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GOLDSINNY-GOLDSMITH.

receive lessons from Garcia. Her voice was now thought wanting in volume, and when she appeared at the Grand Opera two years later, her failure was so mortifying, that she is said to have resolved never again to sing in France. Returning to Stockholm, she was heard with enthusiasm in Robert le Diable, and at the instance of Meyerbeer was engaged at Berlin in 1845. After singing two years in Prussia, she visited Vienna, and other German cities, and made her debut in London in 1847, with a very marked success. Her return to Stockholm was greeted with an ovation, and the tickets to the opera in which she appeared were sold at auction. She returned to London in 1849, and won an immense triumph. The royal family and court were present at nearly every representation, and the receipts were often over £2000. The London season was followed by a concert tour in the provinces, with a similar success, and her great popularity was increased by the distribution of a large part of her receipts in charities. In 1850 she made an engagement with Mr P. T. Barnum of New York, for a concert tour in America, extending through the United States, British provinces, Mexico, and the West Indies. The receipts of this well-managed tour were 610,000 dollars, of which Mademoiselle Lind received 302,000 dollars. While in America, she was married to M. Otto Goldschmidt, the pianist who accompanied her, born at Hamburg 1828. They returned to Europe in 1852, and resided at Dresden after she had visited Stockholm, and expended £40,000 in endowing schools in her native country. Since this period Madame G. has sung only at concerts in England and on the continent, and on rare occasions. Her voice is a contralto of moderate range, but much power and expression. Her kind manners and abundant charities have contributed greatly to her popularity and success.

GOʻLDSINNY, or GOLDFINNY, a name given to certain small species of Crenilabrus, a genus of fishes of the Wrasse family (Labride). They are rare on the British coasts, but are more plentiful on those of the north of Europe. They frequent rocky coasts, and are sometimes taken by anglers from the rocks. They receive their name from their prevalent yellow colour. Like the wrasses, they

have a very elongated dorsal fin.

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, was born in the village of Pallas, in the county of Longford, Ireland, 10th November 1728. His father, the Rev. Charles Goldsmith, a clergyman of the Established Church, held the living of Kilkenny West. At the age of six, G. was placed under the care of the village schoolmaster, when an attack of small-pox interrupted his studies. On his recovery, he attended school at various places. On the 11th June 1745, he entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a sizar; the expense of his education being defrayed by his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Contarine. At the university-where Burke was his contemporary-G. gave no evidence of the possession of talent, and becoming involved in some irregularity, quitted his studies in disgust. He lingered in Dublin till his funds were exhausted, then wandered on to Cork, where, he being in great distress, a handful of peas was given him by a girl at a wake, the flavour of which remained for ever sweet in his memory. By his brother Henry, he was brought back to college, where, on the 27th February 1749, he received the degree of B.A. His uncle was now anxious that his nephew should enter the church; but when he appeared before the bishop, he was rejected. His kind-hearted relative then gave him £50, and sent him to Dublin to study law; but G., being attracted to a gaming-table,

risked his entire capital, and of course lost it. Another sum was then raised, and he proceeded to Edinburgh to study medicine, where he remained 18 months, but did not take a degree. He then proceeded to the continent, hovered about Leyden for some time, haunting the gaming-tables with but indifferent success; and in February 1755, he left that city to travel on foot through Europe, scantily provided as to purse and wardrobe, but rich in his kindly nature and his wonder-working flute.

After taking his degree of B.M. at Padua or Louvain, G. returned to England in February 1756, when, by the assistance of Dr Sleigh, a fellowstudent, he set up as a physician among the poor. He did not succeed in his profession, and he is represented as having become usher in the academy of Dr Milner at Peckham. During this period he supported himself by contributions to the Monthly Review. He became candidate for a medical appointment at Coromandel, but was rejected by the College of Surgeons. The clothes in which he appeared for examination had been procured on the security of Mr Griffiths, editor of the Monthly Review; and as G., urged by sharp distress, had pawned them, his publisher threatened him with the terrors of a jail. He had now reached the lowest depths of misery; but the dawn was about to break.

His first publication of note was an Inquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe, and was published in April 1759. In January 1760, Mr Newbery commenced the Public Ledger, to which G. contributed the celebrated Chinese Letters, afterwards republished under the title of The Citizen of the World. He also wrote a Life of Beau Nash, and a History of England, in a series of letters. On the 31st May 1761 he was introduced by Dr Percy to Dr Johnson, who, in his turn, introduced 1764, The Traveller appeared, and at once placed his new friend to the Literary Club. In December him in the front rank of English authors. Two field, which has now charmed four generations. In years after this he published the Vicar of Wakerapid succession he produced his other works. The comedy of the Good Natured Man, in 1767; the Roman History, in 1768; and The Deserted Village

the sweetest of all his poems-in 1770. In 1773, his comedy of She Stoops to Conquer was produced at Covent Garden with great applause. His other works are-Grecian History, 1774; Retaliation, a poem, 1777; and History of Animated Nature, which he did not live to complete. Although now in receipt of large sums for his works, G. had not escaped from pecuniary embarrassment. He was extravagant, loved fine living and rich clothes, his charities were only bounded by his purse, and he haunted the gaming-table quite as frequently, and with as constant ill success, as of old. In March 1774, he came up to London, ill in body and harassed in mind, and took to bed on the 25th. With characteristic wilfulness and imprudence, he, contrary to the advice of his medical advisers, persisted in the use of James's Powders. He became rapidly worse, and Dr Turton said: "Your pulse is in greater disorder than it should be from the degree of fever you have. Is your mind at ease?' 'No, it is not,' was the poet's reply, and the last words he uttered. He died on the 4th April, £2000 in debt, and more sincerely lamented than any literary man of his time. Old and infirm people sobbed on the stairs of his apartments, Johnson and Burke grieved and Reynolds, when he heard the news, laid down his pencil, and left his studio. He was buried in Temple Church, and a monument was erected to him in Westminster Abbey, bearing an epitaph by Dr Johnson.

GOLDSMITHS' NOTES-GOLF.

G. was the most natural genius of his time. He did not possess Johnson's mass of intellect, nor Burke's passion and general force, but he wrote the finest poem, the most exquisite novel, and-with the exception perhaps of the School for Scandalthe most delightful comedy of the period. Blundering, impulsive, vain, and extravagant, clumsy in manner and undignified in presence, he was laughed at and ridiculed by his contemporaries; but with pen in hand, and in the solitude of his chamber, he was a match for any of them,_and took the finest and kindliest revenges. Than his style-in which, after all, lay his strengthnothing could be more natural, simple, and graceful. It is full of the most exquisite expressions, and the most cunning turns. Whatever he said, he said in the most graceful way. When he wrote nonsense, he wrote it so exquisitely that it is better often than other people's sense. Johnson, who, although he laughed at, yet loved and understood him, criticised him admirably in the remark: 'He is now writing a Natural History, and will make it as agreeable as a Persian tale.' The best life of Goldsmith is that by Forster, entitled The Life and Times of Oliver Goldsmith (Lond. 1854).

GOLDSMITHS' NOTES; the earliest form of bank-notes; so called because goldsmiths were the first bankers. See BANK-NOTES.

GOLF, or GOFF, a pastime almost peculiar to Scotland, derives its name from the club (Ger. Kolbe; Dutch, Kolf) with which it is played. It is uncertain when it was introduced into Scotland, but it appears to have been practised by all classes to a considerable extent in the reign of King James I. Charles I. was much attached to the game, and on his visit to Scotland in 1641, was engaged in it on Leith Links when intimation was given him of the rebellion in Ireland, whereupon he threw down his club, and returned in great agitation to Holyroodhouse. The Duke of York, afterwards James II., also delighted in the game; and in our own day, the Prince of Wales occasionally practises it.

weighted with lead behind, and faced with horn) of well-seasoned apple-tree or thorn. Every player has a set of clubs, differing in length and shape to suit the distance to be driven, and the position of the ball; for (except in striking off from a hole, when the ball may be teed-i. e., placed advan tageously on a little heap of sand, called a tee) it is a rule that the ball must be struck as it happens to lie. Some positions of the ball require a club with

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is usually provided with an attendant, called a caddy, who carries his clubs and 'tees' his balls.

an iron head. The usual complement of clubs is six; but those who refine on the gradation of implements use as many as ten, which are technically distinguished as the play-club, long-spoon, mid-spoon, shortUntil late years, golf was entirely confined to spoon, baffing-spoon, driving-putter, putter, sand-iron, Scotland, where it still maintains its celebrity as a cleek, and niblick or track-iron-the last three have national recreation; but latterly it has been estab-iron heads, the others are of wood. Every player lished south of the Tweed, as well as in many of the British colonies. It is played on what are called in Scotland links (Eng. downs), that is, tracts of sandy soil covered with short grass, which occur frequently along the east coast of Scotland. St Andrews and Leven in Fife, Prestwick in Ayrshire, Musselburgh in Mid Lothian, North Berwick and Gullane in East Lothian, Carnoustie and Montrose in Forfarshire, and Aberdeen, are examples of admirably suited links, as the ground is diversified by knolls, sand-pits, and other hazards (as they are termed in golfing phraseology), the avoiding of which is one of the most important points of the game.

A series of small round holes, about four inches in diameter, and several inches in depth, are cut in the turf, at distances of from one to four or five hundred yards from each other, according to the nature of the ground, so as to form a circuit or round. The rival players are either two in number, which is the simplest arrangement, or four (two against two), in which case the two partners strike the ball on their side alternately. The balls, weighing about two ounces, are made of guttapercha, and painted white so as to be readily seen.

An ordinary golf-club consists of two parts spliced together-namely, the shaft and head: the shaft is usually made of hickory, or lance-wood; the handle covered with leather; the head (heavily

The object of the game is, starting from the first hole, to drive the ball into the next hole with as few strokes as possible; and so on round the course. The player (or pair of players) whose ball is holed in the fewest strokes has gained that hole; and the match is usually decided by the greatest number of holes gained in one or more rounds; sometimes it is made to depend on the aggregate number of strokes taken to 'hole' one or more rounds.

To play the game of golf well requires long practice, and very few attain to great excellence who have not played from their youth. But any one may in a year or two learn to play tolerably, so as to take great pleasure in the game; and for all who have once entered upon it, it possesses no ordinary fascination. It has this advantage over many other outdoor games, that it is suited both for old and young. The strong and energetic find scope for their energy in driving long balls (crackplayers will drive a ball above 200 yards); but the more important points of the game-an exact eye, a steady and measured stroke for the short distances, and skill in avoiding hazards-are called forth in all cases. Along with the muscular exercise required by the actual play, there is a mixture of walking which particularly suits those whose

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Putting.

In the accompanying illustration, the method of holding the club, when putting the ball into the hole, is shewn.

Golf Associations are numerous in Scotland, and in many instances the members wear a uniform when playing. Many professional players make their livelihood by golf, and are always ready to instruct beginners in the art, or to play matches with amateurs.

The rules laid down by the St Andrews Royal and Ancient Union Club are those that govern nearly all the other associations, and may be found in Chambers's Information for the People, No. 96. GOLFO DULCE, in English, Sweet or Fresh Gulf, lies in the state of Guatemala, in Central America, measuring 26 miles by 11, and having an average depth of 6 or 8 fathoms. It communicates with the outer sea, here known as the Gulf of Honduras, by a narrow strait or stream called the Rio Dulce.

GO'LGOTHA, a Hebrew word signifying a 'skull,' and so it is interpreted by Luke; but by the other three evangelists, the place of a skull.' The Latin equivalent is Calvaria, a bare skull.' This place, the scene of the crucifixion of Christ, was situated without the gates of Jerusalem, on the eastern side of the city, although the common opinion handed down from the middle ages fixes it in the northwest (see CALVARY). It was probably the ordinary spot of execution, though this is to be inferred rather from the fact that, in the eyes of the Roman officers of justice, Christ was simply a common criminal, than from any supposed connection between the word 'skull' and a place of execution; G. receiving its name in all likelihood from its round skull-like form. A church was built over the spot in the 4th c. by Constantine. What is now called the 'Church of the Holy Sepulchre' to the north-west of Jerusalem, but within the walls of the city, has manifestly no claim whatever to be considered the building erected by Constantine; but while recent biblical scholars and travellers generally have assumed that the scene of our Saviour's crucifixion

Goliath Beetle (Goliathus magnus).

and remarkable for the large size of some of the species, particularly the African ones. They are also, in respect of their colours, splendid insects. Little is known of their habits.

GÖLLNITZ, a small town in the north of Hunbank of a river of the same name, a feeder of the gary, in the county of Zips, is situated on the left Hernad, 17 miles south-west of Éperies. It has important iron and copper mines, and manufactures of wire and cutlery. Pop. 5200.

GO'LLNOW, a small manufacturing town of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania, is situated on the right bank of the Ihna, 15 miles north-east of Stettin. It was formerly a Hanse-town, and is surrounded by walls, and defended by two forts. The manufactures are woollen cloth, ribbons, paper, and tobacco; there are also copper-works. Pop

6207.

GOLOMY'NKA (Comephorus Baikalensis), a remarkable fish, found only in Lake Baikal, the only known species of its genus, which belongs to the goby family. It is about a foot long, is destitute of scales, and is very soft, its whole substance abounding in oil, which is obtained from it by pressure. It is never eaten.

GOLO'SHES (formerly called galoshes), from Galoche, a word through the French, from Galocha, the Spanish for a patten, clog, or wooden shoe. The French applied the term at first to shoes partly of leather and wood, the soles being wood, and the uppers of leather. The term was introduced to this country as a cordwainer's technicality, to signify a method of repairing old boots and shoes by putting a narrow strip of leather above the sole so as to surround the lower part of the upper leather. It was also adopted by the patten and clog makers to distinguish what were also called French clogs from ordinary clogs and pattens. Clogs were mere soles of wood with straps across the instep to keep them on; pattens were the same, with iron rings to raise them from the ground; but the galoshes were wooden soles, usually with a joint at the part where the tread of the foot came, and with upper leathers like very low shoes.

Now, however, these clogs, pattens, and goloshes

GOLPE-GOMBROON.

have completely passed away except in some rural districts which are almost inaccessible to modern inventions: the American goloshes have entirely superseded them. These are manufactured of vulcanised India rubber or caoutchouc, and are now made in the most elegant forms; being elastic, they are worn as overshoes in wet weather, and are an excellent protection to the feet. At first, Indiarubber goloshes were all imported from the states of America, and in 1856 the value of the imports of this article reached the enormous sum of £75,442; now, however, vast numbers are made in this country, chiefly by the North British Rubber Company (Limited), whose works are called the Castle Mills, in Edinburgh. In this vast building, when in full work, 10,500 pairs of goloshes are daily made; and so perfect is the arrangement of the manufacture, which is chiefly conducted by Americans, that in a few hours large masses of the raw material are converted into overshoes, boots, sheets, bands, rings, washers, and a great variety of other useful articles. The process of making goloshes consists, first, in preparing the raw material; secondly, kneading it up with certain chemical materials, the composition of which is carefully concealed by the manufacturers, but the principal constituent is sulphur; thirdly, rolling it out into sheets of the thickness required; and lastly, fashioning it into goloshes.

In the first operation, the rubber is first placed in warm water violently agitated; this softens it, and removes a considerable quantity of dirt and other impurities; it is then put into a machine, which tears it into very small pieces in water, thus also removing much impurity. Still warm, and somewhat adhesive in consequence, the small fragments into which the rubber has been torn are spread out into a thick sheet, which travels between two rollers about an inch apart; these press the fragments together, and they adhere slightly in the form of a thick blanket, about two feet wide, and from four to six feet in length. The slight adhesion of the very irregularly shaped morsels of rubber renders this flattened sheet very porous, and in this state it is hung in the drying-room, to remove the moisture with which it is loaded. These sheets are next passed between large cylindrical iron rollers heated with steam internally, which compress the material into thin soft sheets. The chemical materials are now spread equally over the sheet, and it is folded up and kneaded so as to work the vulcanising materials and rubber well together. This kneading process is performed by passing it several times through the hot rollers, folding it after each rolling into a dough-like mass. When this operation is completed, it is finally rolled out into thin sheets several yards in length, which are reeled off on cold rollers at some distance, so as to allow cooling, and it is then ready for the uppers of the commonest kind of goloshes, which are unlined; but the better sorts are lined with cotton cloth of different colours, and sometimes with other materials; the lining is effected by passing the piece of cloth through the rollers simultaneously with the rubber in the last process, and a firm adhesion of the two is effected by the heat and pressure.

Another machine has rollers so modelled that it produces a sheet thick enough for the soles, and on one surface the roughening is made by engraved lines crossing each other, to prevent the sole from slipping in wet weather. An ingenious arrangement of this machine forms about two inches of each side of the sheet which passes through it little thicker than the middle portion, and this serves for the raised heels. After the sheets for the uppers and heels have been cooled and reeled off,

they pass through the cutting machines. In these are fitted sharp cutting moulds of different sizes and shapes: some cut out the inside linings and the outside uppers for fronts and heel-steppings; whilst others with great nicety cut the heeled soles out.

These various parts are now taken to the makers, who are usually females; and the last-which is now made of cast iron as an improvement on the wooden ones formerly in use-is rapidly covered over with the various parts, beginning with the lining and insole, the edges of which are cemented with a composition probably containing liquefied India rubber or gutta-percha; but its real composition is another secret of the manufacture, and is held to be a very important one: it produces an instantaneous and firm adhesion. The outer parts and the sole are fitted on with equal facility, and the workwoman then runs a wheel-tool round the edges and other parts, to produce the representation of seam marks. In this way a pair of shoes is produced in little more than five minutes. They are next coated with a varnish, which gives them a highly polished appearance; and when the varnish has hardened, which it does very quickly, they are transferred to the vulcanising ovens or chambers, in which, for some time, they are submitted to a high degree of heat, which produces a chemical union between the caoutchouc and the other materials which were mixed in with it at the beginning of the operations. When taken from the oven, they are removed to the packing-room, and are sent in boxes to all parts of the kingdom, and to most parts of Europe, especially Germany, where they are very extensively worn. The North British Rubber Company produced nearly three million pairs of overshoes and boots in 1861.

GOLPE, in Heraldry, a Roundel purpure. It is sometimes called a Wound. See ROUNDEL.

GOMARISTS, or CONTRA-REMONSTRANTS, the name by which the opponents of the doctrines of Arminius (q. v.), the founder of the Dutch Remonstrants, were designated. The party received this appellation from its leader, Francis Gomar. This theologian was born at Bruges, 30th January 1563, studied at the universities of Strasburg, Heidelberg, Oxford, and Cambridge, in the last-mentioned of which he took his degree of B.D. in 1584. In 1594, he was appointed professor of divinity at Leyden, and signalised himself by his vehement antipathy to the views of his colleague, Arminius. In the disputation between the Armenians and Calvinists, held at the Hague in 1608, his zeal was very con spicuous; and at the synod of Dort in 1618, he was mainly instrumental in securing the expulsion of the Arminians from the Reformed Church. He died at Gröningen in 1641. An edition of his works was published at Amsterdam in 1645. G., though stiff and bigoted in the last degree, and more Calvin istic than Calvin himself, was a man of various and extensive learning.

GOMBROO'N, called also BENDER or BUNDER ABBAS, a town and seaport of Persia, stands at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, in the Strait of Ormuz, and opposite the island of that name. Bender Abbas owed its name and importance to Shah Abbás, who, assisted by the English, drove the Portuguese in 1622 from Ormuz, or Hormuz, then a flourishing commercial town on the island of the same name, ruined the seaport, and transferred its commerce to Gombroon. For some time G. prospered abundantly, French, Dutch, and English factories were erected here, and the population rose to about 30,000. A dispute among the natives, however, resulted in the destruction of the European factories and houses, and only the remains of these now exist. Trade then

GOMERA GONGORA.

almost entirely forsook G.; it is now inhabited by only about 4000 Arabs under a sheikh, who is subject to the sultan of Muscat, in Arabia. The town is surrounded by a mud wall; its streets are narrow and dirty.

GOME'RA, one of the Canary Islands (q. v.). GOMO'RRAH. See SODOM AND GOMORRAH. GOMU'TO, ARENG, or EJOO PALM (Arenga saccharifera, or Saguerus Rumphii), an important palm which grows in Cochin China and in the islands of the Indian Archipelago, particularly in moist and shady ravines. The stem is 20-30 feet high; the leaves 15-25 feet long, pinnated. The flowers are in bunches 6-10 feet long; the fruit is a yellowishbrown, three-seeded berry, of the size of a small apple, and extremely acrid. The stem, when young, is entirely covered with sheaths of fallen leaves, and black horse-hairlike fibres, which issue in great abundance from their margins; but as the tree increases in age, these drop off, leaving an elegant naked columnar stem. The strongest of the fibres, resembling porcupine quills in thickness, are used in Sumatra as styles for writing on the leaves of other palms. But the finer fibres are by far the most valuable; they are well known in eastern commerce as Gomuto or Ejoo fibre, and are much used for making strong cordage, particularly for the cables and standing-rigging of ships, European as well as native. Want of pliancy renders them less fit for running-rigging, and for many other purposes. They need no preparation but spinning or twisting. No ropes of vegetable fibre are so imperishable, when often wet, as those made of Gomuto fibre. At the

base of the leaves of the Gomuto palm there is a fine woolly material, called bara, which is much employed in caulking ships and stuffing cushions. The stem contains a large quantity, 150-200 lbs., of a kind of sago. The saccharine sap, obtained in great abundance by cutting the spadices of the flowers, is a delicious beverage, and by fermentation yields an intoxicating palm wine (neroo), from which a spirituous liquor called brum is made.

GONAI'VES, a seaport of Hayti, with an excellent harbour, stands on a bay of its own name, which deeply indents the west coast of the island. It is 65 miles to the north-west of Port Republicain, formerly Port au Prince, the capital.

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In the centre there is a curtained chamber for the occupants: the boat is propelled by means of oars or poles by one, two, or occasionally four men. The rowers stand as they row, and wear the livery of the family to which the gondola belongs.

The term gondola is also applied to passage-boats having six or eight oars, used in other parts of Italy."

tract of Hindustan, lying between 19° 50′ and 24° GONDWANA, the land of the Gonds, is a hilly 30', and in E. long. between 77° 38′ and 87° 20. It occupies a somewhat central position, sending its drainage at once northward into the Jumna, eastward through the Mahanadi into the Bay of Bengal, and westward through the Tapti and the Nerbudda into the Arabian Sea-the water-shed in some places attaining an elevation of 5000 feet. So isolated a locality, besides being in itself unfavourable to civilisation, is rendered still more so by the extreme barbarism of the inhabitants, who are regarded, with some appearance of probability, as the genuine aborigines of India. Certain it is, that the country has never really formed a part of any of the great empires in the east.

GO'NFALON (Ital. gonfalone), an ensign or standard; in virtue of bearing which, the chief magistrates in many of the Italian cities were known as gonfaloniers.

GO'NDAR, a city of Abyssinia, capital of the kingdom of Gondar or Amhara, is situated in lat. 12° 36' N., and long. 37° 29′ E., on an insulated hill at an elevation of 7420 feet above sea level, and is 30 miles distant from the northern shore of Lake Dembea or Izana (see ABYSSINIA). G. is the residence of the emperor or Negus, whose authority GONG, an Indian instrument of percussion, made is now merely nominal, and at one time had from of a mixture of metals (78 to 80 parts of copper, 50 to 100 churches and about 50,000 inhabitants; and 22 to 20 parts of tin), and shaped into a basinbut since the dismemberment of the kingdom, it like form, flat and large, with a rim of a few inches deep. has greatly declined, and its extent or population The sound of the G. is produced by cannot now be accurately stated. It is poorly and striking it, while hung by the rim, with a wooden irregularly built, and resembles a wood rather than mallet, which puts the metal into an extraordinary a city, on account of the number of trees surround-state of vibration, and produces a very loud piercing ing the houses. The palace of the emperor, a square stone structure flanked with towers, is the most important building. There are no shops or bazaars, all the articles for sale being exposed on mats in the market-place. G. has manufactures of firearms, sword-blades, knives, scissors, razors, shields, pottery, &c.; and a considerable transit trade between Massuah on the Red Sea and the south of Abyssinia, in slaves, musk, wax, ivory, coffee, honey, &c. The mean temperature of G., as observed by Rüppell during the seven months from October to April inclusive, was 69°, and the lowest temperature during that time was 53-09°. A great quantity of rain falls here.

sound.

GONGORA, LUIS Y. ARGOTE, a Spanish poet, was born at Cordova, 11th July 1561; studied law at the university of Salamanca, where he composed the greater part of his erotic poems, romances, and satires. At the age of 45, he took orders, and obtained a small prebend in the cathedral of Cordova. He was afterwards appointed chaplain to Philip III., and died in his native city 24th May 1627. G.'s poetic career divides itself into two periods. In his first or youthful period, he yielded himself up entirely to the natural tendencies of his genius, and to the spirit of the nation. His lyrics and romances of this period are in the old

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