thridates and Orsanes, who fled out of Parthia, he sent them away privately but gave it out among the soldiers that they had run away.

In the mean time Crassus came as successor to Gabinius in Syria. He took away all the rest of the gold belonging to the temple of Jerusalem, in order to furnish himself for his expedition against the Parthians. He also took away the two thousand talents, which Pompey had not touched. But when he had passed over Euphrates, he perished himself, and his army with him. Concerning which affairs, this is not a proper time to speak more largely.

Now Cassius, after Crassus, put a stop to the Parthians; who were marching in order to enter Syria. Cassius had fled into that province and when he had taken possession of the same, he made an hasty march into Judea. And upon his taking Tarichæ, he carried thirty thousand Jews into slavery. He also, at the instigation of Antipater, slew Pitholaus, who had supported the seditious followers of Aristobulus. Now Antipater married a wife of an eminent family among the Arabians, whose wame was Cypros; and had four sons born to him by her: Phasaelus, and Herod, who was afterward king; and besides these, Joseph and Pheroras: and he had a daughter whose name was Salome. Now as he made himse'f friends among the men of power every where, by the kind offices he did them, and the hospitable manner that he treated them; so did he contract the greatest friendship with the king of Arabia, by marrying his relation. Insomuch that when he made war with Aristobulus, he sent and intrusted his children with him. So when Cassius had forced Alexander to come to terms, and to be quiet, he returned to Euphrates; in order to prevent the Parthians from repassing it. Concerning which matter *we shall speak elsewhere.

+ Dr. Hudson supposes, that the words "We shall speak," are to be blotted out: because in the parallel place of the Antiquities XIV. 7, the words are, “As others have declared." But I cannot agree to his emendation; since there are many more places in his present works where Josephus refers to things related in his writings, and yet not now extant: which I have noted in the margin. Possibly for "We shall speak," he wrote, "we have spoken," as in other cases. But I choose

CHAP. IX.

ARISTOBULUS AND HIS SON ALEXANDER ARE PUT TO DEATH; THE FORMER BY POMPEY'S FRIENDS, AND THE LATTER BY SCIPIO. ANTIPATER CULTIVATES A FRIENDSHIP WITH CESAR, AFTER POMPEY'S DEATH; HE ALSO PERFORMS GREAT ACTIONS IN THAT WAR, WHEREIN HE ASSISTED MITHRIDATES.

NOW upon the flight of Pompey, and of the senate, beyond the Ionian Sea, Cæsar got Rome and the empire under his power; and released Aristobulus from his bonds.* He also committed two legions to him, and sent him in haste into Syria: as hoping that, by his means, he should easily conquer that country, and the parts adjoining to Judea. But envy prevented any effect of Aristobulus's alacrity, and the hopes of Cæsar : for he was taken off by poison, given him by those of Pompey's party and for a long while he had not so much as a burial vouchsafed him in his own country; but his dead body lay above ground, preserved in honey: until it was sent to the Jews by Antony, in order to be buried in the royal sepulchres.

His son Alexander also was beheaded by Scipio, at Antioch; and that by the command of Pompey and upon an accusation laid against him before his tribunal, for the mischiefs he had done to the Romans. But Ptolemy, the son of Menneus, who was then ruler of Chalcis, under Libanus, took his brethren to him, by sending his son Philippio for them to Ascalon: who took Antigonus, as well as his sisters, away from Aristobulus's wife; and brought them to his father. And falling in love with the younger daughter, he married her and was afterward slain by his father on her account. For Ptolemy himself, after he had slain his son, married her; whose name was Alexandra: on account of which marriage he took the greater care of her brother and sister.

rather to follow the copies, than such uncertain conjectures; as in the like cases elsewhere.

Now after Pompey was dead, Antipater changed sides; and cultivated a friendship with Cæsar. And since Mithridates of Pergamus, with the forces he led against Egypt, was excluded from the *avenues about Pelusium, and was forced to stay at Ascalon; he persuaded the Arabians, among whom he had lived, to assist him; and came himself to him at the head of three thousand armed men. He also encouraged the men of power in Syria to come to his assistance; as also of the inhabitants of Libanus, Ptolemy, and Jamblicus, and another Ptolemy.By which means the cities of that country came readily into this war. Insomuch that Mithridates ventured now, in dependance upon the additional strength he had gotten by Antipater, to march forward to Pelusium. And when they refused him a passage through it, he besieged the city. In the attack of which place Antipater principally signalized himself. For he brake down that part of the wall which was over against him, and leaped first of all into the city, with the men that were about him.

Thus was Pelusium taken. But still, as they were marching on, those Egyptian Jews that inhabited the country, called the country of Onias, stopped them. Then did Antipater not only persuade them not to stop them; but to afford provisions for their army. On which account, even the people about Memphis would not fight against them; but of their own accord joined Mithridates. Whereupon he went round about Delta; and fought the rest of the Egyptians, at a place called the Jews' Camp. Nay, when he was in danger in the battle, with all his right wing, Antipater wheeled about, and came along the bank of the river to him: for he had beaten those that opposed him, as he led the left wing. After which success he fell upon those that pursued Mithridates; and slew a great many of them; and pursued the remainder so far, that he took their camp: while he lost no more than fourscore of his own men: as Mithridates lost, during the pursuit that was made after him, about eight hundred men. He was also himself saved unexpectedly: and

*This is confirmed by Dio, xxxix. page 204.

became an irreproachable witness to Cæsar of the great actions of Antipater.

Hereupon Cæsar encouraged Antipater to undertake other hazardous enterprises for him; and that by giving him great commendations, and hopes of reward. In all which enterprises he readily exposed himself to many dangers, and became a most courageous warrior; and had many wounds almost all over his body, as demonstrations of his valour. And when Cæsar had settled the affairs of Egypt, and was returning into Syria again, he gave him the privilege of a Roman citizen; and freedom from taxes; and rendered him an object of admiration, by the honours and marks of friendship he bestowed upon him. On this account it was also that he confirmed Hyrcanus in the high-priesthood.

CHAP. X.

ANTIPATER IS APPOINTED TO BE PROCURATOR OF JUDEA; PHA-' SAELUS TO BE GOVERNOR OF JERUSALEM, AND HEROD GO→ VERNOR OF GALILEE.-HEROD IS SUMMONED TO APPEAR BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM, BUT IS ACQUITTED: SEXTUS CÆSAR IS TREACHEROUSLY KILLED BY BASSUS, AND SUCCEEDED BY

MARCUS.

ABOUT this time *Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, came to Cæsar; and became, in a surprising manner, the occasion of Antipater's farther advancement. For whereas he ought to have lamented that his father appeared to have been poisoned on account of his quarrels with Pompey; and to have complained of Scipio's barbarity towards his brother, and not to mix any invidious passion when he was suing for mercy; besides those things he came before Cæsar, and accused Hyrcanus and Antipater, of having driven him and his brother entirely out of their native country; and having acted in a great many instances unjustly, and extravagantly, with respect to their nation, and that, as to the assistance they had sent him into Egypt, it was not done out of good will to him, but out of the fear they were

*See Antiquities, XIV. 8.

in from former quarrels; and in order to gain pardon for their friendship for his enemy Pompey.

Hereupon Antipater threw away his garments, and showed the multitude of the wounds he had; and said, that "As to his good will to Cæsar, he had no occasion to say a word; because his body cried aloud, though he said nothing himself. He wondered, however, at Antigonus's boldness; while he was himself no other than the son of an enemy to the Romans, and of a fugitive; and had it by inheritance from his father to be fond of innovations, and seditions, that he should undertake to accuse other men before the Roman governor, and endeavour to gain some advantage to himself; when he ought to be contented that he was suffered to live. For that the reason of his desire of governing public affairs, was not so much because he was in want of it; but because, if he could once obtain the same, he might stir up a sedition among the Jews; and use what he should gain from the Romans, to the injury of those who gave it him."

When Cæsar heard this, he declared Hyrcanus to be the most worthy of the high-priesthood: and gave leave to Antipater to choose what authority he pleased. But he left the determination to him that bestowed the dignity upon him so he was constituted procurator of all Judea; and obtained leave to *rebuild those walls of his country that had been thrown down. These honorary grants Cæsar sent orders to have engraved in the capitol; that they might stand there, as indications of his own justice, and of the virtue of Antipater.

But as soon as Antipater had conducted Cæsar out of Syria, he returned to Judea. And the first thing he did, was to rebuild that wall of Jerusalem which Pompey had overthrown: and then to go over the country, and to quiet the tumults that

*What is here noted by Hudson and Spanheim, that this grant of leave to rebuild the walls of the cities of Judea was made by Julius Cæsar, not as here to Antipater, but to Hyrcanus, Antiq. XIV. 38, has hardly an appearance of a contradiction. Antipater being now, perhaps, considered only as Hyrcanus's deputy, and minister. Although he afterward made a cypher of Hyrcanus; and under great decency of behaviour to him, took the real authority to himself.