs of the E., like those of the reindeer and of the buffalo, are so constructed as to part widely, and to afford a better

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footing on soft marshy ground or on snow: they make a clattering when it runs. In running, it carries its muzzle forward, with the horns thrown back upon the neck, so that they may not be caught by branches. Its shoulders being higher than the croup, its common gait is a shambling trot; but it can also gallop with great rapidity. The colour of the elk is brownish black, darker in winter than in summer; the limbs, the sides of the head, and the mane are of a lighter colour than the body. Elks are sometimes seen in small herds, but often singly; they are now very rare in Europe, and are no longer found in parts of North America in which they were once common. They formerly extended as far south as the Ohio. They are sometimes seen even on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. They delight in marshy districts and in forests. When compelled to eat grass, they must get down on their knees to reach it: their proper food consists of the branches and foliage of shrubs and trees. They are very timid and inoffensive, except during the rutting season. A single stroke of an elk's fore-foot is sufficient to kill the strongest dog. It is also an extremely wary animal, and is with the greatest difficulty approached by the hunter. Its sense of smell is very acute, and the slightest sound excites its alarm. It is, however, much sought after in North America. In Sweden, its destruction is prohibited; and in Norway is placed under legal restrictions. The flesh of the elk esteemed a good kind of venison; the fat is remarkably soft; the nose and the tongue are reckoned delicacies. The skin is used for a variety of purposes.

The elk is easily domesticated, and was at one time employed in Sweden for conveying couriers, being capable of travelling more than 200 miles in a day when attached to a sledge.

The elk of Ceylon is a deer of the group to which the name Rusa has been given.

ELK, IRISH (Megaceros Hibernicus), a large deer found in the Pleistocene strata. There is a double error in its popular name, for it is a true eer, between the fallow and rein deer, and though abundant in Ireland, it is not peculiar to that country, being found also in England, Scotland, and on the continent of Europe. In Ireland, it occurs in the

Fossil Elk.

The most striking feature in this animal was its enormous antlers. A straight line drawn between their extreme tips in one specimen measured ten that of any living species of deer. The beam enlarges feet ten inches. The form of the antler differs from and flattens into a palm; a brow snag exists as in the fallow-deer, but in adult specimens, this bifurcates and expands somewhat as in the reindeer -a peculiarity never observed in the fallow-deer group. The antler is also furnished with a back snag. Some idea of the enormous size and weight of the antlers may be formed from the fact that, in a specimen where the head weighed 5 pounds, their of the neck and the limbs are very much larger and weight was 81 pounds. To sustain this, the vertebræ stronger than in any other deer. A fine and almost perfect specimen of this animal, from the Isle of Man, exists in the Edinburgh Museum.

EL-KHA'RGEH, capital of the Great Oasis, Upper Egypt, is situated in lat. 25° 28' N., long. 30° 40 E. In the vicinity of the town are numerous ruins, among which are those of a temple; there is also a remarkable necropolis. Pop. 6000.

ELL (allied to elbow, Ger. ellenbogen, Lat. ulna, the fore-arm or arm in general) is a measure of length now little used. It was originally taken in some vague way from the arm, and hence has been used to denote very different lengths. The Latin ulna appears to have denoted sometimes the measure from the elbow to the tips of the fingers, sometimes that between the outstretched hands. The English ell, as a measure of cloth, is equal to five quarters of a Yard (q. v.).

E'LLENBOROUGH, EARL OF. Edward Law, first Earl of E., son of the first baron (many years Chief-justice of the King's Bench), was born 1790; educated at Eton and at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A., 1809; succeeded his father in the barony in 1818; was Lord Privy Seal in the Duke of Wellington's administration, 18281829; President of the Board of Control during the short-lived Peel administration of 1834-1835; and appointed, on the return of Sir Robert Peel in September 1841, to the same office, which he relinquished a month afterwards for the post of Governor-general of India. He received the thanks of parliament in 1843 for his ability and judgment' in supporting the military operations Aighanistan. In many other respects, his Indian dinistration

ELLENRIEDER-ELLIPSE.

administration in 1846, obtained a revival in his favour of the peerages of Ellesmere and Brackley. His last public appearance was in May 1856, when he moved, in the House of Lords, an address to the crown, approving of the treaty of peace after the war with Russia. He died in 1857 at his new mansion, Bridgewater House, London, and was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, Viscour. Brackley.

was open to censure. He was charged with reserving state of the coasts and of the metropolis, which his favour for the military, and inflicting undeserved called forth some adverse criticism. He was a slights upon the civil servants of the Company. He munificent patron of the arts, and made many made showy progresses; addressed proclamations to valuable additions to the collection of pictures the rulers and natives of India which appeared to which he inherited with the large estates of the sanction idolatry; and, finally, in his proclamation last Duke of Bridgewater. He also built a noble concerning the sandal-wood gates of the temple of gallery for their reception, which he liberally threw Juggernaut, when brought back from Ghuznee, he open to the public. After faithfully voting with reached the climax of a series of extravagances, the Conservative party in parliament for a quarter which induced the directors of the East India of a century, he, on the retirement of the I'eel Company to exercise a power only used in extreme cases, and to recall him. The ministry, however, stood by him, and he was created by the crown an earl and a viscount; he also received the distinction of G.C.B. In 1846, Sir R. Peel made him first Lord of the Admiralty, an office which he resigned in July of the same year, when the disruption of the Peel administration took place. In the Derby administration of 1858 he was again Minister for India, and the author of an India Bill, which failed to obtain the sanction of parliament. Having permitted a dispatch to see the light, in which he had administered a severe and caustic rebuke to Viscount Canning, Governor-general of India, an outery was raised against him, which threatened the existence of the Derby government. To avert this result, Lord E. resigned. He has since taken a frequent and influential part in the debates of the Upper House. He is styled, by no less a judge than M. Guizot, the most brilliant of the Tory orators.' He has been twice married-first to a daughter of the Marquis of Londonderry, and second to the daughter of Admiral Digby. His divorce from the latter made some noise at the time. Should he die without issue, the earldom and viscounty will

become extinct.

ELLENRIEDER, MARIE, a female painter of very high excellence, was born at Constance in 1791, studied in Munich, and in 1820 went to Rome, to perfect her knowledge of art. Her admiration of the old German masters gave a religious bent to her genius. On her return to Germany, she resided for some time at Carlsruhe, where she painted a 'Martyrdom of St Stephen' as an altar-piece for the Roman Catholic Church. She was afterwards appointed court-painter at Munich, but has since fixed her residence at Constance, and devoted herself exclusively to her profession. Among her principal pieces are the Transfiguration of St Barthelemy,' 'Christ Blessing Little Children,' Mary and the Infant Jesus, Joseph and the Infant Jesus,' 'St Cecilia,' Faith, Hope, and Charity, and a Madonna. Marie E. is reckoned in Germany the greatest female artist of the present age. So full of ideal grace and beauty are the heads of her women and children, in particular, that it has been said that 'she seems to paint in the presence of angels;' her colouring, however, is gray, dull, and sombre, like that which prevails among the old masters of the German school.

19

ELLESMERE, a town in the north-west of Shropshire, near a beautiful lake or mere, miles north-north-west of Shrewsbury. Pop. 1861, 2114. It has considerable malting establishments. On the present site of a bowling-green once stood an ancient castle, alternately held by the English and Welsh.

E'LLIOT, EBENEZER, the CORN-LAW RHYMER, was born at Masborough, in Yorkshire, March 7, 1781. His father was a man of strong character and narrow opinions, and, as appears from Ebenezer's Autobiography (published in the Athenæum in 1850), exercised no little influence on his son's modes of thinking and sympathies. When a boy at school, E. was not a quick pupil; and even after his father had sent him to work in the iron-foundry where he himself held the situation of a clerk, the youth exhibited no fondness for reading. Before long, however, he entirely changed, and commenced to study Milton, Shakspeare, Össian, Junius, and other authors. His first published poem was composed in his 17th year: it is entitled The Vernal Walk. This was succeeded by Night, Wharncliffe, &c. In 1821, E. began business as an iron-founder on his own account at Sheffield. He was very successful; and in 1841 retired to an estate which he had purchased at Great Houghton, near Barnesley, where he died 1st December 1849. E.'s principal productions are Love, accompanied with a letter to Lord Byron, his famous Corn-law Rhymes, The Ranter, and The Village Patriarch, a work full of noble and earnest poetry, all of which appeared between 1823-1830. In 1834, he issued a collected edition of his works, in 3 vols.; and in 1840, an edition in one volume. E. followed Crabbe, but with more depth and fire of feeling in depicting the condition of the poor as miserable and oppressed, tracing most of the evils he deplores to the social and political institutions of the country. The laws relating to the importation of corn were denounced by E. as specially oppressive, and he inveighed against them with a fervour of manner E'LLESMERE, first EARL OF, politician, patron minds feel as repulsive, even while acknowledged as and a harshness of phraseology which ordinary of the arts, and author. Francis Egerton, second son of the first Duke of Sutherland, was born flowing from the offended benevolence of the poet. 1800; graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, where But the glow of earnestness kindles his verse, and he was second-class in classics, 1820; entered the hides a multitude of faults. More enduring, howthan his rhyming philippics are his descripHouse of Commons, 1820, and represented successiveiv Bletchingly, Sutherland county, and South tions of English, and especially of Yorkshire scenery, Lancashire; filled the office of Chief-secretary for and his delineations of humble virtue and affection. Treland from January 1828 to July 1830, and Secre- These are instinct with the purest spirit of poetry. rry at War from July to November 1830; in 1833 ELLIPSE is the name of a figure in Geometry, ssumed the name of Lord Francis Egerton, in lieu important from its being the approximate shape of f his patronymic Leveson-Gower. He achieved the planetary orbits. It is a curve of the second considerable literary distinction as a writer of order, and is a conic section, formed by cutting graceful poems, translations from the German, &c. a right cone by a plane passing obliquely through He also published a pamphlet on the defenceless its opposite sides. It may be defined as a curve,

ever,

ELLIPSIS-ELLORA.

the major axis by the quantity (1

32.5d2 22.42.52

&c.), where d =

1 462

4a2

da 3d2 23 22.49

the sum of the distances of every point in which the circumference of an ellipse is got by multiplying from two fixed points within the curve is always the same. These two fixed points are called the foci; and the diameter drawn through them is the major axis; the minor axis bisects the major at right angles. The distance of either focus from the middle of the major axis is the eccentricity. The less the eccentricity is compared with the axis, the nearer the figure approaches to a circle; and a circle may be considered as an ellipse whose foci coincide.

There are various contrivances for describing an ellipse, called ellipsagraphs or elliptic compasses. The simplest method of description is to fix on a plane the two ends of a thread with pins in the foci, and make a pencil move on the plane, keeping the thread constantly stretched. The end of the pencil will trace an ellipse, whose major axis is equal to the length of the thread.

=

1,

The equation to an ellipse (see CO-ORDINATES), referred to its centre as origin, and to its major x2 y2 and minor axes as rectangular axes, is + a2 b2 where a and b are the semi-major and semi-minor axes respectively. From this equation, it may be shewn, by the integral calculus, that the area of an ellipse is equal to ab; or is got by multiplying the product of the semi-major and semi-minor axis by 31116. It may also be shewn that the length of

ELLI'PSIS (Gr. omission) is a term used in Grammar and Rhetoric, to signify the omission of a word necessary to complete the expression or sentence in its usual form. The object of ellipsis is shortness and impressiveness; accordingly, it prevails in proverbs. Ellipses are used in all languages, but the same forms of ellipses are not common to all. Thus, the house we saw, instead of 'the house that we saw,' is a kind of ellipsis peculiar, so far as we know, to English.

ELLIPSOID is a surface of the second order of

which the Spheroid (q. v.) is a species, and the most
interesting, from the fact of the form of the earth
being spheroidal. The equation to an ellipsoid
referred to its centre and rectangular co-ordinates is
x2
22
y2
+
a2 b2 c2

+

=

= 1.

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Temple called Kailasa, at Ellora.--From Fergusson's Handbook of Architecture.

has not been precisely ascertained, but Erskine | process was, first to sink a great quadrangular trench reckoned 19 large ones, partly of Hindu and partly or pit, leaving the central mass standing; and of Buddhist origin. Some are cave-temples proper then to hew and excavate this mass into a temple. -i. e., chambers cut out in the interior of the rock -but others are vast buildings hewn out of the solid granite of the hills, having an exterior as well as an interior architecture, and being, in fact, magnificent monoliths. In executing the latter, the

The most beautiful of these objects is the Hindu temple, Kailasa. At its entrance, the traveller passes into an antechamber 138 feet wide by 88 deep, adorned by numerous rows of pillars. Thence he proceeds along a colonnade over a bridge into

ELLORE-ELM.

a great rectangular court, which is 247 feet in length and 150 broad, in the centre of which stands the temple itself, a vast mass of rock richly hewn and carved. It is supported by four rows of pilasters, with colossal elephants beneath, and seems suspended in the air. The interior is about 103 feet long, 56 broad, and 17 high, but the entire exterior forms a pyramid 100 feet high, and is overlaid with sculpture. In the great court are numerous ponds, obelisks, colonnades, sphinxes, and on the walls thousands of mythological figures of all kinds, from 10 to 12 feet in height. Of the other temples, those of Indra and Dumarheyna are little inferior to that of Kailasa. Regarding their antiquity and religious significance, authorities are not agreed; but at all events they must be subsequent to the epic poems Ramayana or Mahabharata, because they contain representations taken from these poems, and also to the cave-temples at Elephanta, because they exhibit a richer and more advanced style of architecture.

In

ELLO'RE, a town of the district of Masulipatam, in the presidency of Madras, stands in lat. 16° 42′ N., and long. 81 10' E. In an official report, the place has been indefinitely styled 'populous.' Independently of its population, properly so called, E., as a military station, has a considerable garrison. It occupies both banks of the Jummulair, a torrent of the Eastern Ghauts, which, instead of reaching the Bay of Bengal, loses itself three miles further down, in the land-locked Colair Lake. fact, for about 50 miles to the westward of the sea, the neighbouring country is depressed below the level of the maritime belt, the stagnant pool above mentioned not only having independent feeders of its own, but also receiving supplies, in the season of high-water, from the Kistnah or Krishna, and the Godavery. Under such circumstances, the climate of E. is at once unpleasant and unhealthy. During the south-west monsoon, bringing with it, of course, the accumulated heats of the whole breadth of the peninsula, the temperature is more particularly oppressive, having been known to rise, in the night, to 120° F.

E'LLSWORTH, a small but flourishing town of North America, in the state of Maine, on both sides of the navigable river Union, 30 miles south-east of Bangor, and about 4 miles west of Frenchman's Bay. It exports 50,000,000 feet of timber annually, carries on cod and mackerel fisheries, and had, in 1854, 5000 inhabitants.

cinally in cutaneous diseases; it is mucilaginous
and has a bitter astringent taste. The ELM BALSAM
(Beaume d'orme), which was formerly in great repute,
is a brownish substance, which is found in dried
galls of the leaves in the south of Europe, Persia,
&c. From these galls, in an earlier stage, flows a
clear, viscid, sweetish liquid, called Elm Water (Eau
d'orme), which is used for washing wounds, centu-
sions, and sore eyes.-The seeds of the elm are
eagerly eaten by pigeons and common poultry. The
elm is one of the principal timber trees of Britain,
most extensively planted, and a chief ornament
of English scenery.-The CORK-BARKED ELM (U.
suberosa), by many regarded as a variety of U.
campestris, is distinguished by the corky wings of
the bark of the branches. It is a taller and more
spreading tree, with much larger leaves.
It is a
European tree, common in plantations in Britain,
but a doubtful native.-The DUTCH CORK-BARKED
ELM (U. major) is also looked upon by many as a

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variety of U. campestris. It is still more corky in its bark, and has still larger leaves. It is of very quick growth, but the wood is very inferior.-The ELM (Ulmus), a genus of trees of the natural BROAD-LEAVED or WYCH ELM (U. montana) is the order Ulmaceae, natives of temperate climates, with only species that can with certainty be regarded as serrated leaves unequal in their two sides, and indigenous to Scotland. It has rough and broad small flowers growing in clusters appearing before leaves, a stem less upright than the English elm, the leaves, and containing 4-12 stamens and one and large spreading branches. The wood is used germen. The fruit is a samara, or compressed one- for all the purposes of the English elm. The tree seeded little nut, winged all around. One of the is of very quick growth. Protuberances of gnarled most important species is the COMMON SMALL- wood are not unfrequently produced, which are LEAVED or ENGLISH ELM (U. campestris), a tree of finely knotted and richly veined; they are much 60-80 feet in height, with ovato-elliptic, doubly esteemed for veneering, and are sometimes very serrated leaves, and flowers almost destitute of valuable. Varieties of this species are known stalks. The wood is compact, and very durable as the GIANT ELM and CHICHESTER ELM.-The in water. The tree is diffused all over Europe; is SMOOTH-LEAVED ELM (U. glabra) is by some found also in the west of Asia and north of Africa, regarded as a variety of U. montana, but is distinand is used for a great variety of purposes by wheel-guished, besides other characters, by smooth leaves, wrights, machine-makers, ship and boat builders, which are much smaller. It is a native of Eng &c.; it is also prized by joiners for its fine grain, land. A variety called the HUNTINGDON ELM is and the mahogany colour which it readily assumes on the application of an acid. It is reckoned superior to the wood of any other species of elm. The bark is used in dyeing and in sugar-refining, and, in times of scarcity, has been used in Norway for rinding into meal and mixing in bread, which has a les disagreeable taste than that made from meal mixed with fir-bark. The inner bark is used medi- |

much esteemed.-The CORNISH ELM (U. stricta), found in the south-west of England, is remarkable for its rigid, erect, and compact branches.-Very different is the habit of U. effusa, a continental species with a large spreading head and smooth bark, distinguished also by the long stalks of its flowers and its ciliated fruit.-The AMERICAN or WHITE ELM (U. Americana), which abounds in the

ELMINA-EL PASO DEL NORTE.

Dusin of the Mississippi, and attains its loftiest statu, between lat. 42° and lat. 46°, is a magnificent tree, soraetimes 100 feet in height, the trunk reaching 60 or 70 feet before it separates into branches, and the widely diffused pendulous branches floating gracefully in the air; but the timber is not much esteemed.-The RED or SLIPPERY ELM (U. fulva) is also common in the basin of the Mississippi as far south as lat. 31°, and in the western parts of Canada. It attains a height of 50 or 60 feet. The wood is more valuable than that of the last species, but much inferior to the English elm. The leaves and bark yield an abundant mucilage, which is bland and demulcent, and esteemed a valuable remedy in catarrh, dysentery, and other complaints. -The WAHOO or WINGED ELM (U. alata) is a small tree, found from lat. 37° to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas, remarkable for the branches being furnished on two opposite sides with wings of cork. The wood is fine-grained, compact, and heavy.-U. Chinensis is a Chinese species of elm, the leaves of which often bear galls used by the Chinese in tanning and dyeing.

The name SPANISH ELM is given in the West Indies to a tree also called BOIS DE CHYPRE, Cordia Gerascanthus, of the natural order Cordiacea, the timber of which is valuable; also to Hamelia ventricosa, of the natural order Rubiacea, the timber of which is known to cabinet-makers as Prince-wood.

ELMI'NA, a fortified town and seaport of West Africa, capital of the Dutch settlements on the Gold Coast, is situated in an undulating and thickly wooded district, in lat. 5° 10′ N., and long, about 1° 40′ W. It is a large, irregularly built, and extremely unclean native town, and seems to be entirely destitute of any noteworthy architectural features. The inhabitants consist chiefly of traders, fishermen, and artisans. A few miles to the east is Cape Coast Castle. E. was first established by the Portuguese in 1481, and was the first European settlement planted on the coast of Guinea. It was taken by the Dutch in 1637, and, four years after, was finally ceded to them by the crown of Portugal. Pop. estimated at from 8000 to 10,000.

ELMI'RA, a town of New York state, contains, according to the census of 1860, 8682 inhabitants. In point of situation, it possesses both natural and artificial advantages. It stands on the Chemung, a navigable feeder of the Susquehanna; it is connected by a canal with Seneca Lake and the interior of Pennsylvania, and it is intersected by the railway which, with a length of 460 miles, connects Jersey City, virtually a suburb of New York, and Dunkirk on Lake Erie. E. is 273 miles distant from the capital of the state.

E'LMO'S FIRE, ST, is the popular name of an appearance sometimes seen, especially in southern climates during thunder-storms, of a brush or star of light at the tops of masts, spires, or other pointed objects. It is sometimes accompanied by a hissing noise, and is evidently of the same nature as the light caused by electricity streaming off from points connected with an electrical machine. See ELECTRICITY. The phenomenon, as seen at sea, was woven by the Greeks into the myth of Castor and Pollux; and even yet such lights at the mast-head are considered by sailors a sign that they have nothing to fear from the storm.

ELMSHORN, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein, 20 miles north-west of Hamburg, is situated on both banks of the Krückau, a navigable stream, and feeder of the Elbe. It is well built, has considerable manufactures, and an active trade in grain; it has also a boat-building yard, and some tanneries. Vast numbers of boots

and shoes are made at E., and are sold at all the fairs in the duchies of Slesvig and Holstein. Many Jews reside here, as this is one of the few places in the duchies in which they are allowed to settle without having previously obtained permission. E has an important annual cattle-market. Pop. 4461. EL OBEID. See IL OBEID, or LOBEID. ELOCUTION (Lat. for speaking out), the art of effective speaking, more especially of public speak ing. It regards solely the utterance or delivery; while the wider art of oratory, of which elocution is a branch, takes account also of the matter spoken. The art of elocution held a prominent place in ancient education, but has been greatly neglected in modern times. See READING and SPEAKING.

ÉLOGE. When a member of the French Académie dies, it is customary for his successor to deliver an oration, setting forth his merits and services. This is called an éloge (Lat. elogium, Gr. eulogia, praise), and a considerable branch of French literature goes by the name. Many of the French éloges are mere florid panegyrics; but others, particularly those written by Thomas, D'Alembert, Bailly, Condorcet, Cuvier, and other eminent savants, are interesting and valuable biographies. The proper epoch of the éloge began with Fontenelle (2 vols., Par. 1731), who was distinguished for clearness, eace, and elegance. His successors have tried to outshine him in pomp of language.

ELOHIM, Hebr., plural of Eloah, Arab. Iláh, Chald. Elah, Syr. Aloh, might, power; in plur., intensified, collective, highest power-great beings, kings, angels, gods, Deity. As a pluralis excellentic or majestatis, and joined to the singular verb, it denotes, with very rare exceptions, the One, true God. Joined to the plural verb, however, it usually means gods in general, whether including the One or not. It is mostly used (in the singular sense) for or together with Jehovah (the Everlasting One); but some portions of the Scriptures employ exclusively either the one term or the other. This circumstance has given rise to endless discussions, and has also suggested amongst others the notion of different authors of Genesis. On this, and on the relation of those two words to each other, see the article JEHOVAH. We shall only mention here the hitherto unnoticed opinion of the Talmudists, that Elohim denotes the Almighty under the aspect of a God of strict justice; Jehovah, of clemency and mercy. As important for the history of the word Elohim, we may add, in conclusion, that it was very probably Petrus Lombardus who first tried to prove the Trinity out of this plural form an attempt which, although unanimously and scornfully rejected by all scholars, from Calvin, Mercerus, Calixtus, the younger Buxtorf, &c., to our times, has lately been revived by Rudolf Stier, who has one so far as to invent a pew grammatical term, Pluralis Trinitatis,' for this purpose. See also the articles SHEMITIC PLURAL and PENTATEUCH.

ELONGATION, ANGLE OF, is the angle measur ing the distance between two stars, as seen from the earth. Usually, it is employed only in speaking of the distance of planets from the sun; the word distance' being used instead of the word elongation, in regard to fixed stars and planets, as related to one another.

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