Page 23.

διδάσκει δ ̓ ὡς οὐ Μεσσηνίοις τοῖς οὐκετ ̓ οὖσιν,

ἀλλὰ δούλοις καὶ εἵλωσιν ὁρμητήριον καὶ καταφυγὴν παρέξουσι τὴν πόλιν.

Also, page 26. — δουλεύει γὰρ ἡ διάνοια πόλλακις τῷ ῥυθμῷ τε λέξεως, καὶ τῶν κομψοῦ λείπεται τὸ ἀληθινὸν.

Idem, 35.

ἡμεῖς δε καταδούλευμενοι, καὶ τἀναντία

τοῖς τότε πράττοντες.

Idem, 36. —καὶ τότε μὲν εἰ τριήρεις πληροῖεν, τοὺς μὲν ξένους καὶ τούς δούλους ναύτας εἰσεβίβαζον, τούς δε πολίτας μεθ ̓ ὅπλων ἐξέπεμπον.

Isocrates, (Cantabrigiæ, 1686,) Orat. ad Demonicum, page 52 ἐν δὲ τοῖς τερπνοῖς, ἂν αἰσχρὸν ὑπολάβης, τῶν μὲν οἰκετῶν ἄρχειν, ταῖς δι' ἡδοναῖς δουλεύειν.

Ad Nicoclem, p. 74. —καὶ τοῦτο ἡγοῦ βασιλικώτατον ἐὰν μηδεμία δουλεύῃς τῶν ἡδονῶν, ἀλλὰ κρατῆς τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν πολιτῶν.

Panegyricus, p. 121. —τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων οἱ βουλομένοι καταδουλώσασθαι τοὺς Ἑλλήνας, ἐφ' ἡμᾶς πρώτους

ἰόντες.

Idem, 133.

ᾑροῦντο δὲ τῶν εἱλώτων ἐνίοις δουλεύειν, ὥστε εἰς τὰς ἑαυτῶν πατρίδας ὑβρίζειν.

Idem, 137. νῦν δὲ εἰς τοσαύτην δουλείαν καθεστώτων. Idem. μέγιστόν δε τῶν κακῶν, ὅταν ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς τε δου λείας ἀναγκάζωνται συστρατεύεσθαι.

Idem. —κατορθώσαντες δὲ μᾶλλον εἰς τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον δουλεύσουσιν.

Idem, 144. —πρός μὲν τὸν πόλεμον ἐκλελύμενος, πρὸς δὲ τὴν δουλείαν ἄμεινον τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν οἰκετῶν πεπαιδευμένος. Idem. — ἅπαντα δὲ τὸν χρόνον διάγουσιν, ὡς μὲν τοὺς ὑβρίζοντες, τοῖς δὲ δουλεύοντες.

Idem, 150.

Σικελία δὲ καταδεδούλωται.

Idem, 151. —ὡς ὑπὲρ τούτων δουλεύειν ἠναγκασμέναι. Idem, 153. δημοσίᾳ δε τοσούτους τῶν συμμάχων περιορᾷν αὐτοῖς δουλεύοντας.

Orat. ad Philippum, p. 161.

ζητεῖν δὲ ἐκείνους τους τόπους

τοὺς πόῤῥω μὲν κειμένους τῶν ἄρχειν δυναμένων, ἐγγὺς δὲ

τῶν δουλεύειν εἰδισμένων.

Archidamus, p. 235. —νῦν καὶ τὴν τῶν δούλων παῤῥησίαν ὑπομένοντας φαίνεσθαι.

De Pace, sive Socialis, page 281. —καὶ τότε μὲν εἴ τριήρεις πληροῖεν, τοὺς μὲν ξένους καὶ τοὺς δούλους ναύτας εἰσεβίβαζον.

δέ

Idem, p. 280. —ὑμεῖς δὲ καταδουλούμενοι.

Idem, p. 306. — μὴ δουλείας ἀλλά σωτηρίας αὐτοῖς αἰτίαν γενέσθαι.

Evagoras, p. 310. —οὐ μήν δουλεύτεον.

Idem, p. 320. —τοὺς μὲν φίλους ταῖς εὐεργεσίαις ὑπ' αὐτῷ ποιούμενος τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους τῇ μεγαλοψυχία καταδουλού

μενος.

Idem, p. 326. οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες ἀντί δουλείας αὐτονομίαν ἔσχον Αθηναῖοι δὲ τοσαῦτον ἐπέδοσαν.

Panathenaicus, p. 396. οὕς μὲν ἐλευθερώσειν ὡμολόγησαν κατεδουλώσαντο μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς εἵλωτας.

Idem, p. 400. —καὶ τὸ μη δικαίως τῶν ἄλλων ἄρχειν μᾶλ λον ἢ φεύγοντας τὴν αἰτίαν ταύτην, ἀδίκως Λακεδαιμονίοις δουλεύειν.

Idem, p. 412. τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους Ἑλληνας καταδουλώ σασθαι πρὸς μὲν τοιοῦτον κρατίσασαι ῥαδίως ἂν αὐτοῦ. Idem, p. 418. καταδουλωσαμένους.

Plataicus, p. 459. —οἱ μὲν οὐδὲν ἧττον τῶν ἀργυρωνήτων δουλεύουσιν.

Idem. —τε δὲ τῶν ἄλλων δουλείας αὐτοὺς κυρίους και Πιστᾶσι.

Idem, p. 463.

Idem, p. 465.

Idem, p. 466.

δουλεύειν.

δουλευουσῶν.

ἀλλὰ πολλοὺς μὲν μικρῶν ἕνεκα συμβου

λαίων δουλεύοντας, ἄλλους δὲ ἐπὶ θητείαν ἴοντας.

Orat. de Permutatione, p. 493.

τὴν δὲ τῷ γένει τῆς

σωτηρίας αἰτίαν οὖσαν, δουλεύειν αὐτοῖς ἀξιοῦν.

Idem, p. 494. — τῶν δέ βαρβάρων οἱ βουλόμενοι κατα δουλοῦσθαι τοὺς Ελλήνας.

Idem, p. 502. —τοῖς δ ̓ ἄλλοις τὴν δουλείαν αἱρουμέ

νοις.

Idem. — οὕτω καὶ τῶν πόλεων ταῖς ὑπερεχούσαις λυσιτε λεῖν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀφανισθῆναι μᾶλλον ἢ δούλας ὀφθῆναι γενομένας.

Idem. ὥστε μὴ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν αἴτιον γενήσθαι τι δου λείας.

Idem, p. 510.

ἡμεῖς δέ καταδουλούμενοι. Idem, p. 511. — τοὺς μὲν ξένους καὶ τοὺς δούλους. τοὺς πολίτας ἰδεῖν δουλεύοντας. Epistolæ : to Philip, p. 611. —ἃ Ξέρξῃ τε τῷ καταδουλώ σασθαι τοὺς Ἕλληνας βουληθέντι.

De Bigis, p. 530.

Το Jason, a freedman, p. 629. καὶ τὰς τιμὰς ἡδίους νομίζω τὰς παρὰ τῶν μέγα φρονούντων, ἢ τὰς παρὰ τῶν δου λευόντων.

LESSON V.

BUT if it shall be objected, that by these writers the word δουλος, doulos, and its derivatives are used in a fgurative sense, since these writers all exhibit minds deeply excited, or used all language with poetic license; we think such objection unfounded, so far as it alleges that they have used this word in an unusual manner, or have attributed to it any other sense than was attributed to it by all the Greeks.

Nevertheless, we propose now to present this word as it was used by Thucydides, Herodotus, and Xenophon, against whose use no cavil can be made; and we now fear not to assert that their use of this word will be in the most strict accordance with the authors already examined.

Plutarch, who was somewhat disposed to criticize other authors, speaking of Thucydides, expresses the idea that he wrote in such a manner that the reader saw the picture of what he represented. (See his De Gloria Atheniensium.) Plutarch was then clearly of opinion that the language of Thucydides was most appropriately

accurate.

We here premise, that we shall not presume to offer our own translation to the extract we propose to make from Thucydides. From the many that have been made, we have selected that of the Rev. Dr. William Smith, of the cathedral of Chester, England,

and concerning whom it may be proper to say a word. He translated Longinus with great accuracy and beauty. The Weekly Miscellany of Dec. 8th, 1739, says of this translation, "It justly deserves the notice and thanks of the public." Father Phillips says, 1756, "A late English translation of the Greek critic, by Mr. Smith, is a credit to the author, and reflects lustre on Longinus himself." Laudits of this work will fill a volume. In 1753 he translated Thucydides, and was directly created a doctor of divinity, and we find in his epitaph now in the cathedral of Chester, "as a scholar his reputation is perpetuated by his valuable publications, particularly his correct and eloquent translations of Longinus, Thucydides, and Xenophon.' We have been thus minute that it may be known with what spirit we prepare this work.

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, by Thucydides.

Book i. chap. 8. Οἵ τε ἥσσους ὑπέμενον τὴν τῶν κρεισσόνων δουλείαν.

"And the great, who had all needful supplies at hand, reduced less powerful cities into their own subjection.”

At that age of the world, when one city was conquered by another, all were reduced to slavery, unless by the especial favour of the conqueror. In this instance it would have been more literal to our present idiom to have used the term slavery, instead of subjection; because now there has grown up a wide distinction between the mere subjugating and enslaving.

Chap. 16. Κῦρος καὶ ἡ Περσικὴ βασιλεία, Κροῖσον καθελοῦσα, καὶ ὅσα ἐντὸς Αλυος ποταμοῦ πρὸς θάλασσαν, ἐπεστράτευσε, καὶ τὰς ἐν τῇ ἀπείρῳ πόλεις ἐδούλωσε.

"For Cyrus, after he had completed the conquest of Croesus, and all the country which lieth between the river Halys and the sea, invaded them, and enslaved their towns upon the continent."

Chap. 18. Δεκάτῳ δὲ ἔτει μετ' αὐτὴν αὖθις ὁ βάρβαρος τῷ μεγάλῳ στόλῳ ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα δουλωσόμενος ἦλθε.

"And in the tenth year after that, the barbarian, with a vast armament, invaded Greece in order to enslave it."

Chap. 34. Οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῷ δοῦλοι, ἀλλ ̓ ἐπὶ τῷ ὅμοιοι τοῖς λειπομένοις εἶναι, ἐκπέμπονται.

"They are not sent out to be the slaves, but to be the equals of those who remain behind.”

Chap. 55. Καὶ τῶν Κερκυραίων ὀκτακοσίους μὲν, οἵ ἦσαν δοῦλοι, ἀπέδοντο.

"Eight hundred of their Corcyrean prisoners, who were slaves, they sold at public sale."

Chap. 68. Νῦν δὲ τί δεῖ μακρηγορεῖν, ὧν τοὺς μὲν δεδουλω μένους ὁρᾶτε.

“ But now, what need can there be of multiplying words, when some you already see enslaved."

Chap. 69. Ες τόδε τε ἀεὶ ἀποστεροῦντες οὐ μόνον τοὺς ὑπ' ἐκείνων δεδουλωμένους ἐλευθερίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ὑμετέρους ἤδη ξυμμάχους. οὐ γὰρ ὁ δουλωσάμενος ἀλλ ̓ ὁ δυνάμενος μὲν παῦσαι, περιορῶν δὲ, ἀληθέστερον αὐτὸ δρᾷ.

"Ever since you have connived at liberty overthrown, not only in whatever communities they have proceeded to enslave, but now where even your own confederates are concerned. For not to the men who rivet on the chains of slavery, but to such as, though able, yet neglect to prevent it, ought the sad event with truth to be imputed."

Chap. 74. Τῶν ἄλλων ἤδη μέχρι ἡμῶν δουλευόντων, &c. "And every state already enslaved," &c.

Chap. 81. Οὕτως εἰκὸς, Αθηναίους φρονήματι, μήτε τῇ γῇ δουλεῦσαι, μήτε ὥσπερ ἀπείρους καταπλαγῆναι τῷ πολέμῳ. "It is by no means consistent with the spirit of Athenians to be slaves to their soil, or, like unpractised soldiers, to shudder at war."

Chap. 98. Πρώτη τε αὕτη πόλις ξυμμαχὶς παρὰ τὸ καθεστη κὸς ἐδουλώθη.

"This was the first confederate state which was enslaved to gratify their aspiring ambition."

Chap. 101. Πλείστοι δὲ τῶν Εἱλώτων ἐγένοντο οἱ τῶν παλαιῶν Μεσσηνίων τότε δουλωθέντων ἀπόγονοι· ᾗ καὶ Μεσσήνιοι ἐκλήθησαν οἱ πάντες.

"Most of the Helots were descendants of the ancient Messenians, then reduced to slavery, and on this account all of them in general were called Messenians."