ENGRAVINGS, PROPERTY OF. The property of engravings and prints is secured by statutes similar to those for the protection of literary property. By 8 Geo. II. c. 13, the property of historical and other prints was declared to be invested in the inventor for 14 years. The proprietor's name must be affixed to each print, and the statute imposes a penalty on printsellers and others pirating the same. The provisions of this statute were extended by 7 Geo. III. c. 38, which secures to the widow of William Hogarth the sole right of printing and reprinting his works for the period of 20 years. The other acts are 17 Geo. III. c. 57, 6 and 7 Will. IV. c. 59-which extends the former acts to the whole United Kingdom-and 15 Vict. c. 12. The latter act-the object of which was to enable her Majesty to carry into effect a convention with France on the subject of copyright, to extend and explain the international copyright acts, and to explain the acts relating to copyright in engravings reduces the duties on foreign engravings, and extends the protection of the acts to prints taken by lithography, or any other mechanical process by which prints or impressions of drawings or designs are capable of being multiplied indefinitely'. a clause which has now been found to cover photographs.

ENGRO'SSING AND REGRATING. An engrosser, regrater, or forestaller, is a person who buys grain, flesh, fish, or other articles of food, with the intention of selling them again at an enhanced price, either in the same fair or market, or in another in the neighbourhood, or who purchases or contracts for corn while still in the field. These practices were regarded as criminal in most countries, before the laws by which trade is regulated were properly understood. In England, they were forbidden by various statutes, from the time of Edward VI. to that of Queen Anne. These statutes were repealed by 12 Geo. III. c. 71, on the preamble, that it hath been found by experience, that the restraints laid upon the dealing in corn, meal, flour, cattle, and sundry other sorts of victuals, by preventing a free trade in the said commodities, have a tendency to discourage the growth, and to enhance the price of the same. It was found, however, that engrossing was not only a statutory but a common law offence, and a prosecution for it in the latter character actually took place in the present century. The Act 7 and 8 Vict. c. 24, for abolishing the offences of forestalling, regrating, and engrossing, was consequently passed. Besides declaring that the several offences of badgering, engrossing, forestalling, and regrating be utterly taken away and abolished, and that no information or prosecution shall lie either at common law or by virtue of any statute, either in England, Scotland, or Ireland, this statute repeals a whole host of earlier enactments in restraint of trade, which had been omitted in the statute in the time of George III., above referred to. The rubrics of these enact ments give a curious picture not only of the trading errors, but in many other respects of the obsolete customs of our ancestors. The first, for example (51 Henry III.), is called a 'Statute of the Pillory and Tumbrel, and of the Assize of Bread and Ale.' Then there is an act passed in several reigns which provides for the punishment of a butcher or cook that buyeth flesh Jews, and selleth the same to Christians.'

Notwithstanding the doctrine of the Scottish law, that statutes may be repealed by mere desuetude, it

The statute 6 and 7 Vict. c. 24 does not apply to the spreading of false rumours, with the intent t enhance or decry the price of merchandise, or pre venting goods from being brought to market by if that act had not been made. force or threats, which continue to be punishable as

ENGROSSING A DEED. See INGROSSING. ENGUE'RA, a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, 43 miles south-west of the town of that name. It is poorly built, and has narrow and irregular streets. It has manufactures of linen and woollen goods, and some trade in cattle and agricultural produce. Pop. 5250.

ENGUICHÉ. A hunting-horn, the rim around the mouth of which is of a different colour from the horn itself, is said heraldically to be enguiché, of the colour in question.

the name of a note is changed without any sensible ENHARMONIC, a term applied in Music when difference of sound, such as C and D, F and Gb. Correctly speaking, there is, or ought to be, a difference; but on keyed instruments, such as the organ and pianoforte, there can be none, as the same key serves for both sharp and flat, while with a just equal temperament the ear is in no way offended. In harmony, the principal seat of enharmonic change is in the chord of the diminished seventh, which, by a change of the notes, may be treated fundamentally in four different ways, without any sensible difference in the intonation.

It is

ENKHUI'SEN, a fortified town and seaport of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland, is situated on the western shore of the Zuider Zee, about 30 miles north-east of Amsterdam. built with great regularity, and is of a circular form. The most important public building is an elegant town-house, surmounted by a lofty tower. There are also numerous ecclesiastical edifices, several saltrefineries, ship-building yards, and a cannon-foundry. Formerly, E. was a town of some importance-400 vessels used to leave its harbour annually for the herring-fisheries; at present, not more than 7 vessels are thus employed. It has still some trade in butter, cheese, timber, cattle, and fish. Pop. 5400.

ENLI'STMENT, in the Army, is the chief mode by which the English army is supplied with troops, as distinguished from the CONSCRIPTION prevailing in many other countries. Enlistment was in private hands until the year 1802, middlemen procuring recruits, and receiving a profit or commission for their trouble. This system being subject to much abuse, the matter was taken into the hands of the government in the above-named year, and is now managed by the adjutant-general. Formerly, a soldier enlisted for life, and could never look forward to a period of freedom; or, at best, he could not retire on a pension while still possessed of a fair share of health and strength. This system was changed in 1847, by an act relating to limited enlistment. If a man serves as a soldier in an infantry regiment for ten years, he is then at liberty to leave the army; but if he wishes to retire on a small pension, he must serve a further period of eleven years, making twenty-one years' service in all. He has a choice, and, if he please, six months for deliberation, whether he will render this second period of service or not. In the cavalry and artillery, the two terms of service are of twelve years respectively. If apprentices enlist, the master may recover them under certain conditions detailed in the Mutiny Act (q.v.) (which is passed every year); and if they state to the magistrate that

miles west-south-west of Belfast. It is beautifully situated on the Erne; the greater portion of it, however, is on an isle in the river between the Upper and Lower Loughs Erne. It consists mainly of one undulating street running east and west. Around, are richly cultivated eminences and many fine mansions. Its two forts command the only pass for 50 miles into Ulster across the Erne. The chief manufactures are cutlery and straw-plait. Pop. (1861) 5655. It returns one member to parliament. E. is famous for the victory, in 1689, won by the troops of William III., under Lord Hamilton, over a superior force of James II., under Lord Gilmoy. The banners taken in the battle of the Boyne hang in the town-hall of Enniskillen. The regiment of Enniskilleners or 6th Dragoons, was first instituted from the brave defenders of the town.

ENNIUS, one of the earliest Roman poets, the father of the Roman Epos, was born at Rudiæ, in Calabria, about 240 years before the Christian era, and was probably of Greek extraction. He is said to have served in the wars, and to have risen to the rank of a centurion. In Sardinia, he became acquainted with Cato the Elder, and returned with him to Rome when about the age of 38. Here he gained for himself the friendship of the most eminent men, among others that of Scipio Africanus the Elder, and attained (what was then exceedingly rare in the case of an alien) to the rank of a Roman citizen. He supported himself in a decent but humble manner by instructing some young Romans of distinguished families in the Greek language and literature, his accurate knowledge of which explains the influence he had on the development of the Latin tongue. He died when he had attained the age of 70, or about 190 B.C. His remains were interred in the tomb of the Scipios, and his bust was placed among those of that great family. E. has tried his powers in almost every species of poetry, and although his language and versification are rough and unpolished, these defects are fully compensated by the energy of his expressions, and the fire of his poetry. His poems were highly esteemed by Cicero, Horace, and Virgil: the last, indeed, frequently introduces whole lines from the poetry of E. into his own compositions. His memory seems to have been lovingly cherished by his countrymen; Noster Ennius, Our Ennius,' they used to call him. Of his tragedies, comedies, satires, and particularly of his Annales, an epos in 18 books, only fragments are still extant. What adds to our regret is, that it is believed his whole works were extant as late as the 13th c. (A. G. Cramer, Hauschronick). The fragments have been collected and edited by various scholars, among others by Hessel (Amst. 1707). The fragments of the Annales have been edited by Spangenberg (Leip. 1825). Compare Hoch, De Ennianorum Annalium Fragmentis (Bonn, 1839). The few fragments of his dramas that have come down to us were collected by Bothe in the Poetarum Latii Scenicorum Fragmenta (5 vols.).

ENNS, a river of Austria, rises at the northern base of a branch of the Noric Alps in the crownland of Salzburg, 12 miles south of Radstadt. It first flows north to Radstadt, then north-north-east to Hieflau, after which it proceeds in a general direction north-north-west, passes Steyer, and joins the Danube 11 miles below the town of Linz, after a course of about 120 miles. Its chief affluents are the Salza and the Steyer. For the last 15 miles of its course, the E. forms the boundary between Upper Austria (Ober der Enns) and Lower Austria (Unter der Enns). The scenery on the banks of the E is in general bold and romantic, as it flows, for the most part, between parallel mountain-chains,

which are lofty and precipitous. In its lower course, it becomes navigable, but it is chiefly importaut from the valuable water-power which it supplies.

in Scripture.-1. The eldest son of Cain, who built a city which was called after his name.-2. The son of Jared, and father of Methuselah. A peculiarly mysterious interest attaches to him on account of the supernatural manner in which his earthly caree terminated. We are told by the writer of Genesis that E. walked with God 300 years... and he was not; for God took him.' What the statement 'ho the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews: Enoch was not' signified to the later Jews, is explained by

E'NOCH, the name of two different individuals

was translated that he should not see death.' E. and Elijah are the only human beings on record who did not require to discharge the debt which mortals owe to nature. It may naturally be supposed that E. was a character on whom the extravagant fancy of the later Jews would fasten with unusual pleasure. As they came more and more into contact with Grecian and other culture, they felt the necessity of linking on the arts and sciences of Gentile nations to their own history, if they would continue to preserve that feeling of supremacy which was so dear to their pride as the chosen people. Hence, E. appears as the inventor of writing, arithmetic, astronomy, &c., and is affirmed to have filled 300 books with the revelations which he received, the number 300 being obviously suggested by the number of years during which he is said to have walked with God.

ENOCH, Book or. This book, from which, curiously enough, St Jude quotes as if it were history, shews how richly mythical the history of It was probably written originally in Aramaic, by the mysterious antediluvian Enoch had become! The precise a native of Palestine, in the 2d c. B.C. date is not known. At subsequent periods, it would seem to have been enlarged by additions and interpolations. It is divided into five parts; and the first discourses of such subjects as the fall of the angels, and the journey of E. through the earth and through Paradise in the company of an angel, by whom he is initiated into the secrets of nature, &c.; the second contains E.'s account of what was revealed to him concerning the heavenly or spiritual region; the third treats of astronony and the phenomena of the seasons; the fourth represents E. beholding, in prophetic vision, the course of Divine Providence till the coming of the Messiah; and the last consists of exhortations based on what has preceded. The book was current in the primitive church, and was quoted by the Fathers, but was the 8th century, so that until last century it was lost sight of by Christian writers about the close of Fortunately, however, only known by extracts. the traveller Bruce discovered in Abyssinia three complete MSS. of the work, which he brought to England in 1773. These MSS. proved to be an Ethiopic version made from the Greek one, in use among the Fathers, as was evident from the coincidence of language. The Ethiopic version did not appear till 1838, when it was published by Archbishop Lawrence. An English translation, however, by the same writer, had appeared in 1821, which passed through three editions, and formed the basis of the German edition of Hoffmann (Jena, 1833--1838). In 1840, Gfrörer published a Latin translation of the work; but by far the best edition is that of Dr A. Dillmann, who, in 1851, published the Ethiopic text from five MSS.; and in 1853, a German translation, with an introduction and commentary, which has recently turned the attention of many German scholars to the subject.

E'NOS (anciently, Enos), an ancient town and seaport of European Turkey, in the province of Ramili, is situated on a rocky isthmus at the mouth of a gulf of the same name, about 35 miles west-north-west of Gallipoli. It is the port of Adrianople, and has some trade in wool, camels' hair, cotton, leather, silk, &c. Its harbour is commodious, but so shallow, from being choked up with sand, that it admits only small vessels. Pop. 6000, principally Greeks. The Gulf of Enos is about 2 miles wide at the entrance, extends into the country for about 14 miles, and is on an average 5 miles broad.

The town of E. is very ancient. Virgil mentions i (En. iii. 18) as being one of the towns founded by Eneas, after the sack of Troy; and Homer also attests its antiquity by alluding to it in his great poem (Il. iv. 519).

ENRIQUEZ, GOMEZ ANTONIO (properly, ENRIQUEZ DE PAZ), a Spanish poet, the son of a baptized Portuguese Jew, was born at Segovia early in the 17th century. He entered the army in his 20th year, and rose to the rank of captain; but in 1636, had to flee the country, to escape the persecution of the Inquisition, which suspected him of a secret leaning to the creed of his father. E. settled at Amsterdam, and latterly professed the Jewish faith; in consequence of which, he was burned in effigy by the pious Catholics of Seville, 14th April 1660. The date of his death is not known. During his residence in Spain, E. had considerable reputation as a dramatic poet. According to his own account, he wrote 22 comedies, which met with great success on the stage, in consequence of which, several of them passed as Calderon's. La prudente Abigail, Engañar para reinar, Celos no ofenden al sol, and A lo que obligan los celos, were published under the name of Fernando de Zárate. E's. comedies shew him to have possessed much inventiveness, but in other respects they deserve little praise. Among his other writings are Las Academias morales (Rouen, 1642), containing some fine elegiac verse; La Culpa del primer peregrino (Rouen, 1644), a mysticotheologic poem; El siglo Pitagórico (Rouen, 1647), a series of satirical portraits partly in prose and partly in verse; and El Samson Nazareno (Rouen, 1656), an abortive epic. For a notice of E. and his writings, see Estudios historicos politicos y literarios sobere los Judios de España, by José Amador de los Rios (Madrid, 1848).

ENROLMENT, entry upon a register or record. Enrolment of Deeds.-In order to prevent the secret transfer of lands which was effected in

it

England by means of a Bargain and Sale (q. v.), was provided by 27 Hen. VIII. c. 16, that no transfer of land should be effected by bargain and

sale, unless the deed were enrolled within six months of the date of the deed. By the Fines and Recoveries Act (3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 74), it is enacted that all transfers of land effected under the provisions of that statute, must be enrolled in the Court of Chancery within six months after the execution.

be

Enrolment of Decree in Chancery.-A decree in a suit ia Chancery does not receive full effect until it has been enrolled. A cause may be re-heard by the judge before whom it has been argued, or may taken to the court of appeal until enrolled; but after enrolment the cause can only be heard in the House of Lords. If not enrolled within six months, an order for enrolment is necessary. The opposite party wishing to prevent an enrolment, must lodge a caveat, if he has not presented a petition for re-hearing.

ENSEMBLE (Fr.), the general effect produced by the whole figures or objects in a picture, the

persons and plot of a drama, or the various parts of a musical performance.

E'NSIGN is the title of the lowest combatant rank of commissioned officers in the British army, and is derived from their being charged with the duty of carrying the regimental colcurs or ensign (Fr. enseigne, Lat. insigne). In the hand-to-hand mélées of the middle ages, the preservation of the colours or standard, as the rallying-point of those fighting under the same leader, was a matter of vital importance, and was only intrusted to the bravest and most trustworthy. The colours were committed to him with imposing ceremony in presence of the assembled regiment, and he had to take an oath to defend them with life and limb, and if need were, to wrap himself in them as a shroud, and devote himself to death. The man who undertook this perilous post received someIt was times as much as sixfold the usual pay. doubtless in this way that the point of honour arose respecting the colours. History records repeated instances where the oath was kept to the letter. In the modern system of warfare, the regimental colours are seldom exposed to such danger, and the office of ensign is of less account. In the infantry, there are two kinds of subalterns below the captain viz., the lieutenant and the ensign. In the cavalry and artillery, the duties of ensign are taken by officers who receive the titles of cornet or lieu tenant. When a gentleman enters the army, he always begins as an ensign (if in the infantry), and from this rank he rises by purchase or seniority. The price of an ensign's commission is stated under COMMISSIONS, ARMY, as well as the extra price to be paid on rising to the rank of lieutenant. The pay is 5s. 3d. per day, and the half-pay 18. 10d. to 38.; although it is most unusual for an ensign to be on half-pay. An ensign in the Foot Guards ranks as a lieutenant in the army, and, on transferring his services to an infantry or cavalry regiment, would exchange with an officer of that grade.

The ensign's duty generally is to assist the captain in reference to everything belonging to the particular company which the latter commands. There are as many ensigns in an infantry regiment as there are companies; and one of these has the duty of carrying the regimental colours when on the march or on parade

In the late East India Company's army, a cadet landed in India. became an ensign, in rank and pay, directly he

ENSIGN is also the name of one of the flags

belonging to the British fleet; and, under that or some other name, to most other fleets. It is a large flag or banner hoisted on an ensign staff, a long pole erected over the poop, or at the gaff when the ship is under sail. nation to which the ship belongs. The English. Its chief purpose is to denote the ensign has for a groundwork one of three coloursred, white, or blue (the use of one of these colourt indicates a particular squadron of the English navy)—and bears the Union double cross of St in the upper corner next the mast (dexter-chief). George and St Andrew, or Union-Jack (q. v.), The white ensign is also divided into four quarters of the same colour as the pennant. by a red cross of St George. The ensign is Merchantvessels are only allowed to carry the red ensign; but yachts, if of clubs acknowledged by the Admiralty, are permitted to use the three colours. Formerly, the English admirals required ships of all other nations to dip their ensigns as a token of respect to the English flag: the refusal of the Dutch to comply with this custom, was the signal for one of Blake's bloodiest encounters with Van Tromp.

ENTA'BLATURE, that part of a design in classic architecture which surmounts the Columns (q. v.), and rests upon the capitals. It is usually about two diameters of the column in height, and is divided in every style of classical architecture into three parts-architrave, frieze, and cornice. These parts vary in their relative proportions in different styles. In Doric architecture, for example, if the entablature be divided into eight equal parts, two of these form the height of the architrave, three that of the frieze, and three that of the cornice. In the other styles, the relative proportions are as three, three, and four.

The term entablature was not used till the 17th c., the members composing it being previously simply designated the cornice, frieze, and architrave. 1. The Architrave is the horizontal portion which rests immediately upon the abacus of the column. It is usually ornamented with horizontal mouldings, with flat spaces or facia between. The upper moulding always projects further than the others, so as to throw off the rain. This moulding varies in different styles. In Doric (fig. 1), it is a plain square

ornamented with lions' heads. These represent the openings through which the rain was at first led of from the roof-gutters, which were cut in the top of this moulding, and were retained as ornament after their original use was discontinued. The corona projects well over the frieze and architrave, and protects them from rain, while at the same time, by its broad shadow, it gives repose and variety of effect to the building. The soffit, or under side of the corona, is frequently panelled and ornamented with pateræ.

Origin. The component parts of the entablature are said, with some appearance of truth, to owe their origin to the forms of the construction of the oldest temples. These were of wood, and were put together in the manner most natural for that material. The square beams laid across from post to post are represented by the architrave; the triglyphs of the frieze are copied from the ends of the cross-beams; the cornice is taken from the boarding which covered the rafters and ties of the roof-projected so as to throw off the rain; and the dentils and modillions shew the ends of the rafters left uncovered.

Whatever the origin of the entablature may have been, it is a remarkable fact, as connected with Greek and Roman art, how persistent the entablature was as a feature in the decoration of these classic styles. So long as buildings consisted of one story in height, this was quite natural; but after this simple system was abandoned, and when, as in Roman architecture, series of columns and entablatures were piled one above the other-not used constructionally, but simply applied to the face of the

Fig 1.-Example of Doric Entablature.

projection, with small pendants or gutte under the triglyphs. In the other styles, it is generally an ogee or talon moulding. These mouldings are frequently enriched with leaf ornaments, and in very florid designs the faciæ are also enriched.

2. The Frieze is the middle portion of the entablature, between the top of the architrave and the bed of the cornice. In the Doric style, it is ornamented with triglyphs or slight projections, divided by angular grooves into three parts. The spaces between the triglyphs (called metopes) are square, and are either plain or enriched, either with figure-sculpture, as in the Parthenon, or with bulls' heads, pateræ, or other ornaments. In the other styles, the frieze is never cut into portions, but is either left quite plain or ornamented with figuresculpture or scroll-work. The former is most usual in Greek art, the latter in Roman. In late Roman works, the frieze is sometimes swelled or made to project with a curve.

3. The Cornice forms the upper portion of the entablature. It is divided into several parts. The lower moulding or mouldings resting on the frieze are called the bed-mouldings-the upper projecting part is called the Corona (q. v.), and between the two there are frequently introduced modillions and dentil bands. The bed-moulding is generally of an oval or ecninus form, and is frequently enriched with the egg and tongue or leaf ornaments. The apper mouiding of the corona is generally of a cymarecta form (see COLUMN, fig. 1), and is often

Fig. 2.-Example of Composite Entablature. building-the cornice, frieze, and architrave still retained their places and proportions. In the revived Roman art of the 16th c., the entablature was used in a manner still further removed from its original purpose (fig. 2). The strict proportions of the various parts were entirely lost sight of. The frieze was increased in height, so as to admit of small windows, to light the entresol or Mezzanin (q. v.), and in the French and English forms of the renaissance, the various members become still more attenuated and altered from the original design (see RENAISSANCE). But in no modification of classic architecture, however debased, is the entablature awanting. The architrave, frieze, and cornice are essential portions of every classic design.

ENTADA, a genus of climbing shrubs of the natural order Leguminosa, suborder Mimosea, having pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and remarkable for their great pods, in which the seeds lie amidst a glutinous or gelatinous substance. The