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FUGE-FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW.

FUGÆ. See MEDITATIO FUGE,

FUGA'RO, the name of a well-known stop of the flute kind in continental organs of 4-feet pitch, and sometimes of 8-feet pitch, of a small scale, made of wood or tin; in tone it is as piercing as the gamba, but much clearer.

FUGGER, one of the most remarkable families in Germany, which, rising by industry and commerce, has founded numerous lines of counts, and even princes. The ancestor of the family was John F., master-weaver in Graben, near Augsburg. His eldest son, John F., acquired by marriage, in 1370, the freedom of Augsburg, and began to carry on a trade in linen along with weaving. By a second marriage, in 1382, with the daughter of a councillor, he had two sons and four daughters. This John F. was one of the council of twelve (Ger. Die Zwölfer, 'the twelvers') in the weaver-guild, and an assessor of the famous Fehmgericht (q. v.) or secret tribunal of Westphalia. He died in 1409, and left what was a large fortune for the time-3000 guldens or florins. His eldest son, Andrew F., made such good use of his share of the inheritance that he got the name of the Rich Fugger.' By marriage, he founded a noble line, which, however, died out in 1585. John's second son, Jacob F., who died in 1469, was superior and twelver' of the weaver-guild, and a man held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens; he was the first of the Fuggers that had a house in Augsburg, and he already carried on an extensive commerce.

Of his seven sons, three, Ulrich, George, and Jacob II., by means of industry, ability, and integrity, extended their business to an extraordinary degree, and laid the foundation for the palmy days of the family. They married into the noblest houses, and were raised by the Emperor Maximilian to the rank of nobles. The emperor mortgaged to them, for 70,000 gold guldens, the county of Kirchberg and the lordship of Weissenhorn, and received from them afterwards, through the mediation of Pope Julius II., 170,000 ducats, to assist in carrying on the war against Venice. Ulrich F., born 1441, died 1510, devoted himself specially to the commerce that he opened up with Austria, and there was almost no object that did not enter into his speculations; even the master-pieces of Albert Dürer went through his hands to Italy. Jacob F., born 1459, died 1525, engaged in mining; he farmed the mines in Tyrol, and accumulated immense wealth; he lent to the Archduke of Austria 150,000 guldens, and built the magnificent castle of Fuggerau, in Tyrol. Thus the wealth of the Fuggers went on increasing. Their wares went to all lands, and scarce a road or sea but bore their wagons or ships.

But it was under Charles V. that the House attained its greatest splendour. Jacob having died childless, and the family of Ulrich being also extinct, the fortunes and splendour of the house rested on the sons of George F., who died in 1506. At his death, he left three sons, one of whom, Marcus, entered the church; the two younger, Raimund and Antony, carried on the business, and became the founders of the two chief and still flourishing lines of the House of Fugger. The two brothers were zealous Catholics, and with their wealth supported Eck in his opposition to Luther. During the diet held by Charles V. at Augsburg, in 1530, the emperor lived in Antony F.'s splendid house in the Wine Market. On this occasion, he raised both brothers to the rank of counts, and invested them with the still mortgaged properties of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn; and a letter under the imperial seal conferred on them the rights of princes. For the support they afforded him in his Dedition against Algiers in 1535, they received

the right of coining money. Antony F., at his death, jewels and possessions in all parts of Europe and 10 left six millions gold crowns in ready money, besides both Indies. It is of him that the Emperor Charles is said to have remarked while being shewn the royal treasury in Paris: 'There is a linen-weaver in Augsburg that could pay all that out of his own purse."

The Emperor Ferdinand II. raised the splendour of the House of F. still higher while confirming the imperial letter of Charles, by conferring great additional privileges on the two oldest of the family, Counts John and Jerome. The Fuggers continued still as nobles to carry on their commerce, and further increased their immense wealth. They attained the highest posts in the empire, and several princely houses prided themselves on their alliance with the House of Fugger. They possessed the most extensive libraries and collections of objects of art, maintained painters and musicians, and liberally encouraged art and science. Their houses and gardens were master-pieces of the architecture and taste of the times. There is thus nothing incredible in the story that Antony F., on one occasion when Charles V. was his visitor, lighted a fire of cinnamon wood with the emperor's bond for money lent him.

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While thus indulging in splendour, they were not less bent on doing good. Ulrich, George, and Jacob, the sons of the beneficent Jacob, bought houses in one of the suburbs of Augsburg, pulled them down, and built 108 smaller houses, which they let to poor citizens at a low rent. This was the origin of the Fuggerei,' which still remains under the same name, with its own walls and gates. Many other benevolent institutions were set on foot by Antony F. and his sons. It is questionable if we are to rank among their benefactions their calling the Jesuits to Augsburg, and giving them buildings and revenues for a college, church, and school. The race is still continued in the two principal lines of Raimund and Antony, besides collateral branches. The domains are chiefly in Bavaria. A collection of portraits of the most important members of this great house, executed by Domin. Custos of Antwerp, appeared at Augsburg (1593 et seq.). This collection (increased to 127, with genealogies written in Latin) was republished by the brothers Kilian (Augsburg 1618); and in 1754, a new edition of the work, still further improved, and containing 139 portraits, was published at Ulm, under the title Pinacotheca Fuggerorum.

FUGITATION.

Scotland corresponds to outlawry in a criminal A sentence of fugitation in process in England, and is pronounced where a person fails to appear to answer to a criminal proit entails the escheat of his whole movable property secution against him. Amongst other consequences, to the crown. See ESCHEAT.

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. Slaves being regarded as property, things and not persons, as the Roman law puts it, the existence in every state in which slavery exists of a law recognising the right of the master to reclaim his property follows as a logical consequence. Accordingly, the constitution of the United States of America having recognised slavery, or service,' as it is gently termed by American writers, necessarily contained a number of enactments for its enforcement. By art. 4, s. 2 of that document, it is declared that persons held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, and escaping into another, shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due. In furtherance of this provision, the laws of New York have provided for the arrest of

FUGLEMAN-FUGUE.

such fugitives, on habeas corpus, founded on due proof, and for a certificate in favour of the right of the claimant, and delivery of the fugitive to him, to be removed. The existing law, as narrated in the latest edition of Kent, seems to be the follow

temporary purpose, and return, his state of slavery is resumed. These provisions have no influence on the condition of the fugitive slave (Kent, ut sup. ii. p. 297).

German flügel, a wing), an intelligent soldier posted FU'GLEMAN, (properly, Flugelman, from the in front of a line of men at drill, to give the time and an example of the motions in the manual and platoon exercises. He originally stood in front of the right wing, and hence the name.

ing. The act of 1793, providing for the reclamation of fugitives from justice and from service, has, so far as relates to the latter, been amended, and to a considerable extent superseded by the act of September 18, 1850. The judicial duties imposed by the latter act are to be performed by the United States commissioners, who may have the power of arresting or imprisoning for offences against the United States, by the judges of the circuit and district courts of the United States, and of the superior courts of territories, and by such special commissioners as the respective courts may appoint. It is the duty of all United States marshals to obey and execute all warrants and process of such judges and commissioners; and after the arrest of any fugitives, such officers are liable for an escape with or without their assent. When any fugitive has escaped into another state or territory, the owner, or his duly authorised agent, may pursue and personally arrest said fugitive, or may demand a warrant and arrest from the officer having due authority. The fugitive is then to be taken before a commissioner or judge, whose duty it is to hear and determine the complaint in a summary manner. Should he be satisfied of the validity of the claim and the identity of the slave, it is his duty to deliver to the claimant a certificate of the proceeding had, with authority to remove the fugitive to the place from which he fled. The testimony of the fugitive is not admissible. Any assistance rendered to a fugitive to enable him to escape from the claimant, or any obstruction offered to his arrest, is penal, and also subjects the party to damages at the suit of the owner. All citizens of the United States are required, when called upon, to render the officers personal assistance in the performance of their duties. These provisions apply to all the states, or did so, at least, previously to the war, whether slavery was recognised by their special laws or not; the principle being, that the constitution and laws of the United States secure the right to reclaim fugitive slaves against state legislation.' In some of the slave-holding states, it is held, that if a slave from such a state go lawfully into a non-progression of a fifth is answered by a fourth. A slave-holding state, and acquire a domicile there with his master, or is emancipated there by his master, he becomes emancipated, and ceases to be a slave on his return; but if he be carried there for a

FUGUE, in Music, is the name of a composition wherein the parts do not all begin at once, but follow or pursue one another at certain distances; thence the name, Fuga, a flight or chase, each part successively taking up the subject or melody. Any of the parts may begin the fugue, but the others follow according to fixed rules. The subject is generally a few bars of melody, which is given out in the principal key by the part which begins. The next part which enters repeats the same melody, but a fifth higher or a fourth lower, and is called the answer. The third part follows with the subject again in the principal key, but an octave higher or lower than the first part, and is answered by the fourth part in the same manner as the second part answers the first. After the subject is completed, the melody which follows it, so as to form a continuation of the part, is called the counterpoint, in the construction of which, facilities for ingenious double counterpoints of various kinds are afforded. When the subject and answer have been introduced in all the parts, the first section of the fugue is said to be completed; an intermediate harmony of a few bars then follows, sometimes in its form like part of the subject, and with a modulation into a nearly related key. The subject and answer are again brought forward, but following in a different order from the first section; while at the same time all the parts are continued, and in some of them the original counterpoint appears either simply or inverted, the subject and answer forming the predominating idea throughout the whole composition, and towards the end appearing in a variety of forms, intervals, and modifications. When the subject does not extend in compass beyond the half of an octave, the answer is invariably made in the other half; and to avoid modulation out of the key, the

fugue consisting of one subject with a counterpoint throughout, is called a strict fugue, as in the following example by J. Sebastian Bach, in which the first progression of a fifth is answered by a fourth:

Subject.

Answer.

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When a second subject is introduced in the middle the first subject, it is then called a fugue on two of the composition, and afterwards worked up with subjects, as in the following from Graun's Tod Jem

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A double fugue begins at once with two subjects in throughout, as in the following from Mozart's different parts, both of which are strictly treated Requiem:

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A free fugue is that in which the subject and counterpoint are not strictly treated throughout, but mixed up with intermediate harmonies and ideas not connected with the subject, while the rules of the fugue are not rigidly adhered to.

The fugue has always been, and will continue to be, esteemed by every sound musician, not from its being the most difficult style of composition, but from its not being subject to caprice and fashion. The fugues of Bach, Handel, and other composers possess the same interest for the present time as they have done for generations past. Although the ugue is held by many to be a mere mechanical study, which can be composed or written purely by rule and calculation, still, it undoubtedly holds out to a composer of genius a wide field for great and beautiful effects, as well as peculiar artistic combinations. The best works on the fugue are by Marpurg, Albrechtsberger, Kirnberger, and the late Professor S. W. Dehn of Berlin.

FUH-HE, or FUH-HE-SHE, the first of the five emperors of China that flourished in the mythological period. He instructed the people in the art of rearing cattle, and invented the på-kwă, or eight combinations of four strokes, to express the changes of nature. His chief invention, however, was that of letters, by drawing up the two linear ables called Ho-too and Lo-shoo, which he copied

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from the back of a dragon rising from the deep. According to another account, knotted cords, 20 inches long, were used for writing, till Tsang-ke, the minister of F., conceived the idea of characters from seeing the footprints of birds on the sands. F. instituted marriage, invented the musical instrument called kin, and taught the art of fishing. It is clear that he personifies a condition of society. He had a head with projections like the horns of an ox, and the body of a dragon.-San-tsze-king, 1. 21, 22; Kang-keen-e-che-luh, i. p. 6; Gutzlaff, Sketch of Chinese History, i. p. 119.

FUH-KEEN, or FU-KIAN (Happy Established, or The Consummation of Happiness), one of the eastern maritime provinces of China. It lies to the south of Che-keang, between the parallels of 23° 35′ and 28° 47′, and is backed by the great southern range of mountains that separates Southeastern China from the inland provinces. Together with the provinces of Keang-se, Kwang-tung, and a portion of Hu-nam and Hu-pih, F. forms the hilly portion of China Proper. It is a black-tea district, and produces barley and wheat. principal fruits are the orange, lemon, and mulberry. On its coast are situated the ports of Fu-chow (the capital), and Amoy, or Hia-mum (the gate or harbour of Hia), opened by the treaty of Nankin, 29th August 1842. See CHINA. The island of

The

FUHNEN-FULHAM.

For most and the Pang-hoo group are included in this prince. Area, 53,480 square miles; pop. 22,699,460.

FÜHNEN (Dan., Fyen), the largest of the Danish islands after Seeland, is bounded on the W. by the Little Belt, which separates it from Jutland and Slesvig; on the N. by the Odensee Fjord; on the E. by the Great Belt; and on the S. by the Little Belt, and by the island of Langeland, which is incorporated with it in one circle, or stift, of the kingdom. The area of this province is about 1280 square miles, and the population nearly 200,000. The coast is generally rugged, and much indented with bays or fjords; but the interior is flat, except towards the south and west, where there is a range of hills rising to about 500 feet. The land, which is well watered by several small streams, is fruitful and well cultivated, producing abundant Barley, oats, buckwheat, rye, crops of cereals. flax, and hemp are grown in larger quantities than are required for home consumption. Honey is also largely exported. The F. horses are in great request, and large numbers of these animals, and of a fine breed of horned cattle, are annually sent out of the island. The province of F. is divided into the two bailiwicks of Odensee and Svendborg. The principal towns are Odensee (q. v.), Svendborg (q. v.), and Nyborg (pop. 3000), a fortified town on the east coast, and the most direct port of communication with Seeland, and memorable as having been the seat of the annual Danehof, or meeting of the States, instituted in 1354 by Valdemar IV., and for the victory gained in 1659 by the Danes

and their allies over the Swedes.

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FULAHS [properly, Fulhe (sing. Pullo), called also Féllani (sing. Baféllanchi), Felláta, and Fullán], the name of a widely spread negro people in Upper Súdán, regarding whose origin there is much diversity of opinion. M. Eichwaldt (see Journal de la Société Ethnologique, 1841, vol. i. p. 2, et seq.) has endeavoured to connect them with the Malays in the far East, but, according to Dr Barth, 'none of his arguments are of any consequence.' Yet Dr Barth himself is of opinion that their origin is to be sought for in the direction of the East; but this,' he adds, refers to an age which for us is enveloped in impenetrable darkness.' The F. first emerge into the light of history about the beginning of the 14th c., when, as we learn from Ahmed Bába's History of Súdán, two members of the tribe went on a religious mission from Melle, on the borders of Senegambia, to the king of Bórnu. The importance of this incident lies in the fact, that it shews that in the dawn of their history-as has invariably been the case in later times-the course of the

tribe was from west to east, and also, that at the early period referred to, they were distinguished for that religious learning which still characterises them. After the 14th c., successive swarms of F. appear to have left the kingdom of Melle, or the mountainous region of Fuládu, and to have spread themselves over the greater portion of Súdán, absorbing and incorporating with themselves different and quite distinct national elements, which have given to their community a rather varying and undecided character.' Hence originate the con

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flicting accounts of travellers, some of whom speak of the F. as differing little from the negroes; others, as having their features and skulls cast in the European mould; while Bowen describes those of Yoruba as being some black, some almost white, and many of a mulatto colour, varying from dark to very bright. Many other tribes, which have not been quite absorbed by the F., are yet so far blended with them, that they have lost their native

idiom altogether, and speak the language of the predominant race, which is termed the Fulfulde. The F. are not all under one ruler; they are a race, such as those of Sokoto, Gando, Timbo, &c. The not a nation; and have founded many kingdoms, endless tribes belonging to their stock are generally divided into four groups or families, the Jel, the Baá, the Só, and the Beri. Most of them became converted to Mohammedanism about the middle of the 18th c., and in 1802, under the Imám Othman, commenced a religious war on the surrounding lishment of the great Fulah empire of Sokoto, pagans, which terminated prosperously in the estab Othman died in a sort of fanatical ecstasy or madness in 1818.

The F. are industrious and

inclined to trade; they work iron and silver, manufacture with great neatness articles in wood and leather, and weave various durable fabrics. They of Súdán, and have, besides mosques, schools in are by far the most intelligent of the inhabitants almost all their towns.

FU'LCRUM, in Mechanics, is the prop or fixed point on which a lever moves. See LEVER.

One of the chief

FULDA, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Hesse-Cassel, 54 miles south of Cassel, is pleasantly situated on a rising-ground on the right bank of the Fulda, a considerable stream, which, rising from the western base of the Rhöngebirge, in Bavaria, flows northward through Hesse-Cassel, and unites with the Werra on the Hanoverian border, after a course of 110 miles. It is a pretty town, surrounded by old walls, and has a market-place, two squares, and eight suburbs. buildings is the cathedral, the fourth church that has been built on this site. It is a handsome modern structure, and covers the shrine in which the body of St Bonifacius was deposited after his murder by the Frisians in 754. The other notable structures are the palace, formerly the residence of the prince-bishops of F.; the church of St Michael, founded in 822; a gymnasium, schools of art and manufactures, and a public library. F. has acquired a reputation for its linen manufactures; it has also extensive establishments for the manufacture of vinegar and beer; with dye-works, tanneries, and weaving. Pop. 14,000, mostly Roman Catholics. The province of Fuida, of which F. is the capital, forms part of what was formerly the grand-duchy of Fulda. This territory was incorporated with the grand-duchy of Frankfurt by Napoleon in 1810, and ceded to Prussia in 1815, but immediately afterwards was made over to Hesse-Cassel.

FU'LGORA. See LANTERN-FLY.

FU'LGURITES (Lat., fulgur, lightning), tubes formed of vitrified sand, which are found in sandbanks, and in soils consisting chiefly of silicious sand, and are attributed to the action of lightning melting and vitrifying the sand. They were first discovered in 1711 by the pastor Herman, at Massel, in Silesia, and have since been found in many places; but their origin was first They are pointed out by Dr Hentzen in 1805. from a quarter of an inch to two inches and a half in diameter, their internal surface of a perfectly glassy substance, hard enough to scratch glass, and to give fire with steel. They are usually, but not always, placed vertically in the sand, become narrower downwards, and sometimes divide and subdivide into branches.-The effects of lightning seem to be exhibited also in some places on rocks by vitrification and the production of a sort of enamel, sometimes assuming the form of beads.

FULHAM, formerly a village, but now a suburb of London, in the south of Middlesex, on the left

FULICA-FULLER'S EARTH.

bank of the Thames, six miles south-west of St the Marquis Ossoli, to whom, though many yearPaul's.

FU'LICA. See CooT.

FULI'GULA. See POCHARD.

FULLER, ANDREW, an eminent Baptist minister, and theological and controversial writer, the son of a small farmer, was born at Wicken, Cambridgeshire, February 6, 1754. He received the rudiments of his education at the free school of Soham, and in his youth was principally engaged in agricultural labours. In his 17th year, he became a member of a Baptist church at Soham, and in 1775 he was chosen pastor of a congregation at that place. His small stipend of £21 per annum he endeavoured to increase by keeping, first a small shop, and then a school. In 1782, he removed to Kettering, Northamptonshire, to take the pastorate of a congregation there. On the formation, in 1792, of the Baptist Missionary Society by Dr Carey, himself, and eleven other ministers, he was appointed its secretary, and the whole of his future life was devoted to the administration of its affairs. In 1794 he published a controversial treatise, entitled The Calvinistic and Socinian Systems, examined and compared as to their Moral Tendency (Lond. 8vo). This work was attacked by Dr Toulmin and Mr Kentish, and F. replied in a pamphlet, entitled Socinianism Indefensible (Lond. 1797, 8vo). His other principal publications are The Gospel its own Witness (Clipstone, 1797), and Expository Discourse on the Book of Genesis (2 vols. 8vo, Lond. 1806). He was also the author of a variety of single sermons and pamphlets. The sense, sagacity, and thoroughly practical knowledge of mankind which these writings display, have won for F. the title of the Franklin of Theology.' He died May 7, 1815. Three collected editions of his works have been published, besides American reprints; the first in 10 vols. 8vo, the second in 5, and the third in 1 royal 8vo. A volume of his treatises was republished in Bohn's Standard Library, with a Memoir by his son. F.'s Memoir of the Rev. Samuel Pearce of Birmingham is much esteemed as a religious biography.

FULLER, SARAH MARGARET, MARCHIONESS

OSSOLI, an American lady, whose talents, rare individuality of character, and untimely death, give to her history a peculiar and tragic interest, was born at Cambridgeport, in Massachusetts, in 1810. Under the care of her father, a lawyer and member of Congress, she was early and thoroughly instructed in the classics. It is related that he used to say of her, while still a child, that she knew more Latin and Greek than half the professors.' At a very early age, she had also made great proficiency in French and Italian. After the death of her father in 1835, she became teacher of languages in Boston, and subsequently principal of a school at Providence, Rhode Island. In 1839, she published a translation of Eckermann's Conversations with Goethe, She became, in 1840, editor of the Dial, a periodical instituted for the advocacy and diffusion of Transcendentalism in America, and for which she wrote a number of admirable articles on literature and art. Her critique on Goethe especially, in the second volume of the Dial, has been greatly and deservedly praised. Nowhere,' says Mr Emerson, did Goethe find a braver, more intelligent, or more sympa thetic reader.' Her Summer on the Lakes, a vivid and truthful picture of prairie-life, was published in 1843. Soon after, she took charge of the literary department of the New York Tribune. In 1846, she visited England, where she made the acquaintance of Carlyle and other eminent men. From London, she journeyed through France to Italy. At Rome, she accidentally became acquainted with

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younger than herself, she was married in December 1847. She took the deepest interest in the cause of Italian liberty; and during the siege of Rome, in 1849, devoted herself with untiring assi duity to the care of the sick and wounded. In May 1850, she and her husband set sail for America; but a violent storm having arisen when they were near the coast of the United States, the vessel struck on Fire Island Beach, Long Island, in the morning of the 16th of July, and a few hours after went to pieces. Among those who perished were the Marquis and Marchioness Ossoli and their child.

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FULLER, THOMAS, D.D., an eminent English historian and divine, was born in 1608 at Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, of which parish his father was rector. He was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge, and greatly distinguished himself by his application to study. He took the degree of A.B. in 1624, and that of A.M. in 1628. He stood so high in the estimation of his college that, before he was 23 years of age, he was appointed to St Benets, Cambridge, and acquired great popularity as preacher. Soon after, he was collated to a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, and obtained a fellowship in Sidney Sussex College. His first publication was a poem, entitled David's Heinous Sin, Hearty Repentance, and Heavy Punishments (1631, 8vo). He was next presented to the rectory of Broad Windsor, Dorsetshire; published his History of the Holy War at Cambridge in 1639; and in 1640 removed to London, where he was chosen lecturer at the Savoy Church in the Strand. year, he was a member of the Convocation at Westminster, and one of the select committee appointed to draw up new canons for the better government of the church. During the civil war he adhered firmly to the royal cause; and shared in its reverses. In 1646, however, he was chosen lecturer, first, at St Clement's Lane, Lombard Street, and afterwards at St Bride's. About 1648, he was presented to the living of Waltham, in Essex. In 1650, he published a geographical account of the Holy Land, entitled A Pisgah Sight of Palestine and the Confines thereof (folio, with maps and views), and Abel Redivivus, a collection of lives of modern divines. In 1655, he published at London The Church History of Britain, from the Birth Jesus Christ until the year 1648 (folio). 1658, he received the living of Cranford, Middlein his prebend of Salisbury, of which he had been deprived by the Parliamentarians. appointed chaplain extraordinary to the king, and He died August 16, 1661. created D.D. at Cambridge by royal mandamus. The Worthies of England, was published at LonHis principal work, don in 1662 (folio). Valuable for the information it contains on provincial history, it abounds in biographical anecdote, witty remark, and acute observation on men and manners. A new edition, with his life prefixed, appeared in 1810 (2 vols. 4to), His Holy and Profane States were republished F's peculiar characteristics; but his writings are Quaint humour is one of no less remarkable for wisdom, imagination, and, when occasion demands, even for pathos. 'Next to Shakspeare,' says Coleridge, I am not certain whether Thomas Fuller, beyond all other writers, does not excite in me the sense and emulation of the marvellous.. most sensible, the least prejudiced great man, in He was incomparably the an age that boasted of a galaxy of great men.'

In

sex, and at the Restoration he was reinstated

in America in 1831.

He was also

FULLER'S EARTH, a mineral consisting

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