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lord. Duke of Bedford, regent in France, allied with the duke of Burgundy. Siege of Orléans (1428). 1429. Jeanne d'Arc (more properly, Darc), born in Domremy, on the left bank of the Meuse, convinced that she was chosen by Heaven to be the deliverer of France, succeeded in obtaining from the king permission to relieve Orléans, the accomplishment of which feat (April 29-May 8) earned for her the name Maid of Orléans (La Pucelle). The English driven back. Charles VII. crowned at Rheims. Intrigues against Jeanne at the French court. Captured by the Burgundians at Compiègne (1430), she was delivered to the English, and, after a mock trial, condemned for sorcery, and burnt in Rouen (1431).

1435. The duke of Burgundy recognized Charles VII., on condition of receiving Auxerre, Macon, Peronne, Montdidier, and the towns on the Somme, and being released from feudal homage. Death of the duke of Bedford. 1436-1449. Period of inaction, utilized by Charles VII., for the introduction of reforms: establishment of a permanent tax to be levied by the king without the coöperation of the estates; abolition of the "free companies," and institution of regular companies, the beginning of standing armies (ordinance of Orleans, 1439). 1449-1461. Renewal of the war. After some fluctuations of fortune

(Talbot in Guyenne; his death, 1453) the English lost all their possessions in France except Calais.

1453. Fall of Constantinople. End of the Eastern Empire. Introduction of Grecian scholars and Grecian writers into Europe (p. 278). Death of Charles VII., July 22, 1461. He was succeeded by his son,

1461-1483. Louis XI.,

who by his shrewdness and perfidy annihilated the power of the great barons and laid the foundation of absolute monarchy.

Revocation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VII. (issued in 1438 by the council of Bourges: declaration of the rights of the Gallican church; limitation of the power of the papacy in France; appeals to Rome forbidden).

1462. Acquisition of Roussillon and Cerdagne by mortgage. Redemption of Amiens, Abbeville and St. Quentin from Bur

gundy. 1464. League of the Public Weal (Ligue du bien publique), a conspiracy of the dukes of Brittany, Bourbon, Lorraine, Alençon, Berry, and the count of Charolois. Battle of Montl'héry. Louis broke up the league by the concessions of the treaty of Conflans (restoration of the towns on the Somme, Normandy granted to the duke of Berry), the execution of which he evaded. Death of Philip of Burgundy; accession of his son Charles the Bold (le Téméraire). Conflict between the duke and the king. Meeting at Peronne (Oct. 1468). Storm of Liége.

1475. Invasion of France by Edward IV. of England in alliance with Burgundy. Meeting at Pequigny (near Amiens) between

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Small caps denote kings of France.

Black letter denotes kings of Naples of the first house of Anjou. Italics denote kings (titular) of Naples of the second house of Anjou.

Charles. +1481, leaving Anjou to Louis XI.

Joan I. † 1382.

BURGUNDY.

Philip duke of Burgundy. + 1404.

John the Fearless. † 1419.

Philip the Good. f 1467.

Charles the Bold. † 1477.

Mary

Maximilian,

archduke of Austria.

Philip Joanna, heiress of † 1506. Castile.

Charles V..

king of Spain,

lord of the Netherlands, and Emperor.

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Louis and Edward. Betrothal of the Dauphin Charles to Edward's eldest daughter. Peace between France and Burgundy. War of Charles the Bold with the Swiss cantons.

1476. March 1.

June 22. 1477.

duke in the

Battle of Granson, in the

Battle of Murten, (Morat) and in the
Battle of Nancy, where Charles was slain.

Defeat of the

Jan. 5. The duchy of Burgundy united with the crown of France, as was likewise Anjou, Provence, and Maine through the extinction of the house of Anjou (1480). Annexation of Alençon, Perche, Guyenne, during this reign. The king's servants: Olivier le Dain, Tristan l'Hermite. Death of Louis XI., Aug. 30, 1483. He was succeeded by his son,

1483-1498. Charles VIII.

Death of the duke of Brittany (1488). The coalition of the emperor, Spain, and England to preserve the independence of the duchy bore no fruit. In 1491 Charles married Anne, daughter of the duke of Brittany. Peace of Senlis with the emperor (1493); peace of Etaples with England. Cession of Roussillon and Cerdagne to Spain.

1495. Rapid conquest of the kingdom of Naples which Charles claimed by inheritance through his father from Charles, count of Maine and Provence (see the genealogy), which, however, he was soon forced to abandon in consequence of a league between the Pope, the emperor, the duke of Milan, Venice, and Spain.

§ 3. ITALY.

Milan: since the time of the emperor Henry VII. (1308-1313) under the Visconti as imperial viceroys; since 1395 as dukes. After the extinction of the line of the Visconti (1447) Milan became for a short time a republic. The condottieri Francesco Sforza, husband of a daughter of the last Visconti, who served in the pay of Milan, soon seized the power and became duke of Milan (1450). Venice since 697 one state under a doge (dux); from about 1000

A. D., ruler of the Adriatic, increased in power and influence throughout the period of the crusades. Participation in the so-called fourth crusade (p. 216), under the doge Henry Dandolo, then ninetyfour years of age. After the crusades and the war with Genoa, which lasted 125 years, Venice was mistress of the Mediterranean and the trade with the East, during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Acquisition of Corfu 1387, of Cyprus by gift of Catharine Cornaro, 1489. The republic at the height of its power in the first half of the fifteenth century. Constitution strictly oligarchical. 1172. Establishment of the Great Council, with 450-500 members, followed by that of the Small Council (Signoria), which limited the power of the doges still more. 1298. Closing of the Great Council. Golden book of the nobility (1315). Conspiracies - among others that of the doge Marino Faliero (executed in 1355)-led to the creation of the powerful Council of Ten. Since 1439 the three terrible state inquisitors.

Genoa, since the reëstablishment of the Greek empire in the East a powerful state, especially since the final victory over Pisa in Italy (Sardinia and Corsica); weakened by the war with Venice and by civil disturbances in the second half of the fifteenth century; subjected now to Milan, now to France.

In Florence, after long civil contests, democracy and tyranny having ruled the city in turn since 1282, the family of Medici acquired princely rank, about 1400, and brought the city to its highest point of power. Giovanni de' Medici, a rich banker, founder of the power of his family. His son, Cosimo (Cosmus), the father of his country (died 1464). Under his grandson, Lorenzo (died 1492), development of the arts in Florence. Renovation of the sciences, advanced by Grecian scholars, who had fled from the Eastern Empire before the Turks. Dante Alighieri, author of the "Divine Comedy,' born 1265, at Florence, where he played an important part in the political complications, banished 1302, died at Ravenna, September 14, 1321. Francesco Petrarca, the "father of the revival of learning (1304-1374). Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), author of the "De

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The Papal States, founded by the presents of Pipin and Charles the Great (p. 184); in the twelfth century increased by the bequest of the countess Matilda of Tuscany (p. 200) and other acquisitions ; since Innocent III. completely independent of the empire. Pope Boniface VIII. (1294–1303) at variance with Philip IV. of France (p. 254). His successor, Clement V. (a Frenchman), transferred the papal residence to Avignon. Residence of the Popes at 1309-1376. Avignon, ("Babylonish captivity.")

At Rome the visionary tribune Cola di Rienzi (1347, papal senator 1354). Comtat Venaissin in the thirteenth century, Avignon in the fourteenth century, became the property of the papacy.

From 1378 on there was one Pope at Rome, elected by the Italian cardinals, and one at Avignon, elected by the French cardinals, to which number the Council of Pisa (1409) added a third, until the Council of Constance restored the unity of the church (p. 251). (Great Schism, 1378-1417).

At Naples, the house of Anjou: the elder line until 1382 (death of Queen Joan I.); the younger (Durazzo) until 1435 (death of Joan II.). (See the genealogy, p. 261.)

Sicily, 1282–1295 united with Aragon; 1295-1409 under a branch of the house of Aragon; after 1409 again united with Aragon, whose king, Alphonso V. (1416-1458), conquered Naples in 1435. After his death (1458), Naples, but not Sicily, descended to his natural son (Ferdinand I.) and his successors (-1501).

§ 4. ENGLAND.

1272-1307. Edward I., Longshanks.

The great events of this reign were the annexation of Wales to England and the introduction of financial, legal, and legislative reforms.

Edward was returning from the (seventh) Crusade, when he heard of his accession at Capua. Devoting a year to Gascony, he reached England and was crowned in 1274.

During the barons' wars Wales had become practically independent, and Llewelyn, prince of North Wales, refused even nominal submission to Edward until

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1277. Edward led an army into Wales, and forced the prince to cede the coast district as far as Conway, and do homage for the rest.

1282. Insurrection of Llewelyn and his brother David. After hard fighting, the death of Llewelyn (Dec., 1282) and the capture of David (hanged, drawn, and quartered, Sept. 1283) led to the complete submission of the country. (No “Massacre of the Bards.")

1284. Annexation of Wales to England. After this the title "Prince of Wales "" was generally given to the heir of the

crown.

1289. Return of the king from a three years' absence in Gascony; punishment of the oppressive judges.

1290. Expulsion of the Jews from England (over 16,000). 1291. Death of the queen, Eleanor (daughter of Ferdinand III. of Castile). Erection of crosses along the route by which the body was carried from Lincolnshire to London; those at Northampton and Waltham still exist.

1292. Baliol, whom Edward had decided to be the rightful heir to the Scottish throne, did homage for the fief and became king of Scotland.

After the death of Alexander III. of Scotland the crown passed to his granddaughter Margaret, the Maid of Norway, to whom Edward had betrothed his son n; but she died on the voyage from Norway (1290), and thirteen claimants for the crown appeared. The Scottish estates being unable to decide between the two strongest claimants, Baliol and Bruce, referred the case to Edward. (See the genealogy.)

1293. Hostilities between English sailors from the Cinque Ports

(Dover, Sandwich, Hastings, Hythe, Romney) 1 and French mariners resulted in a naval battle. Philip IV. of France summoned Edward to Paris to answer for the occurrence. As a step in the negotiations the fortresses of Guyenne were temporarily placed in Philip's hands, whereupon he declared Edward contumacious and his fiefs forfeited.

1294. Rebellion of Madoc in Wales suppressed.

1294. War with France followed by war with Scotland, which joined France.

1296. Capture of Berwick; massacre of the inhabitants. Defeat

1 These towns, to which Winchelsea, Rye, and Seaford were afterwards added, possessed peculiar privileges. They were under the care of the Warden of the Cinque Ports; their representatives in Parliament were known as barons. The towns were fortified under William I.

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