that with a race like the African, which has, as we have indicated, a certain unity through all its diversities, men like Moffat and Livingstone began at the right end; and that it is by men like them and work like theirs that the basis will be laid of the future civilisation and development of the country. But we shall return to this subject when we have traced the profoundly sad, but yet noble and beautiful records of the last days of a great life, the last struggles of a lofty and heroic nature to fulfil the duty to which it was self-devoted, and which dying it left in faith to God. We simply refer to it here that we may see how benign for Africa was the Providence which first directed the steps of Livingstone to her shores.

We have no intention of telling again the oft-told story of Livingstone's youth and early manhood. The picture of the Scotch lad, which he gives in the Introduction to his Travels (p. 5), My reading while at work was carried on by placing the book on a portion of the spinning jenny, so that I could catch sentence after sentence as I passed at my work; I thus kept up a pretty constant study, undisturbed by machinery,' is one of the cameos' of the history of England in the nineteenth century, and will not be forgotten. Why is it that Scotchmen distinguish themselves out of all proportion to their number, in the fields of enterprise and energy which the inhabitants of these islands occupy all over the world? Something no doubt is due-as in the case of the Jews, whom in many high qualities they resemble, and in some canny ones-to a native toughness of fibre, and a natural aptitude for the leading place. But more, perhaps it springs from the value attached by Scotch parents to culture, to moral and intellectual training, and the patient, heroic sacrifice they are willing to make to win it for their children. The roots of Scotch ability and of the success which Scotchmen win in the higher fields of human activity, are struck in the self-denial and the self-sacrifice which are practised cheerfully in humble homes. Read the tale of Sir J. Simpson's early life and training, which illustrates a large class, and it will not be difficult to understand why these men force themselves to the front, when they go forth to the battle of life. They pay the world in noble service for the still nobler sacrifice which furnished them for their work. By the altar of sacrifice all the noblest fruits of human power and wisdom grow.

noble traditions of honesty, thoroughness, and godliness, handed down from his sires. He took with him into the field a sagacity, a mastery of men and things, an endurance, a power of self-devotion, and a faith in God, probably unmatched in this generation; and he did with them altogether matchless work. We attempt here no sketch of his character. That was drawn by a wise and tender hand, when the grave had just closed over his remains, in a former number of this review. But we must dwell for a moment on his spirit of independence, his resolution to fight his own way. Like his countryman, Harry of the Wynd, he would fight for his own hand,' under God alone. It was with great difficulty that he brought himself to work in harness, under the auspices of the London Missionary Society. Its nobly Catholic character overcame his scruples; and thus, through Moffat and Livingstone, the London Missionary Society has been connected very closely with the opening of the heart of Africa to civilisation and the Gospel, which is one of the chief glories of its history. But tendencies in Livingstone were very deeply ingrained; they ran through the whole fibre of the man. As he would have begun so he ended; and it was in entire independence, with merely nominal official relations, that his last and noblest work was done.

His devoted missionary ardour needs no chronicle here. But he was hardly of the ordinary missionary type. He was rather what might be called a missionary statesman. He was to the working missionary much what the statesman is to the administrator. The statesman cuts out the work for the administrator, and continually enlarges his sphere. At his first missionary stations at Kolobeng and the Mabotsa, he found his operations crippled by the brutal and obstructive doings of the Trans-Vaal Boers. Instead of falling back, he lifted up his eyes and took in a wider field. The Boers,' he says, 'resolved to shut up the interior, and I determined to open the country; and we shall see who have been most successful in resolation, they or I' ('Travels,' p. 39). It reminds one in a way of the proud resolution of Canning, to call a new world into existence to redress the balance of the old. The Boers had a man of far-reaching vision and of indomitable spirit to deal with. His resolution issued in the opening, not of the district beyond the Kalahiri Desert only, but of the whole of Central Africa.* His power over the native

Livingstone went forth to his mission furnished with all with which his Scotch Among the wonderful providential opennature and training could endow him; withings of his path-among which the settlement

as a board, and we seem to have no feet; the countenance is bronzed, and there is no dysspepsia. . . . . No doubt much toil is involved and fatigue, of which travellers in more temperate climes can form but a faint conception; but the sweat of one's brow is no longer a curse when one works for God: it proves a tonic to the system, and is actually a blessing' (vol. i. pp.13, 14).

Now that he is gone one rejoices over this record of the spirit in which he entered on his enterprise. It is like the war-horse snuffing the battle. The air of the wilderness filled him with exhilaration. His wanderings lasted from March, 1866, to May 1, 1873, when he fell. But we are cheered as we trace his struggling steps towards the close of his career, by the knowledge that he was about the work for which alone he cared to live, and in which, had the choice been offered to him, he would have chosen to die. It is characteristic of his remarkable, perhaps we may say his unrivalled power as a geographical discoverer, that in the narrative of seven years' continuous work, in travel and scientific geographical research of the most extraordinary character, no break whatever occurs. And most wonderfully it has all come safe to England. May we not say that the loving hand of the God 'whom he served so faithfully, and to whom he committed himself so trustingly, guarded the sacred treasure, and would not suffer the record of the life that was freely sacrificed in His best service to be lost?

line of the experiences and discoveries of these wonderful seven years, and shall find at every step fresh reason to admire and to honour the great traveller's energy, hardihood, sagacity, indomitable will, and faith in God.

He started from Zanzibar with a mixed company, the quality of which soon cost him serious trouble. Like the mixed multitude' which went out with Moses, they fell a lusting,' and hampered him grievously in his work. One cannot but think sadly how different the issue might have been could he have taken a party of his hardy, shrewd, and trustful Makololo with him, instead of the cowards and knaves who, with some bright exceptions, composed his band. I have a dhow,' he writes, to take my animals; six camels, three buffaloes and a calf, two mules, and four donkeys. I have thirteen sepoys, ten Johanna men, nine Nassick boys, two Shupanga men, and two Waiyaus, Wokatani and Chuma' (i. 9). The inten tion of the mixture of races was doubtless to guard against conspiracies; but there was no good to be done with such a company, and the shadow of coming sorrow broods over the expedition from the first. Livingstone set before himself as his aim the discovery of the southernmost watershed of the Nile basin; and having a strong conviction that Tanganyika was connected with the Albert N'yanza, on which point there appeared to be a consensus of native testimony, ,* he resolved to work up to the lake from the south; for if Tanganiyka were connected with the Nile system, it is clear that the southern affluents of the lake draining the watershed between it and N'yassa, would be true Capita Nili.' The party reached Lake N'yassa by the valley of the Rovuma; but long before they arrived at the lake he came across terrible traces of the brutal cruelty of the slave traders, and saw how fearfully the open sore' of Africa was draining in those regions the very life of the country away. He was helpless to resent the wrong or to cure the evil; he could only groan in spirit and cry, 'How long, O Lord, how long?' There is some gleam of comfort and hope, however, in the fact which he records (i. 68), that 'the chiefs dislike the idea of guilt being attached to them for having sold many who have lost their lives on their way down to the coast.' A chief called Mataka emancipated and sent back some slaves, and turning to the people said, 'You silly fellows think me

Mr. Waller, whose African experience and personal knowledge of and friendship with Livingston especially qualified him for the editor's duty, which he has discharged with scrupulous fidelity, though it is strange to miss Mr. Thomas Livingstone's name from his list of acknowledgments of aid, remarks -'We have not had to deplore the loss, by accident or carelessness, of a single entry, from the time of Livingstone's departure from Zanzibar, in the beginning of 1866, to the day when his note book dropped from his hand in the village of Ilala, at the end of April, 1873.' In note books, pocket books, copy books, old newspapers sewed together, his memoranda were written, with a substitute for ink made from the juice of a tree, and which looks strangely like blood. His invariable habit of repeating constantly the month and the year prevents any confusion, and we have here a consecutive narrative, which, considering the circumstances in which it was composed, and the manner in which it has been preserved and brought to the hands of Dr. Livingstone's children in Sir S. Baker received precisely the same England, is certainly the literary marvel of impression from those who ought to have our times. We shall trace briefly the out-known.—' Ismailïa,' ii. 263, 464.

prov

trace of their footsteps. To make the loss more galling, they took what we could least only throw away as soon as they came to exspare the medicine box; which they would

was the sorest loss of all! I felt as if I had

now received the sentence of death, like poor Bishop Mackenzie. All the other goods I had divided, in case of loss or desertion, but had never dreamed of losing the precious quinine and other remedies; other losses and current of vexations which is not wanting annoyances I felt as just parts of that undereven in the smoothest life; and certainly not worthy to be moaned over in the experience of an explorer anxious to benefit a country and a people-but this loss I feel most keenly. Everything of this kind happens by the permission of One who watches over us with most tender care, and this may turn out for the best. . . .' (i. 178).

His prevision was true. He struggled on for years, but it was of that fatal loss that he died.

wrong in returning the captives, but all wise | heavy rain came on, which obliterated every men will approve of it.' An immense tract of country, quite depopulated and desolate, showed abundant traces of having once sup- ported a prodigious iron-smelting and grain-amine their booty. . . . . The medicine chest growing population' (79). It is so everywhere. Speke, Baker, Schweinfurth, tell the same miserable tale; depopulation, desolation, and silence, as of death, in what were once the smiling homes of men. Having got rid of the who sepoys, ed to be knaves and thieves of the blackest dye, his party, after leaving the N'yassa, was further reduced by the desertion of the Johanna men who, terrified at the accounts which they had heard of the Mazitu tribe in front, deserted in a body, reached the coast, and there spread the report of Dr. Livingstone's death, which Sir Roderic Murchison's sagacity distrusted, and which Mr. Young disproved. He had to supply their place as best he could, and pressed on, still finding traces of extensive habitation, towards the north-west. He was fortunate enough in one village to disabuse their minds of rain-making prayers;' a feat which is hardly accomplished in England yet. He notes a most curious instance of intelligence in the honeybird, which flies chirruping from tree to tree in front of the hunter, until he arrives at the spot where the bees' nest is then it waits quietly till the honey is taken, and feeds on the broken comb (i. 164). Crossing the lofty range of mountains which form the watershed of the Zambesi, he had before him the valley of the Chambese, which he found to belong to an entirely different river system, running down to a great lake, Bangweolo, which he subsequently visited, and on whose shores at last he died. Thence it issues as the Luapula, and runs into a smaller lake to the north, called Moero, from which it passes out a magnificent stream 3,000 yards wide in places, under the name of the Lualaba, and vanishes towards the north-west. Here he entered on the new year. Under the date January 1, 1867, the following entry occurs: -May He who was full of grace and truth impress His character on mine. Grace eagerness to show favour; truth-truthfulness, sincerity, honour-for His mercy's

sake.'

Shortly after occurred that loss which presaged a fatal end to the expedition, and left him, with nothing but his iron constitution to help him, to battle with hunger, fever, and almost every form of disease and pain. We must quote his own words:

'January 20th. The two Waiyau now deserted. . . . . They left us in the forest, and

They suffered from 'biting hunger and faintness,' but pressed on. Weak from fever, he struggled over the watershed, and on April 1st they saw Tanganyika peacefully sleeping at their feet. I feel deeply thankful at having got so far. I am excessively weak-cannot walk without tottering, and have constant singing in the head, but the Highest will lead me further.' Here he had a dangerous fit of insensibility which lasted for hours, and which recurred on May 1st. The loss of his medicine box left him helpless, and it is manifest that the fatal seeds were being sown which laid him low at last! He falls in with a party of Arab slave traders, who show him much kindness. He then set his face westward, sometimes in company with the slave dealers, sometimes with his own little band. On the 8th November he discovers Lake Moero, through which the great river flows, and then, turning south, he spends a long time in the country of a powerful chief, Casembe. Se veral attacks of fever exhaust his strength, but on June 11th, 1868, he starts (having been detained by the desertion of his followers, who had been corrupted by contact with the Arabs), with the determination to reach the great lake Bangweolo, which receives the Chambese and gives forth the Luapula. On July 18th, 1868, he discovered it, and records the fact quite quietly. Then he set his face towards Tanganyika and Ujiji, where he confidently anticipated that he should meet the supplies of which he stood in such desperate need. On his way he was taken dangerously ill, and lost all count of time. He evidently felt that his condition was critical. I saw myself