yet he published an invitation to all willing to assist him in building up his estates in the New World. In May, 1681,

two ship loads of immigrants

arrived and sailed up the Delaware, establishing themselves near the mouth of the Schuylkill. The next year they were followed by Penn himself, who was accompanied by more than a hundred of his Quaker friends and neighbors.

Dutch, Swedes and Quakers all accorded him a hearty greeting when, Octo

ber 27, 1682, he landed from the ship Welcome. His repu

tation for benevolence and piety country named by him, Sylvania (woodlands), became known as Pennsylvania.

In

1683 a town was laid out, with broad streets, at the mouth of the Schuylkill, and named Philadelphia.

had preceded him. The

Swedish Settlements.

Swedish settlements extended northward within the present limits of Pennsylvania as early as 1638. They passed into the possession of the Dutch with the conquest of New Sweden (1655), and subsequently (1664) into that of the English with the conquest of New Netherlands.

Penn instituted a form of government very liberal in its nature, consisting of a governor, a council of three, and a house of delegates, chosen by freemen. Petty contentions were everywhere discouraged, and differences were submitted to official "peacemakers." The Swedes and Dutch who occupied the territory previous to the arrival of Penn, were not disturbed. They were confirmed in their claims, and adopted into the colony. Conditions were in every way favorable, and the growth of the Quaker colonies was rapid. In three years the population numbered ten thon

sand, and Philadelphia contained more than six hundred

Penn's Treaty.

Penn's treatment of the Indians was eminently just. He felt that they were the rightful owners of the soil, and from them he purchased the territory that I was his already by grant of the English king. In furtherance of his wishes to live friendly with them, a grand assembly of Quakers and Indians was held near Philadelphia under the spreading branches of a gigantic elm, since famous as Penn's Elm. In an eloquent address Penn told the red men that the Quakers had come to live in peace with them, and wanted their friendship. Many expressions of good will fol lowed on both sides, and a treaty that was never broken entered into. As much as other colonies suffered from Indian depredations, the Pennsylvania settlement escaped. It is said that no Quaker was ever killed by Indians.

way to peaceful homes in Pennsylvania.

Delaware was included among Penn's American pos

sessions, he having, before his departure for America, purchased it of the Duke of York, into whose hands it had fallen after the conquest of New Netherlands. A separate legislature was granted to it in 1703; but it still remained under the jurisdiction of the governor of Pennsylvania. In time, all charters granted by English monarchs to American territory were revoked, with the exception of that granted to Penn. His proprietary rights remained in his family until Pennsylvania became a State, when the commonwealth purchased their claims.

QUESTIONS.

By whom was New Sweden conquered? When did it pass into the hands of the English? What do you know of William Penn? Why did he accept a grant of land? What do you know of his first colony? When did he come over? How was he received? How did he treat the Indians? When was Philadelphia founded? What form of government did Penn institute? What do you know of the rapid growth of the Pennsylvania settlements? How did Delaware come into the possession of Penn? What fact is remarkable concerning the colony of Pennsylvania?

CAROLINA.

CHAPTER XIV.

The Lords Proprietors.

The territory south of Virginia was regarded by the Spaniards as part of their Florida possessions, particularly as their rights had been established by force of arms in destroying the early French settlements. Nevertheless it was claimed by England, and under this claim was granted to proprietors by the English king, as other portions of English territory had been. Lying beyond the jurisdiction of the royal governors of Virginia, some of whom exercised tyrannical authority, the region about the Chowan River and Albermarle Sound, in what is now North Carolina, soon received a number of colonists who were glad to escape from unpleasant surroundings in the older colony of Virginia.

As early as 1653 Rev. Roger GREEN led a colony to the Chowan country and settled near the present site of Eden

ton.

Many more followed, and soon a number of scattered settlements arose. Ten years after (1663), the reigning English king, Charles II, granted the territory of Carolina to some noblemen, who organized themselves into a company under the name of LORDS PROPRIETORS, PROVINCE OF CAR

OLINA.

The Lords Proprietors. The members of this company were George, Duke of Albermarle; Edward, Earl of Clarendon; William, Earl of Craven; John, Lord Berkeley; Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Carteret, Sir John Colleton and Sir William Berkeley. Their grant at first included the territory between thirtyone and thirty-six degrees north latitute; but subsequently the strip of country lying between northern limit of this grant and the southern limit of Virginia was added to it.

To the Lords Proprietors was given full political control over all colonists; but so eager were they to induce emigration to their territory, in order that sales and rents might increase their revenues, that most liberal promises were made relative to government and tolerance. This rendered Carolina

for a time a desirable region, in those days of oppression. Germans and Swiss from Europe, Dutch from New Netherlands, dissatisfied with the rule of the English, who had just taken possession (1664), and, above all, large numbers of French Huguenots, with their high culture and independent spirit, came over and laid out farms and vineyards, introduced useful occupations, and by their industry and thrift implanted such elements of strength as few other American colonies enjoyed.

The settlements that had been made around the Chowan were organized, when the proprietors took possession, as the ALBERMARLE COLONY, WILLIAM DRUMMOND being appointed governor. At the time of the grant (1663) a CAPTAIN HILTON was exploring the region around the Cape Fear River. He had been sent thither by an English planter of Barbadoes, named JOHN YEAMANS, to find a suitable location for settlement. Yeamans went to England, where he became Sir John Yeamans, and obtaining the desired grant of land from the Lords Proprietors, returned and planted, near the mouth of the Cape Fear River, a colony that afterwards became known as the CLARENDON COLONY (1665). Here he found the ruins of an abandoned settlement which had been made five years before (1660) by some men from New England.

Two colonies had thus been planted in what is now North. Carolina. In 1670 WILLIAM SAYLE arrived with a large

number of emigrants, and landed within the limits of what is now South Carolina. These colonists first stopped at Port Royal, but not being satisfied with the place, proceeded to the Ashley River, and, upon the west bank, laid the foundation of a city, which they named Charlestown. Ten years after, the colony was removed to a more suitable site, called Oyster Point, and the city became known, first, as Oyster Point Town, then, New Charlestown, and finally Charleston (1782), the name it now bears. This colony received the name of the CARTERET COLONY.

The Grand Model.

On the death of Governor William Sayle, the year after the colony was founded (1671), JOSEPH WEST filled the position until Sir John Yeamans, appointed by the Lords Proprietor, arrived from the Clarendon Colony (1672). Yeamans was followed by so many Cape Fear settlers that the Clarendon Colony was soon afterwards abandoned. Among his possessions were a number of negroes, brought originally from the Barbadoes. Thus was slavery first introduced into South Carolina.

As time passed on, the Proprietors became more exacting, and rents, taxes and violation of rights became sources of much contention. A flourishing trade with the West Indies had brought prosperity to the to place restrictions on this trade.

Prior to the year 1670 the form of government was, for the most part, satisfactory to the colonists. But when the Lords Proprietors saw their vast domain filling up with settlers, the scheme of establishing a grand American empire presented itself. SIR ASHLEY COOPER, who had become Earl of Shaftesbury, and JOHN LOCKE, one of the most renowned of philosophers, with much thought and deliberation, drew up "fundamental constitutions" consisting of one hundred and twenty articles. These articles provided for a monarchy, with two orders of nobility, the landgraves, or earls, and the caciques, or barons. The territory was to be divided into counties, each containing 48,000 acres, and the population into freeholders and tenants, the latter of whom were to have no political rights, and were never to attain higher rank. The proposed form of government was deemed a GRAND MODEL by its promulgators. But it did not suit the liberty-loving Carolina colonists, and after twenty years of effort to establish it, the plan had to be abandoned.

colonies, yet it was sought

Controversies between