commandant at Fort Du Quesne. Upon their approach, a young and gallant French officer, named DE BEUJEU, sallied out with a force, arranged his men advantageously in ambush, and when the English came up poured into them a deadly fire that threw them into confusion. Little then did scientific tactics avail. Braddock was mortally wounded, his army routed and the total destruction of the whole expedition was prevented only by Washington, who, with his Virginians, covered the rear of the retreating and demoralized army, and fought the enemy according to his own method. Thus ended in failure the Fort Du Quesne campaign.

fell into the hands of the English. After building FORT WILLIAM HENRY, near the

scene of battle, the victorious army returned.

QUESTIONS.

Who was appointed commanderin-chief of the English forces in America? When did he arrive? What three campaigns were planned? What do you know of Braddock's expedition against Fort Du Quesne? What part did Washington take in Braddock's expedition? What do you know of the expedition against Fort Niagara? What do you know of the expedition against Crown Point? What were the results of the battles of Lake George? Why were the Acadians removed? What do you know of the expulsion of the Acadians? Who was De Contrecœur? De Beujeu? Dieskau? Shirley? Sir William Johnson? Colonel Monckton? Boishebert?

CHAPTER X.

England Victorious.

After the capture of Dieskau the command of the French fell to MARQUIS DE MONTCALM, one of the ablest and bravest officers that ever served in the armies

of France. The fort built near OSWEGO by

Fort William Henry Massacre. Permission to retire in safety had been granted the English garrison as one of the terms of surrender. Scarcely had they left the fort, in order to make their way to Fort Edwards, further south, when they were fallen upon in their defenseless condition by the Indians of Montcalm's army. A horrible massacre ensued. Montcalm and his officers did all in their power to stop the slaughter, but their efforts could not prevail against savage fury.

Shirley, upon
his return from
the Niagara
expedition,
was captured
and destroyed
(1756), and Fort

MONTCALM

William

Henry, with a garrison of two thousand men, under COLONEL

MOORE, was forced to surrender (1757).

About this time a change in the English ministry brought to the head of British affairs a man of unusual ability in the person of WILLIAM PITT. Thenceforth the war was vigorously prosecuted. Arms and ammunition were dispatched to America, and skilled officers sent to train the colonial armies to expertness in the arts of war.

LORD LOUDON had succeeded BRADDOCK, and after an ineffectual attempt against Louisburg (1757), was superseded by GENERAL ABERCROMBIE. Expeditions were now planned against Louisburg, Ticonderoga, and Fort Du Quesne, and troops concentrated for these expeditions at Halifax, Albany, and Philadelphia respectively.

The expedition against Ticonderoga was led by Abercrombie. The fort had been rendered almost impregnable by Montcalm. An ill-timed assault was made upon it, in which the English suffered a terrible defeat, losing almost two thousand men. This was, however, the last important French victory of the war.

The operations against Louisburg were eminently successful. Invested for two months by a land and naval

Capture of Fort Frontenac.

An expedition subordinate to Abercrombie's main enterprise was more successful. COLONEL BRADSTREET marched to Oswego and embarked for Fort Frontenac, which he succeeded in capturing after a two days' siege. Large quantities of stores and ammunition, designed for Fort Du Quesne, fell into the hands of the English. The subsequent capture of this fort was thus facilitated.

force under SIR JEFFREY AMHERST, the fortress finally surrendered, and six thousand prisoners were taken (July, 1758). Amherst next took command in New York, and Ticonderoga and Crown Point, after having been abandoned by the French, fell into his hands (1759).

SIR JEFFREY AMHERST.

The success of Amherst was followed by that of GENERAL PRIDEAUX at FORT NIAGARA (1759), the commander, however, losing his

life in the siege. The French were now greatly weakened. Little assistance was being received from the mother country.

Capture of Fort Du Quesne. Meanwhile GENERAL FORBES, a gallant Scotch officer, had captured Fort Du Quesne. The French had gathered a large number of Ottawas, Jibewas, Wyandots and other Indians, and awaited his coming with boasts that they would serve him as they had served Braddock. Forbes was joined at different points by bodies of colonial troops, among whom were Colonel Washington and other Virginians. The progress of the English army was slow, but even this slowness proved advantageous, for many of the Indian allies of the French, weary of waiting, scattered to their homes and left the French greatly reduced in numbers. A reconnoitering party, sent forward under MAJOR GRANT, rashly attempted to surpri e and capture the fort, but were driven back with great loss. Following up this victory a strong force under DE VITRE appeared before the principal encampment of the English and gave battle, but were repulsed. Forbes now advanced upon the fort, but on draw ng near found only smoking ruins. The French had abandoned the field From the ashes of Fort Du Quesne sprang the present city of Pittsburg, so named in honor of the great English premier.

Driven at all points from the disputed territory, they took refuge in Canada. The English now determined to conquer this province.

The fate of Canada depended on Quebec, the strongest fortress in America. Eight thousand men concentrated at Louisburg, and under GENERAL WOLFE, a gallant young officer, who had distinguished himself under Amherst at the siege of Louisburg, embarked for the St. Lawrence, bent Fortificaupon its capture.

tions were erected upon the island of Orleans, just below the city, and the English batteries soon opened fire.

Far up the rugged heights

that rose almost perpendicularly from the water's edge stood the principal fort, little affected by the bombardment. The skillful Montcalm was in charge of the French defenses, and the siege bid fair to be interminable. An English assault was repulsed. At last the young commander found it necessary to resort to desperate measures. In one of his reconnoiterings he had noticed a rough, partly hidden

GENERAL WOLFE.

path leading to the top of the heights, where the PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, above the city, spread out.

In the darkness of the night he embarked his men, and dropped silently down the river to the foot of the path. By great good fortune the difficult ascent was made, and in the morning the English were in battle array upon the plains.

There remained to the French nothing but to come out and give battle. The opposing forces were about equal in number, and the contest was fiercely waged. Both commanders displayed the highest valor, and both fell mortally wounded. The English were successful, the French taking refuge in the city, which soon after surrendered (1759).

The power of France in the New World was now extinct. The surrender of MONTREAL soon followed that of Quebec. The treaty that terminated hostilities was signed at Paris (1763). By this treaty France ceded all her territory in America to Spain and England, except two small islands south of Newfoundland.

Spain received all that portion lying west of the Mississippi, and that part of the present State of Louisiana, lying on the east bank, south of Lake Pontchartrain. England received Canada and all the French territory east of the Mississippi. By a special grant from Spain, Florida was also ceded to England.

QUESTIONS.

Who succeeded Dieskau as commander of the French? What successes had he? What do you know of the massacre of Fort William Henry? Who was William Pitt? Who had succeeded Braddock? By whom was Loudon succeeded? What three expeditions were planned? What do you know of Abercrombie's defeat? What do you know of the fall of Fort Frontenac? What victories were gained by Amherst? When? What do you know of the capture of Fort Du Quesne? Who took Niagara? When? What vas now the condition of the French? Who was sent against Quebec? Why? What do you know of the siege of Quebec? Of the battle of Abraham Heights? What city fell after the capture of Quebec? What treaty terminated hostilities? When was this treaty made? What territory did Spain receive by this treaty? England ?