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EPILOGUE-EPIRUS.

EPILOGUE (Gr. epi, upon or after, and logos, a speech) means, in oratory, the summing up or conclusion of a discourse; but, in connection with the drama, it denotes the short speech in prose or verse which frequently, in former times, was subjoined to plays, especially to comedies. The epilogue was always merry and familiar in its tone, and was intended to establish a kindly understanding between the actor and the audience, as well as to conciliate the latter for the faults of the play, if there were any, and to send them away in good-humour. One of the neatest and prettiest epilogues ever written, and one which completely realises what an epilogue should be, is that spoken by Rosalind at the conclusion of Shakspeare's As You Like It.

EPIME NIDES, a Greek poet and priest, born probably at Phæstus in Crete, in the 6th or 7th c. B. C., and lived at Cnossus. His history has only reached us in a mythical form. He is said to have fallen asleep in a cave when a boy, and not to have wakened for 57 years. Like Rip Van Winkle, he was naturally much astonished and perplexed on his return to broad daylight. His period of slumber, however, had not passed away unprofitably. His soul, disengaging itself from its fleshly prison, betook itself in the interval to the study of medicine and natural philosophy; and when it had shuffled on again its mortal coil, E. found himself a man of great knowledge and wisdom. Goethe has written a poem on the subject, Des Epimenides Erwachen. E. went to Athens about 596 B. C., where, by the performance of various mystical rites and sacrifices, he stayed a plague with which the inhabitants were afflicted. When he died is not known, but we may be certain that he did not live (as is fabled) for 299 years. That he wrote the epic poems attributed to him, the longest of which was on the Argonautic expedition, is considered highly improbable. Compare Heinrich. E. aus

Kreta (Leip. 1801).

EPINAL, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, is situated in a delightful district at the western base of the Vosges mountains, on both banks of the Moselle, about 200 miles east-southeast of Paris. Lat. 48° 10′ N., long. 6° 26' E. It is a well-built, handsome town, with clean, regular, though badly paved streets, and is surmounted by the ruins of an old castle, the gardens attached to which are much admired. Among its chief buildings are the parish church, an antique Gothic structure; the hospital, formerly a Capuchin convent; a museum of pictures, antiquities, and natural history; the barracks; and the residence of the prefect of the department. E. manufactures chemical products, lace, block-tin, wrought-iron, pottery, cutlery, paper, and leather, and has some trade in grain, wine, timber, &c. Pop. 11,076.

his writings, collected by Petavius (2 vols., Paris, 1622), the most important is his Panarion, or catalogue of all heresies (80 in number), a work which strikingly shews his unfitness for being a historian. His credulity and want of honesty are excessive.

EPIPHANY (Gr. Epipháneia, appearance), denoted, among the heathen Greeks, a festival held in commemoration of the appearance of a god in any the usage of the Christian Church, and was used to particular place. The word subsequently passed into designate the manifestation or appearance of Christ upon the earth to the Gentiles, with especial reference to the day on which he was seen and wor shipped by the wise men who came from the East. This occasion is commemorated in the church on the 6th of January, the 12th day after Christmas, and hence the Epiphany is also called Twelfth Day. The Epiphany, which is said not to have been observed as a separate festival, but to have been included in the feast of the Nativity till 813, is observed as a 'scarlet day' at Oxford and Cambridge.

which

EPIPHYTES (Gr. epi, upon, phyton, a plant), often and popularly, but less correctly, called AIRPLANTS, are plants which are not rooted in the ground, but are attached to trees, from the decaying portions of the bark of which, or of mosses and lichens probably, also, depending upon the air for it to a grow upon it, they derive their nutriment, larger extent than other plants do. Mosses and lichens themselves, growing upon trees, may be called E., but the term is generally used of phanerogamous plants. E. are not connected with the trees misletoe, Balunophora, and other true parasiteson which they grow in the peculiar manner of the not sending roots like them into the wood to suck the juice of the tree. It is chiefly in warm climates that phanerogamous E. are found, and in those which are also moist. Most of them prefer shady situations. Within the tropics, they often form an interesting and remarkable feature of the vegetation. Some of the Bromeliaceae (as Tillandsia), Cactacea, Aracea, Gesneracea, and other natural orders are E.; but the order to which they belong more than to any other is Orchidaceae. Many of the epiphytous orchids, as well as other E., are remarkable for their beauty; and the attention which has recently been given to their cultivation in hothouses has been rewarded by the most perfect success. See ORCHIDS. Plants which usually occur as E. are sometimes also found growing on rocks. Although seldom found except in moist climates, E. are generally capable of enduring a considerable amount of drought, parting slowly with the moisture which they have once imbibed.

EPIRUS, the ancient name of a part of Greece, EPIPHA'NIUS, ST, a Christian bishop, and bounded on the E. by the chain of Pindus, on the Swriter of the 4th c., was born of Jewish parents in by the Ambracian Gulf, on the W. by the Ionian Palestine. He was baptized in his 16th year, and Sea, and on the N. by Illyria and Macedonia. was educated among the Egyptian monks, who It formed the southern part of modern Albania, or inspired him with an aversion to all liberal science. the pashalic of Janina, a wild and mountainous He rose gradually to the rank of Bishop of Con-region, the haunt of robbers and semi-civilised tribes stantia (formerly Salamis) in Cyprus, and continued in all ages. The chief town was Dodona (q. v.); the in that office from 367 till his death in 403. His chief rivers, the Acheron, Cocytus, Arachthus, and polemical zeal was conspicuously manifested against Charadrus. Anciently, it was celebrated for its cattle Origen. He had proclaimed him a heretic in his and its breed of Molossian dogs. Its earliest inhawritings, and in 394 he went to Palestine, the focus bitants were probably Pelasgians. In the historic of Origen's adherents, and called upon John, Bishop period, Theopompus speaks of fourteen tribes, most of Jerusalem, and the two monks, Rufinus and of whom were believed by the Greeks themselves to Jerome, to condemn him. A more legitimate object be not of Hellenic origin. The principal were the of his violent opposition was the increasing worship Chaones, Threspoti, and Molossi, the last of whom of images. Jerome relates how he indignantly tore finally obtained the entire sovereignty of the country. down an image in the precincts of a church in Of the Molossian kings of E, the most distinguished Palestine, as being contrary to the divine law. Among was Pyrrhus, who long waged successful war against

EPISCOPACY-EPISTOLÆ OBSCURORUM VIRORUM.

the Romans. But after this race of kings became extinct (239-229 B. C.) by the death of Ptolemy, grandson of Pyrrhus, a republican constitution was adopted, whereupon parties sprang up among them, and the neighbouring Macedonians got the upper hand. On the conquest of Macedonia by the Romans (168 B. C.), the Epirots were accused of having assisted Perseus, the Macedonian king, and the most revengeful measures were put in force against them. Emilius Paulus, the Roman general, plundered and razed to the ground the 70 towns of F., and sold into slavery 150,000 of the inhabitants. From this period, the country became a Roman province, and shared the vicissitudes of the Roman and Byzantine empires, until 1204, when one of the Comneni made himself independent. This dynasty, known as the despots of Albania, ruled E. until 1466, when it was finally conquered by the Turks; the last despot,' Georg. Castriota, better known as Skanderbeg (q. v.), having for more than 20 years heroically resisted the hordes of the Ottoman empire.

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EPISCOPACY (Gr. episcopos, bishop or overseer) is that form of church government in which one order of the clergy is superior to another-namely, bishops or prelates to priests or presbyters, the ordinary ministers of parishes or congregations. It is sometimes called diocesan episcopacy, to distinguish it from that episcopacy which Presbyterians and Independents also assert the oversight of flocks by their pastors. See BISHOP. It is not essential to episcopacy that there should be archbishops, exalted in rank and authority above other bishops, although of the same order: and in some Episco

palian churches there are none.

Episcopacy has actually subsisted under very various modifications; the power of bishops being more or less absolute, or more or less controlled by synods of presbyters, or even-in the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States-by a diocesan convention, composed both of presbyters and lay delegates. The power of the bishop is also variously affected by the relations subsisting between church and state; and great differences exist in this respect between the Church of England, the Church of Sweden, and the Church of Denmark, all Episcopalian, and all connected with the state as established churches.

The Church of Rome, the Greek Church, and other branches of the Eastern Church, are Episcopalian. Of Episcopalian Protestant churches not established, the most important are that in the United States, that in Scotland, and the Moravian Church. See ANGLICAN CHURCH; ENGLAND, CHURCH OF; and

SCOTTISH EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

EPISCO PIUS, SIMON (whose Dutcy name was Bisschop), the head of the Arminian party after the death of Arminius, was born at Amsterdam in 1583, studied at Leyden, took his degree in 1606, and was ordained pastor of the village of Bleyswyck near Rotterdam in 1610. In the following year, the States-general, with the intention of putting an end to the agitations created by the controversies between the Gomarists or Calvinistic party and the Arminians or Remonstrants, ordered a conference to be held in their presence at the Hague between six ministers of each party. E. was one of the six charged with the advocacy of Arminianism, and highly distinguished himself by his good temper, bility, and learning. In 1612, the curators of the university of Leyden appointed him professor of theology in the room of Gomar, who had gone to Seeland. This enraged the leaders of th orthodox party, who unscrupulously accused him of Socinianism, and of having entered into an alliance with

the Roman Catholics for the destruction of Protestantism. By this means the fanaticism of the populace was roused against him; he was insulted and abused in the street, and on one occasion narrowly escaped being stoned to death. The house of his brother in Amsterdam was also sacked, under the pretext that it was a rendezvous of the Remonstrants. In 1618, occurred the famous Synod of Dort (q. v.). E. was present, along with several other Arminians. The Calvinists, who happened to be in an overwhelming majority, would not allow him to speak; they told him that the synod was met not to discuss, but to judge; and, in fact, the whole proceedings exhibited as revolting a specimen of high-handed tyranny as any on record, even among ecclesiastical tribunals. Expelled from the church, and banished from the country, E. betook himself first to Antwerp, and afterwards to Rouen and Paris, but in 1626 returned to Rotterdam, where the odium theologicum against his party had become less virulent. Here he married in 1630, and four years after was made primarius professor of divinity in the newly established college of the Remonstrants. He died in 1643. E. held enlightened principles in regard to religious toleration. Not placing a high value on merely doctrinal views, but rather believing in the efficacy of the Christian spirit to elevate and purify the character, and seeing, moreover, the presence of this spirit in not inflamed with controversial hates), he would men holding the most conflicting opinions (when have wished a broader and more catholic bond of unity among Christians than the opinionative creeds of his day permitted. His chief works are his Confessio Remonstrantium (1621), Apologia pro Confessione (1629), and Institutiones Theologica, incomplete. A complete edition of his works appeared at Amsterdain in 2 vols., 1650.

EPISTLE. The lesson in the church service

called the Epistle, derives its name from being most frequently taken from the Apostolic Epistles, although it is sometimes also taken from other parts of Scripture. This part of the service is believed to be as old as the 6th century.

EPISTLE SIDE OF THE ALTAR, the left side of the altar or communion table, looking from it, at which in the church service the epistle of the day is read. It is of lesser distinction than the right or gospel side, and is occupied by the clergyman of lower ecclesiastical rank. The reader of the epistle was in former times called the Epistler.

EPISTOLÆ OBSCURORUM VIRORUM (Lat. Letters of Obscure Men) is the title of a collection of satirical letters which appeared at the commencement of the 16th c., and professed to be the composition of certain ecclesiastics and professors in Cologne and other places in Rhenish Germany. They were directed against the scholastics and monks, and lashed with merciless severity their doctrines, writings, morals, modes of speech, manner of life, follies and extravagances, and thus helped in no small degree to bring about the Reformation. The controversy of Reuchlin with the baptized Jew, Pfefferkorn, concerning Hebrew punctuation, gave the first occasion to the Epistolæ, and it is probable that their title itself was suggested by the Epistolæ Clarorum Virorum ad Reuchlinum Phorcensum (1514). They were addressed to Octuin Gratius in Deventer, who was by no means so complete an ignoramus as might be supposed from this circumstance, but who had. made himself odious to the liberal minds of the time by his arrogant pretension and his determined hostility to the spirit of his age. On the first appearance of the work, it was fathered on Reuchlin; afterwards, it was ascribed to Reuchlin,

EPITAPH--EPITHELIUM.

Erasmus, and Hutten. More recent investigators have inclined to the belief, that the first part, which appeared at Hagenau in 1515 (but professedly at Venice), was the production of Wolfgang Angst, a learned and witty book-printer of that town; but, latterly, doubt has also been expressed whether even he had anything to do with the Epistola. In the composition of the second part (published in 1519), after Ulrich von Hutten, Erotus Rubeanus had the most considerable share. The circumstance of the Epistolæ being placed in the catalogue of forbidden books by a papal bull, helped to spread it not a little. Among the numerous editions of the work may be mentioned those published at Frankfort (1643), Mettaire's (Lond. 1703), Münch's (Leip. 1827), and Rotermund's (Hanov. 1827).

EPITAPH (Gr. epi, upon, and taphos, a hillock, mound, or other monument placed over a grave). From originally signifying a monument, this word is now used exclusively to designate the inscription commemorative of the deceased which is placed | upon the monument. This perversion may in some measure have arisen from the remembrance of the funeral orations which the ancients were in the habit of pronouncing at funerals. But the epitaph, in its stricter sense, was well known to the classical nations of antiquity; and, indeed, by every people a brief commemoration of the heroic actions or personal virtues of their illustrious dead has been regarded as one of the worthiest occupations of the faculties of the living. As epitaphs were not only engraved on the most enduring substances, but from their brevity were easily preserved in the memory and orally transmitted, wherever we find the literature of a people at all we are pretty sure to discover specimens of their epitaphs. Pettigrew has translated several from Egyptian sarcophagi (Bohn's edition, p. 5), but they are of no great interest. Herodotus (vii. 228) has preserved to us those which the Amphictyons caused to be inscribed on the columns which they raised in honour of the heroes of Thermopylæ, and that which Simonides, from personal friendship, placed on the tomb of the prophet Megistias. The general inscription for the whole of them was to this effect: Four thousand from Peloponnesus once fought on this spot with three hundred myriads;' and that which was special to the Spartans was still more memorable: Stranger, go tell the Lacedemonians that we lie here obedient to their commands.' The Anthologia Græca, edited by Brunk, and subsequently by Jacobs, contains the largest collection of Greek epitaphs of these many were translated and published by Bohn in 1854, under the editorial care of Mr George Burges. Of Roman epitaphs every antiquarian museum even in this country presents numerous examples; for the form in which they were conceived was adopted by our own Romanised forefathers, and many a stone bearing the well-known D. M. (Diis Manibus), or Siste Viator, probably covered the remains of those whose veins never contained a drop of Roman blood. A very interesting collection of early Christian epitaphs will be found in Dr Charles Maitland's Church in the Catacombs, published in 1846. The naturally epigrammatic turn of the French mind peculiarly adapts it for this species of composition, and in French collections, such as the Recueil d'Epitaphes, very felicitous examples are to be found both in Latin and in French. Of the former may be mentioned the Tandem felix!' which the Count de Tenia, who had enjoyed every form of temporal prosperity, caused to be engraved on his tomb; and of the latter, the touching epitaph to a mother, La première au rendez-vous.' A large portion of the earlier monuments, and consequently of the epitaphs of this

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country, were destroyed at the Reformation, and subsequently by the iconoclastic rage of the Puritans and Presbyterians. But when we come down to a later date, the literature of no people, either ancient or modern, can vie with our own in this peculiar branch, for whilst English epitaphs possess the point and terseness without which no epitaph can be successful, they exhibit a feature almost unknown in those of other nations-that, viz., of wit, or more properly speaking, perhaps, of humour. It seems as if the wittiest people in the world, as the English unquestionably are, had found it impossible to confine their raillery to the living, and accordingly we find that the harmless peculiarities of the dead have often been hit off on a tombstone, with a felicity which has rendered immortal what other. wise the next generation must have forgotten. Of this class of epitaphs our collections present an almost infinite variety. There are many excellent old collections of epitaphs, such as the Thesaurus Epitaphiorum of Philip Labbe, Paris, 1666. modern ones, the best is that of Pettigrew, pub lished by Bohn, which is so arranged as to mark the diversity of taste prevailing at different periods of our history. See also the works of Gruter, Græsius, Reinesius, Muratori, Mazochius; the Monumenta Anglicana, London, 1719; Weever's Ancient Funeral Monuments, &c.

Of

EPITHALA'MIUM was a species of poem which it was the custom among the Greeks and Romans to sing in chorus near the bridal-chamber (thalamus) of a newly married couple. Anacreon, Stesichorus, and Pindar composed poems of this kind, but only scanty fragments have been preserved. The epithalamium of Peleus and Thetis by Catullus is one of the finest specimens of Latin poetry extant; but probably the most gorgeous epithalamium in all collection of Greek and Latin epithalamia is to be literature, is that of the English poet Spenser. A found in Wernsdorf's Poeta Latini Minores (4th vol.,

part 2).

EPITHELIUM is the term applied in anatomy to the cell-tissue which, in layers of various thickness, invests not only the outer surface of the body, and the mucous membranes connected with it as, for example, those of the nose, lungs, intestinal canal, &c.-but also the closed cavities of the body, such as the great serous membranes, the ventricles of the brain, the synovial membranes of joints, the interior of the heart and of the bloodvessels proceeding to and from it, the ducts of glands, &c.

The thickness of this tissue varies extremely with the position in which it occurs. In some parts it consists of numerous strata of cells, collectively forming a layer of more than a line in thickness; in other parts, it is composed of only a few strata, or often of only a single stratum of cells, and can only be detected by the microscope.

The cells of which the epithelium is composed are usually soft nucleated cells; they may be rounded, polygonal, fusiform, cylindrical, or conical in shape, and sometimes they possess vibratile cilia, the appearance and uses of which will presently be explained.

In his Manual of Human Histology, Kölliker adopts the following arrangement. He considers (a) epithelium in a single stratum, and (b) epithelium in many layers.

(a) Epithelium in a single stratum may be composed of

1. Rounded, polygonal cells, constituting the variety known as pavement or tesselated epitheliun, and occurring as an investment of the serous membranes, of most synovial membranes, of th, lining

EPITHELIUM.

membrane of the heart and of the veins, of the less flattened cells above. This is termed laminated canals of glands, &c.

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pavement epithelium, and occurs in the mouth, lowe part of pharynx, oesophagus, bladder, &c.

2. Rounded cells below, more elongated ones in the middle, and ciliated conical ones above. This is termed laminated ciliary epithelium, and occurs in the larynx, trachea, and larger bronchial tubes, in the greater part of the nasal cavity, &c.

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Fig. 3.

Epithelium of the intestinal villi of the rabbit. Mag. 300 diam. & Cylindrical cells (cylinder epithelium), as in the

Fig. 4.

Ciliated cells from the finer bronchial tubes. Mag. 350 diam.

Fig. 6.

Ciliated epithelium from the trachea of a man. Mag. 350 diam. a, outermost part of the elastic long tudinal fibres; b, homogeneous outermost layer of the mucous membrane; c, deepest round cells; d, median long cells: e, outermost conical ciliated cells.

In all the varieties of epithelium, the layer of external cells is being constantly disintegrated and replaced by the layer immediately beneath.

intestine from the stomach to
the termination of the aliment-
ary canal, in the excretory ducts
of all the glands opening into
the intestine, &c. Various illus-
trations of this cylinder epithe-
The cylindrical epithelium additionally takes an
lium are given in the article active part in the process of secretion.
DIGESTION, ORGANS AND PRO-trations of the function of the cells forming this
variety of epithelium are given in the articles
CELLS, ANIMAL; DIGESTION, ORGANS AND PROCESS
OF; and the subject will be further noticed under
the head SECRETION.

The uses of the chief varieties of epithelium, especially of ciliated epithelium, require some notice.

The polygonal or pavement epithelium mainly acts like the epidermis, as a protecting medium to the soft parts beneath.

CESS OF.

4. Cylindrical or conical ciliated cells, as the epithelium of the more minute bronchial tubes, of the nasal cavities, and of the uterus. 5. Rounded ciliated cells, as the ciliated pavement epithelium of the ventricles of the brain in the fœtus.

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Illus

In connection with ciliated epithelium, we must notice ciliary motion generally, in so far as it occurs in the animal kingdom. Certain surfaces which are lubricated by a fluid, are covered with a multitude of hair-like processes of extreme delicacy and minuteness (their length varying from 10 to 12000 of an inch), which from their shape are termed cilia, from cilium, an eyelash. During life, and for a certain period after death, these filaments exhibit a remarkable movement, each cilium bending rapidly in one direction, and rapidly returning to its original position (according to Krause, these movements range from 190 to 230 in a minute). On examining a ciliated surface with a high magnifying power, the motion presents an appearance somewhat resembling that of a cornfield agitated by a steady breeze. Any minute objects coming in contact with the free extremities of the cilia are urged onward in the direction of the predominant movement; and the best method of observing the course of the ciliary current is to sprinkle the surface with a little powdered charcoal, grains of which may speedily be seen to move onwards in a definite direction.

An easy way to observe this phenomenon is to detach, by scraping with a knife, a small piece of epithelium from the back of the throat of a living frog. The scales, moistened with water or serum, will continue to exhibit the movement of their adherent cilia for a very considerable time, provided the piece be kept duly moistened. On one occasion, a piece prepared in this way by Mr Bowman and Dr Todd exhibited motion for seventeen hours; ar 1 it would

EPIZOA-EPOCH.

probably have continued doing so for a longer time, had not the moisture around it evaporated; and if the epithelium is not removed from the body of an animal that has been killed, the motion continues much longer. In a turtle, after death by decapitation, it lasted, in the mouth, nine days; in the trachea and lungs, thirteen days; and in the œsophagus, sixteen days. In man and mammals, it seldom lasts two days, and usually ceases much sooner. The necessary condition for their movement appears to be the integrity of the cells to which they are attached; for as soon as these shrink up for want of moisture, or undergo any physical change, the cilia cease their characteristic action. We know nothing with certainty regarding the mechanism or source of ciliary motion, except that (as it continues on detached epithelium) it is independent of both the vascular and nervous systems.

the flow of the watery portion of the secretion towards it.

There are some situations, both in man and the lower animals, in which it is difficult to determine what functions the ciliary motion can perform. as, for example, in man, in the ventricles of the brain; and in the frog, in the closed cavities of the pericardium and peritoneum.

EPIZO'A. This term is applied to those parasitic creatures which live on the bodies of other animals, and derive their nourishment from the skin. Our space will only allow of our noticing those that infest man. (1) Those which live upon the surface of the skin, They may be divided into two groups: and (2) those which live in the skin. Fleas, lice, bugs, ticks, &c., belong to the first group; the Itchinsect or Sarcoptes, the Pimple-mite or Demoder folliculorum, and possibly some other species of the Acarida, to the second.

lectularia.

This phenomenon exists very widely throughout the animal kingdom. Dr Sharpey, in his article CILIA (published more than a quarter of a century the human subject are Insects or Arachnidaus. The In a zoological point of view, all the E. that infest ago), notices its occurrence in the Infusoria, in Polyps and their ova, in Acalephæ, Actinia, Echino- parasitic insects are: I. Pulicida, or Fleas, includdermata, Annelida, Mollusca, and the Molluscoids 1. The Common Flea, or Pulex irritans; 2. (e. g., Ascidians), in Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. The Sand-flea, or Puler penetrans, known also as the Since the date of that article, it has been dis- Chigo, Chigger, &c. II. Acanthida, or Soft Bugs, covered in Sponges, and in one or two exceptional including the common Bed Bug or Acanthia (s. Cimex) cases in Fishes; but it has never been found in 1. The Common Louse, or Pediculus capitis; 2 The III. Pediculida, or Lice, includingany part of the body of Articulata (Crustaceans, Body Louse, or Pediculus vestimenti; 3. The Crab Insects, or Arachnidans). The parts on which it occurs are (1), the skin or surface of the body, Louse, or Pediculus (s. Phthirius) pubis; 4. The Louse (2) the respiratory, (3) the alimentary, and (4) the occurring in Phthiriasis, or Pediculus tabescentium. The parasitic Arachnidans belong to the order of genito-urinary systems; and it has been observed in the ova of numerous classes of animals, from Acarida, or Mites; indeed, most of the animals Reptiles downwards to Infusoria. In most of the forming the different families of this order lead a parts in which we observe it, its use appears to parasitic existence. We have-I. Demodicida, includbe of a mechanical nature-viz., to convey the ing the Pimple-mite or Demodex (s. Acarus) follicufluids or other matters along the surfaces on which lorum (the dog and the sheep possess each a special demodex). II. Sarcoptida, including the Itch-mite the cilia exist, or, as in the Infusoria, to carry the or Sarcoptes (s. Acarus) Scabiei. (Most of our domestic entire animal through the water. the species of which are numerous.) III. Ixodida animals seem to be infested by a special sarcoptes, hominis (common in Brazil); 2. The Common Woodor Ticks, including-1. The American Tick or Ixodes tick (Dogs' Tick), or Ixodes ricinus. There are probably many species of Ixodes which are occaIV. Gamasida, or Beetle Lice, including-1. The Bird-mite, or Dermanyssus sionally found on man. on sickly persons); avium (occasionally found 2. The Miana Bug, or Argas persicus (common in 3. The Chincha Bug, or Argas chinche (occurring in some parts of Persia, and especially at Miana); Columbia). V. Orobatida, or Grass-lice, including the Harvest-Bug, or Leptus autumnalis. See the articles BUGS, FLEAS, ITCH INSECT, LICE, TICKS.

1. Cilia have been found on the external surface in Batrachian larvæ, in Mollusca, Annelida, Echino

dermata, Actiniæ, Medusa, Polypi, and Infusoria. In most cases, their function is respiratory, but in many instances it is also locomotive or prehensile.

2. Ciliary motion has been observed on the lining membrane of the air-passages of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles, where, whatever may be its other uses, it serves to convey the secretions along the membranes, together with any foreign matters that may be present. It exists also on the external gills of Batrachian larvæ, and on the respiratory organs of Mollusca and Annelida. The cilia which exist externally on still lower animals without separate respiratory organs, assist in the respiratory process, by renewing the water on the surface.

3. It occurs in the mouth, throat, and gullet of various reptiles, and in the alimentary canal of the Mollusca, Echinodermata, many Annelida, and Acalephæ. It is not easy, as Dr Sharpey observes, to see the purpose of the motion in all these cases. In some, it may merely convey secreted matters along the surface of the lining membrane; and in others it seems to serve in place of ordinary deglutition, to carry food into the stomach.

4. It is observed on the surface of the reproductive organs of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles. From the direction of the current being from without inwards, the office of the cilia may be to hurry down the ovum, in addition to removing the mucous secretion of the membrane.

In Reptiles and Fishes, ciliary motion exists at the neck of each uriniferous tube. The movement is directed towards the tube, and favours

In the Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology.

EPIZOO'TICS (Gr. epi, upon, and zoon, an animal) are diseases of animals which manifest a common character, and prevail at the same time over considerable tracts of country. Like epidemics, they appear to depend upon some peculiar and not well ascertained atmospheric causes; where the cases are neglected or overcrowded, they also frequently become contagious; they are apt to take on a low type of fever, and are better treated by supporting than by reducing remedies. Influenza in horses, and pleuro-pneumonia and vesicular epizootic in cattle, are examples.

E'POCH, in Chronology. See CHRONOLOGY.

EPOCH, in Astronomy, is an abbreviation for 'longitude at the epoch;' it means the mean heliocentric longitude of a planet in its orbit at any given time-the beginning of a century, for instance. The epoch of a planet for a particular year is its mean longitude at mean noon, on January 1, when it is leap year, and on December 31 of the preceding

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