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FURSTENWALDE-FUSEL.

Gernan from the original, by himself, in conjunction on the British mountains, and often suffers from with other scholars; Der Orient; Berichte, Studien und Kritiken für Jüdische Geschichte und Literatur (The East; Notices, Studies, and Criticisms in connection with Jewish History and Literature, Leip. 1840); Die Jüdischen Religionsphilosophen des Mittelalters (The Jewish Religious Philosophers of the Middle Ages, Leip. 1845); Geschichte der Juden in Asien (History of the Jews in Asia, Leip. 1849); Bibliotheca Judaica (1849-1853); and Hebräisches und Chaldäisches Handwörterbuch (Hebrew and Chaldee Manual, Leip. 1851-1854), preceded by a history of Hebrew lexicography.

FÜRSTENWALDE, a small walled town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, on the right bank of the Spree, 30 miles east-south-east of Berlin. It has a brick church of the 14th c., the Marienkirch, which contains a fine Gothic Sacramentshäuschen (or pyx for keeping the host), built of sandstone, and dating from 1510. F. manufactures linens and woollens, and carries on some trade by river. Pop. 5890.

FÜRTH, a flourishing manufacturing town of Bavaria, in Middle Franconia, is situated at the confluence of the Rednitz and the Pegnitz, about 5 miles north-west of Nürnberg, with which it is connected by a railway, laid out in 1835, and the first that was completed in Germany. It has numerous churches, synagogues, a town-hall, theatre, &c. It is the most industrious and most prosperous manufacturing town of Bavaria; its mirrors, chandeliers, snuff-boxes, lead-pencils, its brass and wood wares, and its articles of dress, are famous. The making of metallic leaf, and the manufacture of articles in bronze, are most important branches of industry. F. also produces pinchbeck rings, watchkeys, brass nails, spectacles and optical instruments, in great abundance. An annual fair, lasting fourteen days, takes place at Michaelmas. Pop. 17,341, of whom 2500 are Jews, and the rest Protestants. F. first appears in history about the beginning of the 10th c., when it belonged to the archbishops of Bamberg. Subsequently it acknowledged the authority of the Burgrafs of Nuremberg. In 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, the Austrian Croats burned it to the ground. In 1680 a great fire almost laid it in ashes again. It first began to attain importance as a seat of manufactures in the latter half of the last century.

FURY AND HECLA STRAIT, lying in lat. 70° N., and long. from 82° to 86° W., separates Melville Peninsula on the south from Cockburn Island on the north, and connects Fox's Channel on the east with the Gulf of Boothia on the west. It is of no value whatever as a means of communication, nor is ever likely to be so, its western entrance having been ascertained by Captain Parry, who discovered it, on his second voyage, to be impenetrably closed from shore to shore by the accumulated ices of many years. It is traversed from west to east by a strong current, which passes down Fox's Channel into

Hudson's Strait.

FURZE (Ulex), a genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Papilionacea, distinguished by a two-leaved calyx with a small scale or bractea on each side at the base, stamens all united by their filaments, and a turgid pod scarcely longer than the calyx. The COMMON F. (U. Europaus), also called WHIN and GORSE, is a shrub about two or three feet high, extremely branched; the branches green, striated, and terminating in spines; the leaves few and lanceolate; the flowers numerous, solitary, and yellow. It is common in many of the southern parts of Europe and in Britain, although it does not reach any considerable elevation

the frost of severe winters; whereas in mild seasons its flowers may be seen all winter, so that there is an old proverb, 'Love is out of season when the furze is out of blossom.' It is scarcely known in any of the northern parts of Europe; and Linnæus is said to have burst into exclamations of grateful rapture when he first saw a common covered with F. bushes glowing in the profusion of their rich golden flowers. F. is sometimes planted for hedges, but is not well suited for the purpose, occupying a great breadth of ground, and not readily acquiring sufficient strength; besides, it does not, when cut, tend to acquire a denser habit. It is useful as affording winter food for sheep, and on this account is burned down to the ground by sheepfarmers when its stems become too high and woody, so that a supply of green succulent shoots may be secured. In some parts of Wales, F., chopped and bruised, forms the principal part of the winter fodder of horses. In some places, it is sown to yield green food for sheep or other animals, but is preferable to other green crops only on dry sandy soils, where they could not be advantageously cultivated. It is most extensively cultivated in Flanders. It is chopped and bruised by means of a mallet, one end of which is armed with knife-blades; or by means of a simple machine, called a gorse-mill-A double-flowering variety is common in gardens. A very beautiful variety, called IRISH F., because originally found in Ireland (U. strictus of some botanists), is remarkable for its dense, compact, and erect branches. A dwarf kind of F. (U. namus) occurs in some places, and is perhaps also a mere variety; if so, there is only one species known.

In fox-hunting countries, F. is encouraged on account of the excellent cover it affords. It is also a favourite cover for rabbits.

FUSE, FUSEE, a tube of wood or metal, perforated down the side with a vertical row of holes, and used for firing shells. The tube is filled with a composition of nitre, sulphur, and gunpowder, which will burn gradually. The distance between each hole representing a second, the range and time of flight are computed, and that hole is left open which will communicate the fire in the fuse to the loaded shell at the moment the latter touches the ground after being discharged. Of course, when combustion reaches this aperture, the shell is burst by the explosion of the contained gunpowder, and scattered around in numerous fragments. Fuses constructed on a similar principle are used in exploding military mines (q. v.).

FUSEL or FOUSEL OIL, known also as POTATO SPIRIT, is a frequent impurity in spirits distilled from fermented potatoes, barley, rye, &c., to which it communicates a peculiar and offensive odour and taste, and an unwholesome property. Being less volatile than either alcohol or water: it accumulates in the last portions of the distilled liquor. According to Liebig, it is principally formed in the fermentation of alkaline or neutral liquids, while it never occurs in acidulous fermenting fluids which contain tartaric, racemic, or citric acid. It mainly consists of a substance to which chemists have given the name of amylic alcohol, whose composition is represented by the formula HO,C,H110, It is a colourless limpid fluid, which has a persistent and oppressive odour and a burning taste. It is only sparingly soluble in water, but may be mixed with alcohol, ether, and the essential oils in all proportions. Any spirit which produces a milky appearance, when mixed with four or five times its volume of water, may be suspected to contain it.

Fusel oil is principally sold in this country for the

FUSELI-FUSTIC.

purpose of yielding pear essence for the so-called jargonelle-drops; it has likewise been patented as a solvent for quinine; and according to Liebig, it is sometimes employed in lighting distillery buildings. FUSE'LI, HENRY, the second son of John Caspar Fuseli, or Fuessli, a portrait-painter, and author of Lives of the Swiss Painters, was born at Zurich in 1742. He studied in his native town and at Berlin, travelled with Lavater in 1761, and then went to England, where, by Reynolds's advice, he devoted himself to art. In pursuance of this object, he proceeded to Italy in 1770, where he remained for eight years, studying in particular the works of Michael Angelo, and in 1778 returned to England. In 1790 he was elected a member of the Royal Academy, where, nine years later, he became professor of painting. He died at Putney Hill, near London, 16th April 1825, and was buried beside his friend, Sir Joshua Reynolds, in St Paul's. His most remarkable works are The Ghost of Dion,' from Plutarch; Lady Macbeth;' 'Hercules and the Horses of Diomedes;' and his Milton's Gallery,' comprising 47 designs from Paradise Lost. F's imagination was bold, but coarse; he had more genius than art; and his execution was often spasmodic in the extreme. His art-criticism, however, strange to say, ranks among the best in the language. His literary works, with a narrative of his life, were published by Knowles (3 vols., London, 1831).

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We see from this table that alloys may have a fusing-point far below that of any of the metals which enter into their composition. Similarly, mixtures of various silicates fuse at a temperature far below that which is required to melt any one of them, and the same remark applies to mixtures of various chlorides, carbonates, &c.

Most solids, when heated to their fusing-point,

FUSIBILITY. With few exceptions, all solids which can bear a high temperature without undergoing chemical change, may be melted. Many sub-change at once into perfect liquids; but some-as, stances which are popularly regarded as infusible for example, platinum, iron, glass, phosphoric acid, the resins, and many others-pass through an -as, for example, platinum and flint-readily fuse intermediate pasty condition before they attain before the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, or between the poles of a powerful galvanic battery; even carbon perfect fluidity, and, in these cases, it is difficult, if has been partially fused by the last-named means. This intermediate condition is termed vitreous fusion, not impossible, to determine the exact fusing-point. There are many substances which cannot be melted because it is a characteristic property of glass. It because they are decomposed by the action of heat. is in this intermediate state that glass is worked, Thus, wood and many other organic compounds are and iron and platinum forged. decomposed into certain gases, which escape, and into carbon and fixed salts, which are left. Simi

As a general rule, the freezing-point is the same larly, carbonate of lime (chalk) is decomposed into as the fusing-point-that is to say, if a substance in carbonic acid gas and lime at a temperature below its fusing-point. If, however, we prevent the gas from escaping by confining the carbonate of lime in a hermetically closed gun-barrel, it can be melted

at a high furnace-heat.

A table of 'The Order of Fusibility of the Metals' is given by Miller in his Elements of Chemistry, 2d edition, vol. ii. p. 294.

the liquid form be cooled below the fusing-point, it again becomes solid; but there are cases in which we can cool a liquid several degrees below its fusingpoint; thus, by keeping water perfectly still, we can cool it to 5, or even to 1°4 before it freezes.

If, however, we drop a solid body into water in this condition, or if we shake the vessel containing it, congelation begins at once, and the temperature rises to 32°. This phenomenon is exhibited to a FUSIBLE METAL. Fusible metal is composed still greater degree in viscid fluids, like the oils. of 2 parts of bismuth, 1 of lead, and 1 of tin. It It is well known that the freezing-point of water fuses at 201 F., becoming pasty before it completely is depressed by the presence of salts. Thus, seamelts. It expands in a very anomalous manner; water freezes at about 26 6, and a saturated its bulk increases regularly from 32° to 95°; it solution of common salt must be cooled as low as then contracts gradually to 131; it then expands 4 before freezing. Despretz has given the freezingrapidly till it reaches 176°, and from that point till points of various saline solutions at different degrees it melts, its expansion is uniform. The faculty of of concentration in the fourth volume of the Comptes expanding as it cools, while still in a comparatively | Rendus, p. 435. soft state, renders the alloy very serviceable to the die-sinker, who employs it to test the accuracy of his die, every line being faithfully reproduced in the cast made of the alloy. The proportions of the three metals are sometimes varied, and another formula is given in the table in FUSING AND

FREEZING POINTS.

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FU'STIAN, a cotton fabric having a pile like velvet, but shorter, and which is manufactured in nearly the same manner as velvet-viz., by leaving loops standing upon the face of the fabric, and threads, which are afterwards smoothed by shearing, then cutting them through so as to form upright singeing, and brushing. See VELVET.

FUSTIC, a name given to two kinds of dye-wood used for producing a yellow colour, and with chemical additions, other colours, such as brown, olive, and green. The name seems to be derived from the French Fustet, the name of the Venice Sumach (Rhus cotinus, see SUMACH), a shrub found in the

FUSUS--FUTTYGURH.

south of Europe; and to have been transferred to a very different plant, the Maclura tinctoria of Don, or Morus tinctoria, a tree of the natural order Moraceae, a native of the West Indies, Mexico, Brazil, Columbia, &c. The fustic is a large and handsome tree, the wood is of a greenish-yellow colour, and is sometimes used in mosaic cabinet-work and turning, but chiefly in dyeing. About 10,000 tons are imported annually into Britain. The tree is particularly abundant in Campeachy. The wood contains a great quantity of colouring matter, which forms the most durable of vegetable yellow dyes; but as the colour is rather dull, it is more used for producing other colours. The name OLD FUSTIC is sometimes given to it, and YOUNG FUSTIC to the wood of Rhus cotinus. These terms began to be employed about the beginning of last century, from the mistaken notion that the one, in small pieces, was the wood of the young tree, and the other, in comparatively large logs, of the same tree in a more mature state. The OSAGE ORANGE (q. v.) of North America (Maclura aurantiaca) is nearly allied to old fustic, and its wood also affords a yellow dye.

OLD FUSTIC, or Yellow Wood, is employed for dyeing woollens yellow, and also to impart to them green and olive colours when mixed with indigo and salts of iron. It furnishes a yellow colouring matter, which may be obtained in crystals by evaporating its watery solution. This substance is termed moritannic acid, and its composition is represented by the formula C8H18020. The bichromates of potash and of lead have to a great degree superseded the use of OLD FUSTIC.

YOUNG FUSTIC is the wood of Rhus cotinus or Venetian sumach. It contains a yellow colouring matter, to which the name Fusteric has been given. It is generally used in combination with other dyes, in order to strike some particular tint.

FUSUS (Lat. a spindle), a genus of gasteropodous molluscs nearly allied to Murex (q. v.), having a spindle-shaped shell, with a very elevated spire, the first whorl often much dilated, and a straight elongated canal. The whorls are not crossed by varices, as in Murex. The species were formerly, however, included in that genus. About 100 existing species have been described, and more than three times that number of fossil ones. The existing species are distributed over the whole world, living generally on muddy and sandy sea-bottoms at no great depths.

Roaring Backie, as used by the Zetlanders.

F. antiquus is known in the south of England as the RED WHELK, and in Scotland as the ROARING BUCKIE, from the continuous sound-as of waves breaking on the shore-heard when the empty shell is applied to the ear. In the cottages of Zetland, the shell, generally about six inches long, is used for

a lamp, being suspended horizontally by a cord, its cavity containing the oil, and the wick passing through the canal. This mollusc is often dredged up with oysters. It is eaten by the poor, but is more generally used as bait for cod, skates, &c.

This genus makes its first appearance in the Oolite, in which 10 species have been noticed. The numbers increase to 35 in the Cretaceous rocks, to 100 in the Eocene, and to 150 in the Miocene and Pliocene.

county of the Lower Bacs, is situated on the left FUTA'K, a town of Lower Hungary, in the bank of the Danube, in lat. 45° 15′ N., and long. 19° 42′ W. It has a beautiful castle and garden, and the inhabitants grow vegetables and tobacco extensively. F. has a great trade in corn, and has a fair in November, frequented by merchants from Turkey, Greece, and Armenia. Pop. 7800.

FUTEHGU'NGE (in English, Victory Market) is the name of two places in Rohilcund, the scenes respectively, as the name implies, of two battles gained by the British over the Rohillas.-1. Eastern F., a town of the district of Bareilly, is situated near the right bank of the Bhagal, in lat. 28 4' N., and long. 79° 42′ E. The action, from which this spot is designated, was fought in 1774, giving to the Nawab of Oude, then an ally of the English East India Company, a large part of Rohilcund; and it was, in fact, to commemorate that event, that Eastern F. was built by that prince.-2. Western F., a town also of the district of Bareilly, is situated in lat. 28° 28' N., and long. 79° 24′ E. The conflict that distinguished this locality occurred in 1796. The only eminence in the neighbourhood, the most hotly con tested point in the struggle, bears twofold testimony to the story, in the memorials of those who fell-s plain and simple monument of fourteen British officers, and a carved and minareted tomb of two Rohilla chieftains.

FUTTEHPU'R, a town of the Doab, on the great trunk-road between Calcutta and Delhi, stands in lat. 25° 57' N., and long. 80° 54' E., 70 miles north-west of Allahabad, and 50 miles to the southeast of Cawnpore. It is a thriving place, with about 16,000 inhabitants. Besides the buildings belonging to the civil establishment of the district of its own name, it contains a small, but very elegant mosque.

FUTTEHPUR, the district of which the town of the preceding article is the capital, lies wholly within the Doab, and occupies its entire breadth from Jumna to Ganges. It extends immediately to the west of the district of Allahabad, in lat. from 25° 25' to 26 13' N., and in long. from 80° 12 to 81° 23′ E., containing 1583 square miles, and 512,000 inhabitants. It yields large quantities of cotton, and by means of its bordering rivers, and a branch of the Ganges Canal, it possesses considerable facilities for inland navigation.

FUTTUHA, or FUTWA, a town of 12,000 inhabitants, in the district of Patna, and sub-presi dency of Bengal, stands at the confluence of the Punpun and the Ganges, in lat. 25° 30′ N., and long. 85° 22′ E. As the Ganges is here deemed peculiarly sacred, F. is, at certain seasons of the year, the resort of vast numbers of pilgrims.

FUTTYGU'R H, the military cantonment of Furruckabad, stands about three miles to the east of that city, on the opposite or left bank of the Ganges, being in lat. 27° 22′ N., and long. 79' 41' E. Its name became peculiarly famous, or rather infamous, in the mutiny of 1857, less, however, for the outbreak that occurred on the spot, than for

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FUTTYPUR-FYZABAD.

the unparalleled sufferings of the hapless fugitives receive a dividend, deducting interest at 5 per »nt. -men, women, and children. for the period which was to elapse before the ste FUTTYPU'R, a town in the district of Saugor when the debt was payable in due course. By s and Nerbudda, and sub-presidency of the North-56, debts payable on a contingency might be valued, west Provinces, stands on the Unjon, a tributary and a dividend paid on the estimated value. Similar of the Nerbudda, about 20 miles from the point of provisions were inserted in the 12 and 13 Vict. c. junction, being in lat. 22° 38′ N., and long. 78° 38′ E. 196, ss. 172 and 177. By the last bankruptcy act, It is a place of some importance, as being the 24 and 25 Vict. c. 134, s. 153, it is enacted that a residence of three Gond rajahs. person having a claim for unliquidated damages, which are of the nature of a future debt, may have his claim assessed by a jury either in the court of equity, or before a common-law judge, or, in case of agreement between the parties, by the court without a jury.

FUTURE DEBT is a debt wherein the obligation to pay and the time for payment is fixed and certain, but the day for performance has not arrived. Of such a debt, it was said in the civil law dies cedit etsi nondum venerit; and it was distinguished from a contingent debt, i. e., a debt payable on the performance of a condition which was uncertain, in which it was said dies nec cedit nec venit. Thus, an obligation to pay six months hence is a future debt; an obligation to pay if my ship returns from Spain,' is contingent. In the event of the death or bankruptcy of a person having large commercial transactions, it is often of great importance that the right of the holders of such securities should be accurately fixed. In Rome, on the death or bankruptcy of a citizen, a creditor holding a claim for a future debt was entitled to payment, deducting a percentage proportionate to the date at which his debt was payable; but a contingent creditor only received a security for payment in case his debt should become payable. This general principle has been introduced into the legal systems of modern states. In Holland and in France, the rights of creditors having claims not immediately payable are based upon the rule of the civil law. In England, a future debt, in order to found a valid claim, must be in writing, but it may be constituted by bond, bill, or note or other security. By common law, such a claim could not be enforced until the actual time for payment has arrived; and formerly, in case of bankruptcy, a creditor on a debt of this kind was not allowed to insist in his claim. At the same time, the bankrupt's discharge was held not to release him from a debt which had not been admitted to claim in the process; and hence debtors were sometimes incarcerated for years on debts which they were wholly unable to discharge. See IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT. This state of things was productive of manifest injustice on both debtor and creditor; on the latter, by excluding him from insisting in his claim at a time when he might have obtained a partial payment; on the former, by punishing him for his default when he was deprived of the means of making any return. The subject was frequently discussed in parliament before a remedy was applied. At last, by 6 Geo. IV. c. 16, 451, it was enacted that, in cases of bankruptcy, where a debt was not immediately payable, the reditor should be entitled to prove his debt, and

By the common law of Scotland, the rule of the civil law, as to the rights of creditors having a future claim, has always been recognised. In the event of bankruptcy, creditors in both future and contingent debts are allowed to rank, but the latter only to the extent of receiving a security until the condition is purified. But by 19 and 20 Vict. c. 79, s. 53, which is now the ruling statute as to bankruptcy in Scotland, contingent creditors may have their debts valued, and may vote in the Sequestration (q. v.), and draw dividends proportionate to the valuation. It is also enacted, s. 14, that all creditors whose debts are not contingent may concur in the petition for bankruptcy. But the Scotch law affords to future debtors a further privilege, unknown to the system of the sister-country-viz., that of arrestment in security, whereby a creditor having a future claim is enabled, in case his debtor seem to be wilfully diminishing his means of discharging his debt, to attach the goods of the debtor as a security for the payment of his debt. See ARRESTMENT.

and north-east from the Sound of Bute, in the south FYNE, LOCH, an arm of the sea running north is bounded by the district of Cowal on the E., and of Argyleshire, to beyond Inverary, in the north, and by those of Argyle, Knapdale, and part of Cantire and 40 to 70 fathoms deep. Its shores are deeply on the W. It is 43 miles long, 2 to 10 miles broad, indented, and bordered by low bare hills, which rise higher and are wooded near Inverary. On the the Crinan Canal. Loch F. is celebrated for its west side, it sends off a small branch leading to herrings.

FYZABA'D, a rapidly decaying city of Oude, stands on the right bank of the Ghogra, here a navigable river, in lat. 26° 47′ N., and long. 82° 10′ E. Originally an appendage, as it were, of Ayodha or Oude, the ancient capital from which the country took its name, F. became, in 1730, itself the seat of government. But in 1775, immediately after the annexation of part of Rohilcund (see FUTEHGUNGE), it was supplanted by Lucknow, which lay about 90 miles to the west, in the direction of the newly acquired territory.

565

G

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THE seventh letter in the Roman | Nagy Karoly in 1811, studied at the college of alphabet, and in the modern alphabets Buda, and at the university of Pesth, and entered derived from it. For the history soon afterwards the administrative career, being of the character, see ALPHABET and attached to the Hungarian Council of Lieutenancy. letter C. The original and proper G. began writing early, and proved equally successsound of G (corresponding to Gr. 7) is ful when gossiping in the columns of Kossuth's that heard in gun, give, glad. But the famous Pesti Hirlap, and when engaged in translatsame natural process which turned the ing a masterpiece of Cervantes, filling the periodicals k-sound of c before e and i into that of 8 with tales and novels, or furnishing original works (see C), produced a similar change on G, so for the National Theatre. The sketches of countrythat before e and i it came to be pronounced life as it was, and as it still continues on the by the Latins like dzh. The sibilation of the vast plains of Hungary, are nowhere to be found letter g before i followed by a vowel, had begun as more vividly and more truly exhibited than in G.'s early as the 4th c. A. D., as is evident from the comedies and tales. The following are some of misspelling in inscriptions; in the case of c, the G.'s original compositions: Szirmay Ilona, a novel change can be detected much earlier. From the in 2 vols. (Pesth, 1836); Peleskei Notarius (The Latin, the dzh-sound of g passed into the Romanic Notary of Peleske, Pesth, 1838), a comedy in four tongues, and also into English. As a general rule acts-might be called the Hungarian comedy par in English, in words derived from the classical and excellence; Szvatopluk, a tragedy in five acts. Romanic languages, g has the hissing sound before Tales: Pusztai Kaland (An Adventure on the e, i, and y; it has its natural sound in all words Hungarian Prairies); Tengeri Kaland az Alfoelbefore a, o, and u; and it retains it in Teutonic doen (Seafaring Adventures in Lower Hungary); words even before e and i. Hortobágyi éjszaka (A Night on the Heath of Hortobágy). During the sojourn of the Hungarian Diet at Debreczin (1849), G. was editor of a journal combating extreme radical views.

G, in its proper power, belongs to the order of gutturals, k or c, g, ch, gh; of the two bare' gutturals, is the flat (or medial), and k the sharp; while gh and ch are the corresponding Aspirates (q. v.).

The following are some of the interchanges between g and other letters: Lat. ager, Gr. agros, Eng. acre, Ger. acker; Gr. triakonta, Lat. triginta; Gr. gonu, Lat. genu, Eng. knee; Lat. (g)nosco, Gr. gignosco, Eng. know; Lat. genus, Eng. kin; Gr. chen, Ger. gans, Eng. goose and gander; Lat, hesternus, Ger. gestern, Eng. yester (day); Lat. germanus, Span. hermano. The convertibility of g and y is seen in the old English participles in y, as yclad, corresponding to Sax. and Ger. ge-; in Ger. gelb, Eng. yellow; Ger. tag, Eng. day; Ger. mag, Eng. may; yate for gate; yard for garden, Lat. hortus. In Italian, gi is substituted for j, as Giulio for Julius; and in French, which has no w, that letter is represented by gu, as guerre, guarder, for Eng. war, ward or guard. G has been frequently dropt out, as Lat. nosco for gnosco; Eng. enough, compared with Ger. genug; agone, with ge-gangen; Lat. magister, Fr. maistre or mattre, Eng. master. May, Lat. Maius, contracted from Magius, is from a root mag, or (Sans.) mah, to grow: so that May is just the season of growth.

G, in Music, is the fifth sound of the natural diatonic scale of C, and the eighth sound of the chromatic scale. It stands in proportion to C as 2 to 3; is a perfect fifth above C, and the second harmonic arising from C as a fundamental note. In the solmisation of Guido Aretinus, the note G was called Sol, Re, or Ut, according as the hexachord began with C, F, or G. G major as a key has one sharp at its signature, viz., F sharp. & minor has two flats at its signature, viz., B flat and E flat.

GAAL, JOZSEF, a Hungarian author, was born at

نارة

GA'BBRO, the name given by Italian geologists diallage. It is equivalent to euphotide or diallage to a variety of greenstone composed of felspar and rock.

GABELENTZ, HANS CONON VON DER, a distinguished German philologist, was born at Altenburg, 13th October 1807, and educated at the universities of Leipsic and Göttingen. In 1833, he published his Eléments de la Grammaire Mandschoue, a new grammar, in which the entire idiomatic character of that language was developed in concise rules. He had, moreover, a share in the establishment of a journal devoted to Oriental science (Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes), and contributed to it some interesting papers on the Mongolian language. Along with J. Löbe, he also published a critical edition of the Gothic translation of the Bible by Ulfilas, with a Latin translation, and with a Gothic glossary and grammar appended (Leipsic, 1843-1846). G. was also the first philologist in Germany who undertook a scientific treatment of the dialects of the Finnish-Tartar stem. Besides a Syrjan grammar (Grundzüge der Syrjän ischen Grammatik, Altenburg, 1841), he furnished contributions to periodicals on the Mordvinian and Samoyed languages. He has since published some contributions to the science of language (Beiträge zur Sprachenkunde). The first three parts were issued in 1852, and the first volume of a collection of his Philological Fragments (Sprachwissenschaft liche Fragmente) appeared in 1859, and a Dissertation on the Passive Voice (Ueber das Passivum, Eine Sprachvergleichende Abhandlung) in 1860.

GABELLE, a French word, derived from the German Gabe, gift or tribute, and originally used in

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