the Filaria Medinensis, or guinea-worm, the subcutaneous tissue.

Davaine, who may be regarded as one of the highest living authorities on this subject, gives the following synopsis of the E. occurring in man and the domestic animals (see his Traité des Entozoaires, Paris, 1860).

TYPE I. PROTOZOA, including the genera Bacterium, Vibrio, Monas, Cercomonas, Trichomonas, Paramecium.

TYPE II. CESTOIDEA, including the families of Taniada and Bothriocephalidae. The Tunade occur (1) in their undeveloped, cystic, or vesicular form, constituting the genera Conurus and Cysticercus; and (2) in their perfect, ribbon-like shape, constituting the genus Tania, of which about 20 species have been described. The Bothriocephalide contain the single genus Bothriocephalus, which embraces various species. Their early or vesicular stage has not yet been described.

TYPE III. TREMATODEA, including two wellmarked secondary types: (1) The Polystomida, which live as epizoa on the skin or gills of aquatic animals, and which do not concern us here; and (2) the Distomida, including the genera Monostoma, Distoma, Holostoma, Amphistoma, with the doubtful genera of Tetrastoma and Hexathrydium.

TYPE IV. ACANTHOCEPHALA, with the single genus Echinorhynchus.

TYPE V. NEMATOIDEA. Passing over two cases in which these worms have been discovered, apparently in their larval or imperfectly developed state (once by Rainey in the human trachea, and once by Vulpian in the kidney of the dog), Davaine gives the following genera, Oxyuris, Ascaris, Spiroptera, Trichina, Trichosoma, Trichocephalus, Filaria, Dochmius, Sclerostoma, Strongylus, Anchylostoma, Dactylius.

TYPE VI. ACANTHOTHECA, including the genus Pentastoma.

Alarming as the above list may seem, comparatively few of the worms contained in it do in reality give rise to dangerous or severe symptoms. It seems to be a condition of parasitism, that the animal upon which the parasite lives must not be destroyed by it; and it has been suggested by one of our highest authorities on this subject, Van Beneden, that in many cases the parasite does not so much attack the organism in which it exists, as its superabundant products. Dujardin and other helminthologists have described cases in which worms were developed by thousands in persons apparently in good health. The symptoms occasioned by Ascarides, Taniæ, &c., are described in the articles ASCARIS, TAPE-WORMS, &c.

The multiplication of worms is most rapid in debilitated persons, especially children living in cold and damp situations; and impure water, unripe fruits, and raw or imperfectly cooked meat, have considerable influence on the development of these animals. For the description of the medicines used

for their destruction, see the article VERMIFUGES; and for information regarding the structure and habits of the most important E., see the articles ASCARIS, BOTHRIOCEPHALUS, CESTOID WORMS, FILARIA, MONOSTOMA, NEMATOIDEA, SPIROPTERA, STRONGYLUS, TAPE-WORMS, TREMATOIDEA, TRICHINA, TRICHOCEPHALUS.

ENTR'ACT, in Music, is an instrumental piece, composed in the form of a little symphony or overture, to be performed between the acts of a play.

ENTRÉ DOURO E MI'NHO, or, as it is frequently called, MINHO, a province of Portugal, in the extreme north-west of the country, is bounded on the N. by Galicia, from which it is separated

162

by the river Minho; on the E. by Galicia and Tras os Montes; on the S. by the province of Beira, from which it is separated by the river Douro. and on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean. It has an area of about 3094 square miles, and a population of 857,132. It has been called the Paradise of Portugal, and indeed it may be doubted whether any territory in Europe of equal extent exhibits so much beauty. It is traversed from north-east to south-west by three mountain-ranges, which, however, sink down as they approach the coast, leaving a considerable tract of undulating country along the sea-margin. The chief rivers, besides those already mentioned as forming the northern and southern boundaries of the province, are the Lima-a portion of the vale of which is said to form the loveliest landscape in the world-the Cavado, and the Tamego. The climate is agreeable and healthy. The chief productions are wine, oil, flax, maize, wheat, barley, oats, and vegetables. Wine, which is shipped at Oporto, is largely exported. Along the coast are numerous fisheries, at which great numbers find employment. province of Minho consists of three districts, Braga, Vianne, and Porto, with the town of Braga for the capital.

The

takes its name from its occupying the space between ENTRE RIOS (the Spanish for Between Rivers) the Parana and the Uruguay, immediately above the point where they unite to form the Plate. It is one of the states of the Argentine Confederation. The area is estimated at 32,000 square miles, and the population at 80,000 inhabitants. The country is almost entirely pastoral-its principal productions being hides, horns, tallow, and jerked beef. soil is not well fitted for cultivation, for, besides being rather swampy throughout, it is subject, in the south, to annual floods. The capital is Bajada de Santa Fé or Parana, the other principal towns are Gualeguay, Gualeguarchu, and Concepcion de la China.

The

ENTREMETS, ENTRÉES, French terms now used in England to designate certain courses of dishes served at fashionable dinners. The chief dishes are entrées, and the lighter dishes are entremets.

ENTRESOL. See MEZZANIN.

ENTRO'PIUM, or ENTRO'PION (Gr. en, in, and trepō, I turn), inversion of the eyelashes, or even eyelid, consequent either on loss of substance, or on inflammatory swelling of the lid. If confined to. one or two eyelashes, they should be plucked out by the roots, and the bulbs should be cauterised; but the radical cure of severe entropium requires a careful adaptation of the surgeon's art to the circumstances of the particular case, and should not be attempted by unskilled hands.

ENTRY, RIGHT OF. A person is said, in English law, to have a right of entry who has been wrongfully dispossessed or ousted of land and tenements See the by Abatement, Intrusion, or Disseisin. several articles under these heads. A right of entry was formerly lost by suffering a descent cast, i. e., mitted to continue unmolested till his death, and is where the tenant tortiously in possession is persucceeded by his heir. This result of suffering a descent cast is removed, 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 27, and right of entry is now lost by not asserting it for twenty years.

ENTRY OF AN HEIR. In the feudal law of Scotland, this term was applied to the recognition of the heir of a vassal by the superior or dominus. Strictly, the whole rights of the vassal in the property return to the superior on his death, and

81

arrangement. See CONVEYANCING.

E'NVELOPES. Until the introduction of the penny-postage system, envelopes for written letters were very little adopted; it was far more customary to secure, by wafer or sealing-wax, the sheet of paper on which the letter was written. When the postage was rendered uniform for all distances, and prepayment enforced, or at least recommended, it was supposed that stamped envelopes would be convenient coverings for letters, sealing the letter and paying the postage at one operation. Such has indeed been the case; but the envelope-manufac ture has since taken a new direction, and to an extent that no one could have contemplated. Several large firms in London and elsewhere can make envelopes more cheaply than the government, and can vary the size, shape, colour, and quality to an indefinite degree; as a consequence, although envelopes bearing the government impressed stamp are still in demand, the unstamped varieties are used in very much larger quantities. They are made by two methods, involving different amounts of machinepower. The paper is first cut into quadrangular pieces rather longer than wide, by a cutting blade brought to bear upon a pile of sheets at once; and then cutting-dies reduce these pieces to the proper shape, generally lozenge or diamord form, but sometimes with curvilinear edges. For some kinds, it is found to economise both time and paper to stamp the pieces out at once from the rough sheets. The subsequent folding and gumming are performed generally by hand, sometimes by machine. In the hand-method, women and girls fold with almost incredible quickness, having very simple guidepieces to aid them in giving the proper oblong quadrangular shape to the fold. The gum is applied with a small brush, either all along the overlapping edges, or in spots here and there, according to the quality of the envelope.

The envelope-machines, however, such as those of Messrs De la Rue, are beautiful examples of automatic mechanism. In the kind invented and used by this celebrated firm, a cutting-machine severs the blanks or papers; and dies are employed to stamp the device on the spot where the seal would otherwise lie. The blanks are then fed into the folding-machine, where they pass through a curious series of processes. Each blank is carried down into a box, where a plunger makes four creases in it; two short levers fold down two of the flaps thus made; a gumming apparatus comes up, and applies a line of wet gum to each flap-edge; two small levers then fold down the other two flaps (but only fastening one of them); and finally, the envelope is shifted aside to a pile, and makes way for another. All these processes are gone through in one second, enabling the machine to make sixty envelopes per minute. Where twelve of these machines are working at once, it will be seen that a million envelopes are put out of hand in a very short time. Nearly a million and a half of enveloped letters pass through the post every day in the United Kingdom, most of the envelopes for which are of home manufacture; and besides this, a large export trade is maintained. The stamped envelopes all go to Somerset House, to have the stamp impressed upon them, which is done by a beautiful machine, chiefly invented by Mr Edwin Hill, in which embossing and colour-printing are ingeniously combined. These envelopes are sold by the Stamp-office,

his

order, i. e., inferior in rank to an ambassador. E'NVOY, a diplomatic minister of the second Envoys ordinary and extraordinary, ministers plenipotentiary, the internuncios of the pope, and all other inferior diplomatic ministers, differ from ambassadors in this, that although they receive their credentials, like ambassadors, immediately from their sovereign, they represent not personal dignity, but only his affairs. They stand to him just as an ordinary agent does to his principal, and their acts or promises are his in a business, though not in a personal sense. It is said that this class of diplomatists was first introduced by Louis XI. of France, towards the end of the 15th century. The envoy is superior in rank to the chargé d'affaires, whose credentials proceed from the ministers of the state from which he is sent, and are addressed to the ministers of the state to which he is sent; or are a mere delegation from an ambassador or envoy to conduct the affairs of the mission in his absence. Consuls (q. v.) are not generally reckoned among diplomatic ministers, though, where they have diplomatic duties to perform independently of an ambassador or envoy, they are accredited, and treated as ministers. According to the division of diplomatic agents into four classes, which was made by the great powers at the congress of Vienna in 1815-viz. 1. Ambassadors, legates, and nuncios; 2. Envoys, ministers, and other agents accredited to sovereigns; and 3. Chargés d'affaires, accredited by and to the departments of Foreign Affairs-an envoy would be of the second, and a chargé d'affaires of the third rank. But the practice of this country has interjected between the ambassador and the envoy a second class, called envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary, which, of course, throws the ordinary envoy into the third, and the chargé d'affaires into the fourth class. See CHARGÉ D'AFFAIRES, AMBASSADOR, EMBASSY, and CONSUL

ENYED. See NAGY-ENYED.

E'OCENE (eos, dawn, and kainos, recent), a term introduced by Lyell to characterise the Lower Tertiary strata, from the idea that the fossil shells of that period contain an extremely small proportion (34 per cent.) of living species. He accordingly looks upon these beds as indicating the dawn of the existing state of the testaceous fauna-no recent species having been detected in the older rocks The gradual approximation of the living inhabitants of the globe to the present forms is the chief chara teristic of the Eocene and newer deposits. The Eocene beds rest on the chalk. Like the other Ter tiary strata, these deposits occupy small and detached areas when compared with the older measures. is not difficult to determine the relative position of Primary or Secondary strata, because of the great extent of particular beds, being frequently continuous over extensive districts. But Tertiary deposits are more isolated, and occur in smaller and more detached patches; hence it is difficult to determine the contemporaneity of the sections of the various periods, occurring as they do in different isolated localities. Their relations must be determined from the petralogical structure of the beds, which, however, is very inconstant, or from the more satisfactory evidence derived from their fossiliferous contents.

It

In the following table are given the generally received divisions of this period, with the ma.cimum thickness (in English feet) of the English strata, and the French and Belgian equivalent beds:

6. London clay series,

France.

EO'LIAN HARP. See EOLIAN HARP. EON DE BEAUMONT, CHARLES GENEVIÈVE LOUIS AUGUSTE ANDRÉ TIMOTHÉE D', known as the Chevalier d' Eon, was born at Tonnerre, in Burgundy, in 1728, studied law, and became an advocate. He attracted the notice of the Prince of Conti by some political writings; and in 1755, was introduced by the latter to Louis XV., who employed him in diplomatic missions to Russia and Austria. After serving a short time in the army, not without distinction, he was sent to London in 1761 as secretary of embassy, and shortly after was made minister-plenipotentiary. Becoming the victim of a court cabal, however, which deprived him of his office, he took his revenge by publishing his secret correspondence with the French court, which contained, among other things, libels on various persons. For one of these, he was prosecuted in London; and to avoid judgment, fled to the continent. He, how ever, returned to England again; but, on the death of Louis XV., the French ministry deemed it prudent to recall him, as they were afraid he might betray their secrets to the English government, which made him brilliant offers. The pretext laid hold of for this purpose, was the scandal excited in London by his having assumed the garb of a woman, which he had done at the request of Louis, the better, it may be presumed, to hide his designs as a 'secret agent.' On his return to France, however, Eon was very favourably received; and Louis XVI. even ordered him to make use of the feminine garb in future. In 1783, he again proceeded to London, not, however, in any visible official capacity; and, though dressed as a woman, gave lessons in fencing, of which art he was a complete master. On the outbreak of the French Revolution, he hastened home, and offered his services to the nation; but as nothing came of his offer, he finally returned to London, where he sank into the greatest misery, and died 21st May 1810. An examination of Eon's remains by Mr J. Copeland, a surgeon, settled the question of his sex, and put an end to the curiosity of the English public. His writings appeared at Amsterdam 1775, under the title of Loisirs du Chevalier d'Eon. The Mémoires which bear his name are not genuine. EOO A, or MIDDLEBURG, one of the Friendly or Tonga Islands, is 30 miles in circuit, and contains 300 inhabitants. It is in lat. 18° 19′ S., and long. 175° 37′ W. The surface, which is rocky and barren, rises 600 feet above the sea. The group,

as a whole, was discovered by Tasman in 1643.

EOTVOS, JOZSEF, a highly distinguished Hungarian author, was born 3d September 1813 at Buda; educated at home by a tutor of republican sentiments, and studied philosophy and jurisprudence at the university of Pesth during the years 1825-1831.

field he had already won a great reputation by his comedies Kritikusok (The Critics) and Házasulók (The Weddings), and also by his tragedy Boszt (Revenge). After his return from a journey through Germany, France, England, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, he published his Prison Reform (Gefängnissreform, Pesth, 1838), which was instrumental in bringing about many wholesome improvements in regard to prisons. This was followed (1838-1841) by his novel entitled The Carthusian, which excited great interest, and was pronounced to be one of the best productions of Hungarian literature. E. now began to distinguish himself in politics. When the Liberal party split, in 1844, into Municipalists and Centralists, he became one of the most eloquent advocates of the policy of the latter party, and wrote numerous articles in favour of it in the Pesti Hirlap, which are marked by varied learning, fulness f thought, and elegance of expression. They were issued in a collected form at Leipsic in 1846, under the title of Reform. The Village Notary (A' Falu' Jegyzöje, 3 vols., Pesth, 1844-1846; English by Otto Wenckstern, 1850; German by Mailath) is a work of the highest order of merit. For variety of incident, easy vigour of style, humour, liveliness, and freshness of descriptive power, it has been pronounced equal to the best of the Waverley Novels. It was followed in 1847-1848 by his Magyarország 1514-ben (Hungary in 1514), which describes the insurrection of the peasants that happened in that year in a masterly style. When the revolution of 1848 broke out, E. was appointed Minister of Public Instruction, but soon became aware of his own incapacity for the work of a practical statesman, and abandoning his country, which he deemed it impossible for him to serve, retired for some time to Munich, where he employed himself exclusively in literary pursuits. The most important fruit of his residence here was Der Einfluss der Ideen des 19 Jahrh. auf Staat und Gesellschaft (The Influence of the Ideas of the 19th Century on the State and on Society, Pesth and Vienna, 1851). In 1851, E. returned to Hungary, but has not since mingled in politics. See Csengery's Ungarns Redner und Staatsmänner (Orators and Statesmen of Hungary, Vienna, 1851).

EPACRIDA'CEÆ, a natural order of exogenons plants, consisting of shrubs and small trees, which,

one of the faces and one of the flanks meet; and this points to the proper meaning of epaulement, as a shoulder or flanking work.

EPAULETTE, from the same French source as epaulement, is a shoulder-knot worn by commissioned officers in the naval profession, both as an ornament and a distinction. In the British navy, the officers of and above the rank of lieutenant wear epaulettes of gold lace, one on each shoulder, sub-lieutenants wearing one only. Ranks and degrees are marked in a very systematic way by means of crowns, anchors, and stars worked in ilver on the epaulette, and also by the size of the cords of the epaulette itself. This decoration was formerly universal in the British army, officers wearing those of gold, men of worsted; but they were abolished at the time of the Russian war, in consequence of the danger to which officers thus easily marked out were exposed from the enemy's sharpshooters. Militia officers wore epaulettes of

silver cords.

EPÉE, CHARLES MICHEL, ABBÉ DE L', one of the founders of the system of instruction for the deaf and dumb, was born at Versailles, 25th November 1712. He studied for the church, and entering into holy orders, became a preacher and canon at Troyes, but eventually, on account of his Jansenist opinions, was deprived of this appointment. He now lived in retirement in Paris. In the year 1755, he first began to occupy himself with the education of two deaf and dumb sisters; and, as he asserts, without any previous knowledge of Pereira's efforts in the cause, invented a language of signs, by which persons thus afflicted might be enabled to hold intercourse with their fellowcreatures. His first attempts being crowned with success, he determined to devote his life to the subject. At his own expense, he founded an institution for the deaf and dumb, and laboured with unwearied zeal for its prosperity. His favourite wish, however, the foundation of such an institution at the public cost, was not fulfilled till after his death, which took place 23d December 1789. He wrote a work, entitled Institution des Sourds et Muets (2 vols., Paris, 1774), which afterwards appeared in an improved form under the title, La Véritable Manière d'Instruire les Sourds et Muets (Paris, 1784).

EPEI'RA, a genus of spiders, the type of a family called Epeirida. They are of those spiders which have only a pair of pulmonary sacs and spiracles;

Epeira Diadema.

construct webs with regular meshes, formed by conentric circles and straight radii; and are furnished with a pair of almost contiguous eyes on each side, other four eyes forming a quadrangle in the centre. Many of them are remarkable for the beauty of

their colours and of their forms. Several species abound in our gardens, particularly in autumn. E diadema is one of the largest British spiders. It is found in moors, the borders of woods, &c. ; but it is in tropical countries that the Epeirida exist in greatest numbers, and attain the greatest size and beauty, extending from branch to branch their lacework, remarkable for gracefulness of design. The net, when loaded with wings, wing-covers, and limbs of insects that have been preyed upon, is often loosened, and falls down upon the central nest or den of the spider; and successive nets thus falling down, form at last a ball sometimes as large as a man's head. Some of the spider cords, carried horizontally from tree to tree at a considerable height from the ground, are so strong as to cause a painful check across the face when moving quickly against them; and more than once,' Sir J. E. Tennent says, in riding I have had my hat lifted off my head by a single thread.' Tennent's Ceylon.

EPERIES (Lat. Fragopolis or Eperesinum; Hung. Eperjes, Slovak Pressova), an old town of Hungary, in the county of Saros, of which it is the capital, is agreeably situated on the left bank of the Tarcza, about 150 miles north-east of Pesth. It is surrounded with walls, is the seat of a bishop, and contains some houses of the 15th and 16th centuries, built in the style of those in Naples, with which E. was much connected in the middle ages. Its principal buildings are the Church of St Nicholas, the communal college, with 500 students and a library consisting of 14,000 volumes, and the county hall. It has manufactures of earthen-ware and of linens and woollens, and has some trade in linen goods, corn, and Tokay wine. In the vicinity are the Sovar saltworks, which produce 5000 tons of salt annually. Pop. 9600, almost wholly Slavonic.

EPERNAY, a town of France, in the department of Marne, is the head-quarters of the Vins de Champagne, and is situated in the midst of a rich vinegrowing district, on the left bank of the Marne, 19 miles west-north-west of Chalons. It is well built, clean, and well paved. Its environs consist, for the most part, of elegant villas, with vaults attached, belonging to the Champagne wine-merchants. E. manufactures large quantities of earthen-ware from a clay obtained in the neighbourhood, and called Terre de Champagne; also hosiery, refined sugar, and leather. It has a brisk trade in bottles, corks, wire, champagne wines, &c. Pop. 9346.

E'PHAH, a measure of capacity for dry goods in use among the Hebrews. It contained three English pecks and three pints.

EPHEMERA (Gr. lasting for a day), a Linnæan genus of neuropterous insects, now forming the family or tribe Ephemerida. They are allied to the Libellulida, or Dragon-flies, but differ from them in many very important respects. They have received their name, to which corresponds the English DAYFLY, sometimes also applied to them, from the brief I duration of their existence in the perfect state, in which, very unlike the dragon-flies, they are believed to take no food, merely propagating their species, and dying. From the season of the year in which they begin to be seen, some of them are also called MAY-FLY; and by this name are well known to anglers, who use them, and artificially imitate them as excellent lures for trout. The eggs of the ephemeræ are also a favourite food of fishes; they cohere together in a gelatinous mass. larvæ and pupae are aquatic, and in these states the ephemere have a much longer life than in their

The