After this Herod took Joppa: and then hastened to Masada, to free his relations. Now as he was marching, many came in to him; some induced by their friendship to his father; some by the reputation he had already gained himself; and some in order to repay the benefits they had received from them both. But still what engaged the greatest number on his side, was the hopes from him, when he should be established in his kingdom. So that he had gotten together already an army hard to be conquered. But Antigonus laid an ambush for him as he marched out in which yet he did little or no harm to his enemies. However, he easily recovered his relations again that were in Masada, as well as the fortress Ressa: and then marched to Jerusalem. Where the soldiers that were with Silo joined themselves to his own; as did many out of the city from a dread of his power.

Now when he had pitched his camp on the west side of the city, the guards that were there shot their arrows, and threw their darts at them:* while others ran out in companies, and attacked those in the forefront. But Herod commanded proclamation to be made at the wall, that he was come for the good of the people, and the preservation of the city: without any design to be revenged on his open enemies; but to grant oblivion to them, though they had been the most obstinate against him. Now the soldiers that were for Antigonus made a contrary clamour; and did neither permit any body to hear that proclamation, nor to change their party. So Antigonus gave orders to his forces to beat the enemy from the walls. Accordingly they soon threw their darts at them from the towers, and put them to flight.+

And here it was that Silo discovered he had taken bribes. For he set many of the soldiers to clamour about their want of necessaries, and to require their pay, in order to buy themselves food; and to demand that he would lead them into

* Before the invention of gunpowder, war was usually carried on by these and similar weapons of assault. They had various means of rendering those instruments very fatal: the poisoning of sharp arrows caused them to perform certain destruction. Vide Grotius de Jur. Bell, et Pac. lib. iii. cap. 4, § 16. B. + Antiq. XIV. 14.

places convenient for their winter quarters; because all the parts about the city were laid waste, by the means of Antigonus's army, which had taken all things away. By this he moved the army, and attempted to get them off the siege. But Herod went to the captains that were under Silo, and to a great many of the soldiers, and begged of them not to leave him who was sent thither by Cæsar and Antony, and the senate. For that he would take care to have their wants supplied that very day. Accordingly, after the making this treaty, he went hastily into the country, and brought thither so great an abundance of necessaries, that he cut off all Silo's pretences; and in order to provide that for the following days they should not want supplies, he sent to the people that were about Samaria, (which city had joined itself to him,) to bring corn, and wine, and oil, and cattle to Jericho. When Antigonus heard of this he sent some of his party with orders to hinder, and lay ambushes, for these collectors of corn. This command was obeyed; and a great multitude of armed men were gathered together about Jericho, and lay upon the mountains, to watch those that brought the provisions. Yet was not Herod idle, but took with him five Roman, and five Jewish cohorts; together with some mercenary troops intermixed among them: and besides these a few horsemen, and came to Jericho. And when he came he found the city deserted: but there were five hundred men, with their wives and children, who had taken possession of the tops of the mountains. Those he took, and dismissed them: while the Romans fell upon the rest of the city, and plundered it: having found the houses full of all sorts of good things. So the king left a garrison at Jericho, and came back, and sent the Roman army into those cities which were come over to him, to take their winter quarters there: viz. into *Judea, †Galilee, and Samaria. Antigonus also, by bribes, obtained of Silo to let a part of his army be received at Lydda, as a compliment to Antonius.

*So it should be probably in the Antiquities also, XIV. 15, though I was not aware of this correction when I translated that chapter. The reason is plain; that although Herod might have part of Judea now under him; yet does he not seem to have gotten hitherto parts of Idumea, till his brother conquered them afterward. † Or Idumea.

CHAP XVI.

HEROD TAKES SEPPHORIS; AND SUBDUES THE ROBBERS THAT WERE IN THE CAVES. HE ALSO AVENGES HIMSELF UPON MACHERAS; AND GOES TO ANTONY AT THE SIEGE OF SAMOSATA.

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THE Romans now lived in plenty, and rested from war. However, Herod did not lie at rest, but seized upon Idumea, and kept it with two thousand footmen, and four hundred horsemen and this he did by sending his brother Joseph thither; that no innovation might be made by Antigonus. He also removed his mother, and all his relations, who had been in Masada, to Samaria: and when he had settled them securely he marched to take any parts of Galilee; and to drive away the garrisons placed there by Antigonus.*

But when Herod had reached †Sepphoris in a very great snow, he took the city without any difficulty: the guards that should have kept it fleeing away before it was assaulted. Here he gave an opportunity to his followers that had been in distress to refresh themselves, there being in that city a great abundance of necessaries. He then hasted away to the robbers that were in the caves, who overran a great part of the country, and did as great mischief to the inhabitants, as a war could have done. Accordingly he sent beforehand three cohorts of footmen, and one troop of horsemen to the village Arbela: and came himself forty days afterward, with the rest of his forces. Yet were not the enemy affrighted at his assault, but met him in

*Antiq. XIV. 15.

+ This Sepphoris, the metropolis of Galilee, so often mentioned by Josephus, has coins still remaining: ZNI⚫PHNo: as Spanheim here informs us.

This way of speaking "after forty days," is translated by Josephus himself "on the 40th day:" Antiq. XIV. 15. In like manner, when Josephus says, chap. 33, that Herod lived after he had ordered Antipater to be slain five days: this is by himself interpreted, Antiq. XVII. 8, that he died on the 5th day afterward. So also is what is in this book, chap. 13, After two years, is Antiq. XIV. 13, On the second year. And Dean Aldrich here notes that this way of speaking is familiar in Josephus. See the note on Antiq. I. 12.

arms. For their skill was that of warriors; but their boldness was the boldness of robbers. When, therefore, it came to a pitched battle, they put to flight Herod's left wing, with their right one but Herod, wheeling about on the sudden from his own right wing, came to their assistance, and both made his own left wing return back from its flight, and fell upon the pursuers, till they could not bear the attempts that were made directly upon them; and so turned back, and ran away.

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But Herod followed them, and destroyed a great part of them, till those that remained were scattered beyond the river Jordan; and Galilee was freed from the terrors they had been under, excepting from those that remained, and lay concealed in caves; which required longer time ere they could be conquered. In order to which, Herod, in the first place, distributed the fruits of their former labours to the soldiers and gave every one of them a hundred and fifty drachmæ of silver, and a great deal more to their commanders: and sent them into their winter quarters. He also sent to his youngest brother, Pheroras, to take care of a good market for them, where they might buy themselves provisions, and to build a wall about Alexandrium.

In the mean time Antony abode at Athens: while Ventidius called for Silo and Herod to come to the war against the Parthians; but ordered them first to settle the affairs of Judea, So Herod willingly dismissed Silo to go to Ventidius: but he made an expedition himself against those that lay in the caves. Now these caves were in the precipices of craggy mountains, and could not be come at from any side, since they had only some winding pathways very narrow, by which they got up to them: but the rock that lay on their front had beneath it valleys of a vast depth, and of an almost perpendicular declivity. Insomuch that the king was doubtful for a long time what to do; by reason of a kind of impossibility of attacking the place. Yet did he at length make use of a contrivance that was subject to the utmost hazard. For he let down the most hardy of his men in chests, and set them at the mouths of the dens. Now these men slew the robbers and their families: and when they made resistance, they sent in fire upon them, and burnt them.

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And as Herod was desirous of saving some of them, he had proclamation made that they should come and deliver themselves up to him. But not one of them came willingly to him: and of those that were compelled to come, many preferred death to captivity. And here a certain old man, the father of seven children, whose children, together with their mother, desired him to give them leave to go out, upon the assurance and right hand that was offered them, slew them after the following manner. He ordered every one of them to go out, while he stood himself at the cave's mouth, and slew that son of his perpetually which went out. Herod was near enough to see this sight: and his compassion was moved at it: and he stretched out his right hand to the old man, and besought him to spare his children. Yet did not he relent at all upon what he said, but reproached Herod on the lowness of his descent: and slew his wife as well as his children. And when he had thrown their dead bodies down the precipice, he at last threw himself down after them.

By this means Herod subdued these caves, and the robbers that were in them. He then left there a part of his army, as many as he thought sufficient to prevent any sedition, and made Ptolemy their general, and returned to Samaria. He led also with him three thousand armed footmen, and six hundred horsemen against Antigonus. Now here those that used to raise tumults in Galilee, having liberty so to do upon his departure, fell unexpectedly upon Ptolemy, the general of his forces, and slew him. They also laid the country waste; and then retired to the bogs, and to places not easily to be found. But when Herod was informed of this insurrection, he came to the assistance of the country immediately, and destroyed a great number of the seditious; and raised the sieges of all those fortresses they had besieged. He also exacted the tribute of a hundred talents of his enemies, as a penalty for the mutations they had made in the country.

By this time the Parthians being already driven out of the country, and Pacorus slain; Ventidius, by Antony's command, sent a thousand horsemen, and two legions, as auxiliaries to Herod, against Antigonus besought Macheras, who was their general, by letter, to come to his assistance: and made a great