GLASGOW. tenement being usually occupied by separate families, entering by a common stair. In the fashionable quarters, what are called self-contained' houses prevail. G. has comparatively few squares or other open spaces; but it has three public parks-two of them of great extent, and the third of great beauty-namely, the Green (140 acres), occupying the level next the Clyde at the east end; Queen's Park (upwards of 100 acres), finely situated on a rising-ground to the south; and Kelvingrove (40 acres), rounding the face of a hill crowned with noble terraces, and sloping down to the Kelvin, at the west end. The city is about three miles in length from east to west, and is about eight miles in circumference. G. had its first nucleus in the cathedral, and afterwards in the university, both in the northeast part of the city-the former on a height on the banks of the Molendinar stream, which runs between the old burying-ground and a steep rocky eminence formerly known as the Fir Park, but now transformed into the Necropolis, a modern cemetery, studded and crowned with monuments. It is from this ravine that the name G. is supposed to have been derived, etymologists professing to find in it two Celtic words signifying a Dark Glen.' St Kentigern, or St Mungo, founded a bishopric on the banks of the Molendinar about 560; but for more than five hundred years afterwards, the history of the place is a blank. About the year 1115, David, prince of Cumbria (afterwards king of Scotland), restored the see, and appointed his preceptor, John, to the bishopric, who laid the foundations of a cathedral, which was replaced by the present pile, founded by Bishop Jocelin in 1181. In 1190, King William the Lion erected G. into a burgh, with the privilege of an annual fair; but for a century and a half later, it continued an insignificant town of not more than 1500 inhabitants. In 1345, Bishop Rae built the first stone bridge across the Clyde; and in 1451, Bishop Turnbull established the university, having obtained a bull for that purpose from Pope Nicholas V. The latter event gave a considerable impetus to the place; yet, in 1556, G. only ranked eleventh in importance among the towns of Scotland. The city as it now exists is almost wholly modern, having quintupled in dimensions during the last 60 years. This immense growth has arisen from its situation in the midst of a district abounding in coal and iron, and from the facilities afforded by the Clyde for the cultivation of a world-wide commerce. At the same time, it must be admitted that much of its prosperity is due to local ingenuity and enterprise. It was here that James Watt, in 1765, made his memorable improvement on the steamengine; it was here that Henry Bell, in 1812, first (in the old world) demonstrated the practicability of steam-navigation. On the widening and deepening of the river, so as to render it navigable by vessels of 2000 tons burden, an enormous sum has been expended. The harbour of Port-Dundas, on the Forth and Clyde Canal, situated on the high ground north of the city, has likewise afforded facilities to its commerce. The enterprising spirit of the inhabitants began to manifest itself during the 17th century. Sugar-refining, the distillation of spirits from molasses, and the manufacture of soap, were among their earlier industries. The opening up of the American colonies to Scotch enterprise after the Union gave an immense increase to its commerce. G. became the chief emporium of the tobacco trade, and its Virginian merchants formed a local aristocracy, remarkable for wealth and hauteur. This trade was at length paralysed by the American war; but sugar cultivation in the West Indies, and the introduction of the cotton manufacture, opened up new paths to opulence. Calico-printing, turkey-red dyeing, beer-brewing, and other branches followed; and with the rapid expansion of the iron trade, including machine-making and steamboat building, the city has attained its present magnitude. Among its thousand chimney-stalks, there is one of 460 and one of 450 feet, being the highest in the British dominions. The latter carries aloft the noxious vapours of St Rollox, the largest chemical works in the world, covering 12 acres of ground, and employing upwards of 1000 men. In all that relates to lighting, paving, sewerage, and the like, G. deserves laudatory mention. The city is governed by a lord provost, 8 bailies, and 39 councillors, to whom are added the dean of guil from the Merchants', and the deacon-convener from the Trades' House. The sheriff and four sheriffsubstitutes exercise within the city a co-ordinate jurisdiction with the magistrates, and preside over various civil and criminal courts. Much of the spirit which characterises the manufacturing and commercial affairs of G. has been carried into its municipal arrangements. Corporation halls, comprising a valuable gallery of paintings, have been secured for the citizens; public parks have been purchased at great cost, and laid out in a style of unsurpassed beauty; and a supply of water has been introduced from Loch Katrine at the bountiful rate of 21,000,000 gallons a day. G. has 20,260 registered voters, and sends two members to parliament. Many of the public buildings deserve notice, The cathedral, which has lately been restored, and the windows enriched with stained glass, chiefly from Munich, is one of the finest First Pointed churches in the kingdom. The Royal Exchange, in Queen Street, several of the banks, and many of the churches, likewise present fine specimens of architecture in a variety of styles. G. has three equestrian statues, one of William III at the Cross, another of the Duke of Wellington in front of the Royal Exchange, and the third of Queen Victoria in St Vincent Place. The last two are by Marochetti. In the Green there is an obelisk, 144 feet high, to Nelson, forming a conspicuous object in the landscape. This tall structure, which stands quite alone, has been twice struck by lightning, once in 1810, and again in 1861. In George's Square there are a column surmounted by a statue of Sir Walter Scott; a fine statue of Sir John Moore, by Flaxman; a statue of James Watt, in a sitting posture, by Chantrey; and a statue of Sir Robert Peel, by John Mossman. A marble statue of Pitt, by Flaxman, has lately been removed from the old town-hall at the Cross to the new Corporation Galleries, Sauchiehall Street. Charitable institutions and benevolent societies abound; and zealous and successful efforts have lately been made to provide cheap and innocent amusements for the working-classes. There are two theatres, two museums, and numerous halls in which soirées and concerts are held almost nightly during winter. The wealthier inhabitants migrate to the coast in shoals during the summer, and cheap Saturday excursions by river and rail are exten sively taken advantage of by the working-classes. To the north-west of the city is a botanic garden of about 40 acres, which is thrown open every sum mer, during the fair holidays, at a merely nominal charge. In the fair week of July 1861, the number of visitors to the garden amounted to 17,344. Besides the Necropolis, there are several other garden cemeteries in the vicinity, of which Sight hill, occupying a northern elevation, is the most picturesque. GLASGOW GLASS. G. has three daily, and upwards of a dozen weekly newspapers. It has 175 churches and chapels, viz. Established Church, 40; Free Church, 43; United Presbyterian, 37; Roman Catholic, 12; Independent, 9; Baptist, 7; Episcopalian, 5; Reformed Presbyterian, 4; other bodies, 18. In 1801, the population was 83,769; in 1861, it amounted to 446,639; and it is now estimated at nearly half a million. GLASGOW, THE UNIVERSITY OF, was founded in 1451 by Bishop Turnbull, who procured a bull of ratification from Pope Nicholas V. In 1460, James first Lord Hamilton, endowed a college on the site of the present buildings, the older portions of which were erected between 1632 and 1656. During the stormy times of the Reformation, the university was well-nigh destroyed. Queen Mary exerted herself to restore the tottering institution: she bestowed on it the manse and kirk of the Preaching Friars, with 13 acres of adjacent ground. In 1577, James VI. endowed it with the rectory and vicarage of the parish of Govan, and granted a new charter, which still continues in force. The professoriate, which was originally limited, gradually increased with the intellectual necessities of the times and the advancement of learning and science. Chairs, Office-bearers, Degrees.-The office-bearers of the university consist of Chancellor, Rector, Principal, and Dean of Faculties. The Chancellor, holds his office for life, and up to the present time has been elected by the senate; but the next, and all future elections, will take place by the university council, as in Edinburgh University; the Rector is elected triennially by the matriculated students, who are divided, according to their place of birth, into four nations-Glottiana (Lanarkshire), Transforthana (Scotland north of the Forth), Rothseiana (Buteshire, Renfrewshire, and Ayrshire), Londoniana (all other places). The Dean of Faculties is elected annually by the senate. The duties of Chancellor and Rector are chifly honorary. The chairs are Latin, Greek, Mathematics, Logic, Natural Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, English Language and Literature, Anatomy, Physiology, Materia Medica, Practice of Physic, Natural History, Chemistry, Clinical Surgery and Medicine, Midwifery, Botany, Surgery, Oriental Languages, Divinity, Church History, Biblical Criticism, Civil Law, Conveyancing, Civil Engineering, and Practical Astronomy. The degrees granted are Master of Arts, Doctor of Medicine, Master of Surgery, Bachelor of Divinity, Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Laws, and Bachelor of Laws, the last three being honorary degrees. The ceremony of graduation was of old conducted with no little pomp through all its stages, from its beginning in what was called 'the Black Stone Examination,' to its close in the act of Laureation' in the College Hall, or one of the city churches. The number of matriculated students now averages about 1200; they reside outside the college walls; and those in attendance on classes in the Faculty of Arts wear scarlet gowns. Bursaries and Exhibitions.-The Senatus Academicus has in its gift about 30 bursaries, and the funds attached to several of these are applicable to from four to six students: their yearly values range from £6 to £50, and some may be held for a period of four years. The Oxford Exhibition.-In 1677, John Snell, a native of Ayrshire, afterwards of Uffeton in Warwickshire, presented the university with an endowment, consisting of a landed estate, for the purpose of supporting at Balliol College, Oxford, ten students who had previously studied at Glasgow. The property was let in 1809 on a ease of 21 years, at an annual rental of £1500, and the ten exhibitioners received £133, 68. 8d. per annum each. Libraries, Museums, &c.—The library was founde prior to the Reformation, and now contains about 105,000 volumes. It is supported from the interest o. sums bequeathed by individuals, from graduation fees, and from contributions of students. Subsidiary libraries are attached to several of the classes, the books being selected with a view to the subjects treated of in each class. In July 1781, the celebrated Dr William Hunter of London framed a will, leaving to the principal and professors of the university his splendid collection of coins, medals, and anatomical preparations; and for the accommodation and conservation of these, a building was erected in 1804 within the college precincts at a cost of £12,000. The university also possesses an observatory and a botanical garden, and several of the professors have collections of apparatus attached to their classes, illustrative of the courses there delivered. Eminent Professors and Students.-Among the men of eminence who have taught or studied in the university, are Bishop William Elphinstone, John Major, John Spottiswoode, Andrew Melville, James Melville, Robert Boyd of Trochrig, John Cameron, Zachary Boyd, Robert Baillie; James Dalrymple, first Viscount of Stair; Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury; Dr John Douglas, bishop of Salisbury; Dr Robert Simson, Francis Hutcheson, Dr William Hunter, Dr James Moor, Dr Adam Smith, Dr Thomas Reid, Dr William Cullen, Dr Joseph Black, Dr Matthew Baillie, Professor John Miller. Thomas Thomson, Francis Jeffrey, John Gibson Lockhart, Sir William Hamilton. GLASS, from the Fr. glace (Lat. glacies), ice which it resembles in its transparency. Glass is essentially a combination of silica with some alkali or alkaline earth, such as lime, barytes, &c. Generally speaking, it is understood to be a silicate of soda, or a combination of silica or flint with one or more of the salts of sodium, with the addition, for some purposes, of certain metallic oxides and other substances. History. The invention of glass dates from the earliest antiquity, and the honour of its discovery has been contested by several nations. As the oldest known specimens are Egyptian, its invention may with great probability be attributed to that people. It is mentioned as early as the 5th or 6th dynasty, and called bashnu, the Coptic bijn; and articles made of it are represented in the tombs of the period; while its fabrication is depicted in sepulchres of the 12th dynasty i. e., about 1800 B. C. The glass of Egypt was generally opaque, rarely transparent, and always coloured, the articles made of it being of small size, and principally for adornment, as beads, vases, small figures, and objects for inlaying into wood or other material. Specimens exist of this glass bearing the name of the queen Hatasu of the 18th dynasty, 1445 B. C., and vases of blue glass, with wavy lines in white, light-blue, yellow, black, red, and green, of that and a later age, have been discovered. The Egyptians also successfully imitated precious and other stones in glass-as emeralds, lapis lazuli, turquoises, jaspers, onyx, and obsidian; for this purpose, they used nearly the same materials as at present, employing manganese, copper, iron, cobalt, gold, and tin. Transparent glass, indeed, does not appear earlier in Egypt than the 26th dynasty, about 750 B. C., when bottles and a few other objects-as figures for inlaying, and beads imitating gems-were made of it. According to Herodotus, the Ethiopians, two centuries later, placed their mummies in glass GLASS. coffin; but the fact has never been proved by any as yet discovered. Under the native Pharaohs, Egyptian glass seems to have been extensively exported to Greece and Italy, and its reputation still continued under the Ptolemies, when the furnaces of Alexandria produced glass vases of numberless shapes and considerable size. At this period, the Egyptians invented the millefiori glass, consisting of small threads of glass arranged vertically and then fused, so that the whole rod thus formed was of one pattern; and by cutting off slices, each piece reproduced the same pattern. The glass beads of madrepore glass, which are found in the tombs of Greece and Italy, and are formed by placing slices of such rods in a mould and fusing the whole, are probably of Egyptian or Phoenician origin. Egypt still retained the pre-eminence in the manufacture of glass under the Romans, the sand of Alexandria being indispensable for the finest qualities, and it exported glass to Rome. Hadrian, on his visit, was struck with the activity of the manufacture, Nimrud. and sent to his friend, the Consul Servianus, one of Fig. 1.-Glass Vase, bearing the name of Sargon, from the vases, called allosontes, or opalescent;' and the Roman writers mention with admiration the melting, turning, and engraving of Egyptian glass. To the most flourishing period of the empire are to be referred certain vases and slabs with white camei figures of fine execution in relief on a blue background, and plates of opaque glass for inlaying the walls of rooms, such as those which are said to have decorated the mansion of the usurper Firmus. The art of glass-making, in fact, has never become extinct in Egypt, the Fatimite Califs having issued glass coins in the 10th and 11th centuries, and beautiful lamps of glass enamelled on the surface with various colours having been made in the 14th century. Although the art of glass-making has fallen to the lowest ebb in Egypt, the workmen are said to manifest considerable aptitude in its production. After the Egyptians, the people of antiquity most renowned for glass were the Phoenicians, who were the legendary inventors. Certain of their merchants, it is said, returning in a ship laden with natron or soda, and having been compelled by stormy weather to land on a sandy tract under Mount Carmel, placed their cooking-pots on lumps of natron on the sand, which, fused by the heat of the fire, formed the first glass. Sidon, indeed, was long celebrated for her glass-wares made of the sand brought down from Mount Carmel to the mouth of the river Belus. The nature, however, of the earliest Phoenician glass is unknown, unless the opaque little vases of the toilet found in the tombs of Greece and Italy, and the beads of the same discovered in the barrows and tumuli of the old Celtic and Teutonic tribes, were imports of the Phoenicians. The vases of Sidon were, however, highly esteemed at Rome under the Antonines, fragments of bowls of blue and amber glass, with the names of the Sidonian glass-makers, Artas and Irenæus, stamped in Latin and Greek, having been found in the ruins. Perhaps the Assyrian glass vases were made at Sidon; at all events, the earliest dated specimen of transparent white glass is the vase having upon it stamped or engraved in Assyrian cuneiform a lion and the name of Sargon, who reigned 722 B. C., found at Nimrud by Mr Layard; and glass seems to have been imported or even made in Assyria as late as the time of the Parthians, when Nineveh became the Roman colony of Claudiopolis. Under the Sassanides, moulded glass vessels, elaborately decorated, were made, as is shewn by the cup of Chosroes, 531-579 A. D., in the Louvre; and Persia continued to manu by the Crusaders were called in royal and other inventories Damascus glass; this was coloured, and not plain. Although the art of glass-making appears to have been practised in remote times, this nation does not appear to have attained any proficiency in it, and is content at the present day to re-melt European glass; while some of its highest efforts do not exceed the imitation of jade, and other stones. There is still an extensive use of glass-beads in the East, which are chiefly made at Khalib or Hebron. Glass was equally unknown to the Hindus, except the production of a few trinkets and inferior objects, till the settlement of Europeans in India; and the country was, at the remotest period, supplied by Phoenician, and, in the Middle Ages, by the Venetian traders. Although Josephus claims the invention of the art for the Jews, no remains of Jewish glass are known, and it is probable that the Jews were principally indebted for their supplies to the neighbouring cities of Tyre and Sidon. Even in Greece itself, glass was by no means ancient. In the days of Homer it was unknown. Herodotus, indeed, mentions its employment for ear-rings, but these may have been of Phoenician fabric. It was called hyalos, crystal or ice, and lithos chyte, or fusible stone. Aristophanes, 450 B. C., mentions glass or crystal vessels, and various inscriptions confirm its use, but its value was next to gold, which could hardly have been the case if it had been of native manufacture. In the 4th c. B. C., Pausias, a celebrated painter, had depicted Methe, or 'Intoxication,' drinking from a transparent glass bowl which revealed her face. Glasses and plates, amphora and diote, large twohandled jars, were made of it, and also false stones for finger-rings, called sphragides hyalenai. These last, called by archaeologists pastes, were imitations of engraved stones in coloured glasses, used for the rings of the poorer classes, and were no doubt often copies or impressions of engraved stones of celebrated masters; false gems and camei having a subject in opaque white, sometimes like the sar donyx, with a brown layer superposed on the parts representing the hair, and the whole laid on a dark-blue ground, appear before the Christian era Lenses were also made of glass, and the celestial sphere of Archimedes was made of the same material. The supposed Phoenician coloured glass vases for the toilet, found in the oldest sepulchres of Greece, it must be observed, have Greek shapes Glass-makers, hyalopsoi, hyalepsa, are also mentioned GLASS. Fig. 2.-Moulded Glass Roman Cup, with the Circus and Gladiators, found in London. white glass was extensively used; it had a greenish tint in the first days of the Empire, but had sensibly improved in colour and quality in the days of Constantine. The first production of a white glass like crystal was in the days of Nero. Its use was most extensive, and it was either blown or stamped according to the objects required. Glass vases, vasa vitrea escaria potoria, are mentioned. So are costly cups of many colours, purple ones of Lesbos, and balsamarii, especially the kind long called lachrymatories, which held perfumes, medicine, drugs, and other substances like modern vials, amphora, ampullæ, pillar-moulded bowls, bottles for wine (lagence), urns (urne) for holding the ashes of the dead, and pillar-moulded bowls or cups (pocula). Besides these articles of amusement and luxury, hair-pins, beads, rings, balls, draughtsmen, dice, knuckle-bones (astragali), mirrors, multiplyingglasses, prisms, magnifying-glasses, telescopes, and water-clocks were made of this material. Many vases are stamped, and some, principally of quare shape, have the initials and devices of their makers or contents, as eye-waters, impressed on the bottom. Most of the precious stones were successfully imitated in glass pastes; and the Empress Salonina was egregiously cheated by a fraudulent jeweller. But the most remarkable works in glass are the camei vases (toreumata vitri); of which the most celebrated is the Portland vase in the British Museum, a two-handled vessel about 10 inches high, of transparent dark-blue glass, coated with a layer of opaque white glass, which has been treated as a cameo, the white coating having been cut down, so as to give on each side groups of figures delicately executed in relief. The subject is the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, and the urn held the ashes of a member of the imperial family of Severus Alexander, who died 221-235 A. D. This emperor had imposed a tax upon glass. It was found in a magnificent sarcophagus in the Monte del Grano, near Rome. A vase of smaller size, but of similar fabric, with arabesques, found at Pompeii, exists in the Naples Museum; and numerous fragments of even finer vases, some with five colours, exist in different museums. In the reign of Tiberius, an adventurer pretended that he had invented flexible glass, and threw down a vase which only bent, and which he readjusted with a hammer; he seems to have connected it in some way with the philosopher's stone, and the emperor is said to have banished him or put him to death. This invention is said to have been twice reinvented in modern times once by an Italian at the court of Casimir, king of Poland. In the 3d c. A. D. appeared the diatreta or bored vases,' consisting of cups (pouela) having externally letters, and net-work almost detached from the glass, but connected by supports; all which must have been hollowed out by a tool, involving great labour. One vase of this class, bearing the name of Maximianus, who reigned 286-310 A.D., fixes their age. At a later period, bowls of engraved glass, having subjects of gladiatorial fights, came into use. Still later, apparently in the 5th c., a new style of glass ornamentation was introduced, consisting of the figures of Christ and legends of saints, and the portraits of private persons laid on in gold upon one layer of glass, over which was placed another through which they appeared. At the close of the Byzantine Empire, the glass art was still rich and ornamental. Achilles Tatius describes a vase which, when filled with wine, made the portion representing the bunches of grapes seem red, as if ripened by the autumn. The numerous beads called serpents' eggs or adder stones (glain nerdryr), found throughout Roman Britain, were imported by route of Gaul to Britain, or made in Britain. Glass was cheap under the Roman Empire, and Strabo informs us that in his days in Rome a glass cup and saucer only cost an as (about a half-penny). Such articles, indeed, can only have been of the commonest kind, as Nero is said to have paid 6000 sesterces, or about £50,000, for two cups of moderate dimen sions. Aurelian made the Alexandrians pay a tax of glass. A peculiar white glass seems to have been made at Carthage under the Roman empire. Glass gems for rings (vitrea gemma) were in most extensive use. Glass, however, was considered always something costly and rare, and is mentioned as GLASS. such in the Revelations and in the Recognitions to England, and transported to Africa and Asia of St Clement, in which St Peter is described in the way of trade. The Venetian glass engaged as praying to see some marvellous columns of for a long time the monopoly of commerce, their this material in the island of Aradus. At the mirrors, goblets, and cups being exported all over close of the Roman Empire, only two kinds of the world, but it has been superseded by manufac glass appear to have been manufactured-bottles tures of England and Germany. The forms of the of a greenish glass in the west, and the hyalina Venetian glass reflected its oriental origin, and the diachrysa, or gilded glass of many colours, in the earlier glass of other countries of Europe in their east. After that period, a few glass vessels have turn shew the derivation of their art from Venice. been found in the Anglo-Saxon graves of England, In Germany, the oldest glass (which was flint) dates and Frankish sepulchres of France, of a peculiar from the 16th c., and consists of goblets and tankfabric of green glass with projecting knobs, bent ards of white colour, enamelled with coloured costs round to the body of the glass, and apparently a of arms and other devices, millefiori, and schmeltz rude imitation of the diatreta. The Romans knew glass. Engraved glass was first introduced by the use of soda and lead as fluxes for glass, and Caspar Lehmann at Prague in 1609 under imperial made both crown and flint glass. They made most protection, and continued by his pupil G. Schwanof the fancy varieties at present in use, and were hard; and ruby glass by Kunckel in 1679. Glass is acquainted with the art of colouring it blue by said to have been made in 1294 at Quinquengrone, cobalt, green by copper, rose or ruby by gold. Many in Normandy, before the 16th c., in the reign of of their imitations of gems and other fanciful colours Philip VI.; and John and the Dukes of Lorraine were also of Schmeltz glass. But the great site of established manufactories in their domains, and a the glass manufactories of the dark and middle ages common kind was made in Dauphiny and Provence. was Venice, whither it was transplanted on the Cast plate is also said to have been established at foundation of that city in the 7th c. A.D. The art, Cherbourg by artists from Venice, and in 1688 the however, seems to have improved on the conquest art was declared noble. Potash, lime, silica, and of Constantinople by the French in 1204, and in no lead was employed. Thevart introduced glass 1291 the establishments were removed to the island casting and plate-glass works at Paris. In France, of Murano, the manufacturers forming a guild with oxide of lead flint-glass was made at St Cloud in a libro d'oro, or register of nobility, and the secret 1784; another manufactory was subsequently estab kept with the greatest jealousy. In 1436, their lished at St Louis in 1790; and the St Cloud estab colour-glass came into note, and continued so till lishment was removed to the vicinity of the Mont the close of the century; and in the 16th c., lace- Cenis, where it flourished till 1827. It is uncertain patterns and mirrors were introduced. In the whether glass was made in England before the 16th 15th and 16th centuries, plain glass with nice orna-c., as that mentioned may have been imported from ments gilt and enamelled; in the 16th, crackled lace and reticulated glass, vitrodi trino; and in the 17th c., variegated or marbled glasses were produced. The millefiori glass extends through all periods, and seems to have been derived from the Roman, being continued to the present day, when large quantities of this glass are annually imported Flanders or Venice. Window-glass is mentioned by Bede in 674, but was not in general use for windows till the 15th century. In 1557 flint-glass was manufactured at the Savoy and Crutched Friars; in 1565, there were glass-works under Cornelius de Launoy; and in 1567, Jean Quarre and other Flemish manufacturers established works at Crutched Friars, which Quarre's descendants extended to Sussex. In 1615, Sir R. Maunsell obtained a patent for making glass, in consideration of using pit coal instead of wood, and oxide of lead was then introduced in 1635; and in 1673, Venetian artists, brought over by the Duke of Buckingham, manufactured mirrors of plate-glass at Lambeth, and drinking-glasses were made at this period. But Venetian glass was extensively imported. In 1771, the company of British Plate-glass Manufacturers was established at Ravenhead, near Prescot, Lancashire; and in 1728, plate-glass was made by the Cooksons at South Shields, and the Thames Plate-glass Company in 1835-1836. Patent plate was first made in 1840. In Scotland, the manufacture was introduced in the reign of James VI., and George Hay obtained a patent for 31 years. The first glass was manufactured at Wemyss, in Fifeshire, afterwards at Prestonpans and Leith. In 1661, only the principal chambers of the king's palace had glass. In America, attempts seem to have been made to establish glass-works in 1746 at Jamestown, Virginia; subsequently, in 1780, at Temple, New Hampshire; in 1789, at Newhaven; and in 1809, at Boston. Plate-glass was first made there in 1853. It is made at Boston, Baltimore, and New York. At an early period the application of glass for magnifying lenses appears to have been known. Ptolemy II. had a telescope mounted at the Pharos, and globes filled with water were in use for the purpose of magnifying under the Romans. Lenses are mentioned in the 12th c. A. D. by Alhazan, and by Roger Bacon in the 13th c.; towards the close of which, Salvino d'Armato invented eye-glasses, which were subsequently improved by Alessandro |