Rhine. Napoleon obtained from the senate a new levy of 300,000 men; the corps législatif, in which words of blame were at last heard, was prorogued sine die.

Passage of the allies across the Rhine.

1813, Dec. 21-25. The. main army under Schwarzenberg, Wrede, etc., crossed the upper Rhine and traversed Switzerland (Basle), whose treaty of neutrality with Napoleon was disregarded. 1814, Jan. 1. Blücher with the army of Silesia crossed the middle Rhine, at Mannheim, Caub, and Coblentz.

The total strength of the allies on their entrance into French territory was not quite 200,000 men. The main army advanced through Burgundy; Blücher through Lorraine toward Champagne. To prevent their juncture, Napoleon attacked Blücher at Brienne, and drove Jan. 29. him back; Blücher, however, united with a part of the main army (crown prince of Würtemberg) and defeated the emperor in the

Feb. 1. Battle of La Rothière,

and drove him across the Aube. The impossibility of provisioning the united armies, led to their separation. The grand army was to advance upon Paris by way of the Seine, while the army of Silesia followed the Marne toward the same goal.

No sooner did Napoleon hear of this separation than, with astonishing boldness, leaving a very small body of troops behind to engage the army under Schwarzenberg, he hurled himself suddenly upon the separate divisions of the army of Silesia, defeated them in four battles Feb. 10-15. at Champaubert (Sacken), Montmirail (York driven across the Marne), Château - Thierry, and Vauchamps, and forced Blücher back to Etoges. Then, turning like a flash upon the main army, he defeated it in the

Feb. 17. Engagement at Nangis (Wittgenstein and Wrede), and in the

Feb. 18. Engagement at Montereau (crown prince of Würtemberg).

Napoleon thus obliged the main army to retreat to Troyes, after which the two armies were for a short time again united on the Aube.

Meanwhile ambassadors of the allies had met the envoy of Napoleon, Caulaincourt, in a

Feb. 5–March 19. Congress at Châtillon (on the Seine), where Napoleon was offered the possession of France with the bound

aries of 1792, but the negotiations came to naught by reason of his haughty and dubious conduct.

March 1. Closer union between the allied powers at Chaumont.
The deposition of Napoleon resolved upon.

The two armies separated again. The main army under
Schwarzenberg defeated Oudinot and Macdonald in the

Feb. 27. Battle of Bar-sur-Aube.

Blücher reached Meaux, was forced to retire across the Marne and Oise, and joined the army of the north under Bülow and Winzingerode. The united armies defeated Napoleon in the

1814, March 9, 10. Battle of Laon.

Napoleon now turned against the main army, which defeated him in the

March 20, 21. Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube.

Meanwhile, Wellington had been driving back Soult with equal success. Occupation of Bordeaux (March 12), where the royal banner of the Bourbons was first raised.

Napoleon formed the desperate plan of throwing himself in the rear of the allies in Lorraine, summoning the garrisons of the fortresses to his aid, and calling the entire population to arms. The allies, however, with equal boldness, advanced upon Paris, and defeated the marshals Marmont and Mortier in the

March 25. Battle of La Fère-Champenoise.

Marmont and Mortier threw themselves into the capital. The regent, Maria Louisa, fled to Blois. After a brave defense and after the

they capitulated under condition of free departure, and left Paris to its fate.

March 31. Entrance of the allies into Paris,

where the senate, through the influence of Talleyrand, declared that Napoleon and his family had forfeited the throne. Napoleon, hastening to the relief of his capital, came a few hours too late. His marshals having refused to follow him in a foolhardy assault upon Paris, he abdicated the throne in favor of his son (April 6) at Fontainebleau, and, when this reservation was rejected, unconditionally (April 11). Napoleon made a futile attempt to poison himself.1

He received from the allies the island of Elba as a sovereign principality, and an annual income of two million francs to be paid by France. His wife received the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastella with sovereign power; both retained the imperial title. 1814. Wellington defeated Soult in the

April 10. Battle of Toulouse.

May 4. Arrival of Napoleon at Elba.

Return of the Bourbons. Louis XVI.'s brother, the count of Provence, first appointed his younger brother, the count of Artois as viceregent (lieutenant du royaume), and then returned to France, as 1814-1824. Louis XVIII.

where he promulgated a constitution which was an imitation of the English constitution, but with many limitations. (Charte octroyée: chamber of peers and chamber of deputies without the initiative.) He concluded with the allies the

May 30. (First) Peace of Paris.

1. France retained, in the main, the boundaries of 1792, which embraced 3,280 square miles more than those of 1790: Avignon, the

1 According to Thiers, Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire, vol. xviii., the truth of this attempted suicide is very doubtful. Cf. V. Helfert, Nap. I. Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, 1874.

Venaissin, parts of Savoy, of the German empire, and of Belgium. 2. France recognized the independence of the States of the Netherlands, according to their future enlargement, as well as of all German and Italian states and of Switzerland. 3. England restored the French colonies excepting Tobago, Sta. Lucia, and Isle de France. England retained Malta. 4. The allies remitted all sums which they might have claimed for supplies, advances, etc. 5. France promised Eng

land to abolish the slave trade.

After the peace of Paris Pius VII. returned to Rome, the king of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel, to Turin, the king of Spain, Ferdinand VII., to Madrid. In Spain the rejection of the ultra-liberal constitution proposed by the cortes of 1812, was followed by the immediate outbreak of a cruel contest of arbitrary power against the liberal party.

Visit of Alexander and Frederic William III. in London (June 7-22, 1814), accompanied by their victorious generals (Blücher); enthusiastic reception by the English nation. For the purpose of restoring and regulating the European relations, and particularly those of Germany, after the overthrow of the military supremacy of the French empire,

the

1814, Sept.-1815, June. Congress of Vienna

was assembled. The emperors of Austria and Russia, the kings of Prussia, Denmark, Bavaria, and Würtemberg, and a great number of German princes were present in person.

Chief negotiators: Austria, Metternich; Prussia, Hardenberg and W. v. Humboldt; Russia, Nesselrode and Rasoumoffsky; Great Britain, Wellington and Castlereagh; France, Talleyrand and Dalberg. (Baron vom Stein, prince of Ligne.)

The five powers, which had concluded the peace of Paris, and which, to avoid quarrels about rank, were henceforward named in the order of the French alphabet, Autriche, France, Grande-Bretagne, Prusse, Russie, formed a closer union at the congress of Vienna (hence afterwards called the Pentarchy of the Great Powers). For special cases this union was joined by Spain, Portugal, Sweden. These eight powers, after long negotiations and after the disputes over the Saxon and the Polish questions had for a moment threatened to lead to war (Russia and Prussia against Austria, France, and England), and after Napoleon's return from Elba (p. 483), signed the

Act of the Congress of Vienna.

Principal articles :

1. Restoration of the Austrian and Prussian monarchies : a. Austria received besides her ancient domain of Milan, Venice, which had been conferred upon her by the treaty of Campo Formio (these were now called the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom), the Illyrian provinces (the kingdoms of Illyria and Dalmatia), Salzburg, Tyrol (from Bavaria), and Galicia. b. Prus sia received a part of the grand duchy of Warsaw (Posen) with Danzig; Swedish hither Pomerania with Rügen in return for Lauenburg, which was ceded to Denmark; its old possessions in Westphalia, somewhat enlarged, as well as Neu

châtel and the grand duchy of the lower Rhine, and the greater part of Saxony as an indemnification for the loss of some former possessions, as Ansbach and Baireuth ceded to Bavaria, East Friesland to Hanover, the Polish possessions to Russia. 2. Formation of a kingdom of the Netherlands, comprising the former republic of Holland and Austrian Belgium, under the former hereditary statthalter as King William I.

3. Creation of a German confederacy to take the place of the old empire, comprising 39 (at its dissolution in 1866 only 34) sovereign states, including the four free cities; all other princes who were formerly sovereign were mediatized.

Act of confederation signed June 8, 1815, supplemented by the final act of Vienna, May 15, 1820.

4. Russia received the greater part of the grand duchy of Warsaw as the kingdom of Poland. Cracow became a free state under the protection of Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

5. England retained Malta, Heligoland, a portion of the French and Dutch colonies, and the protectorate over the Republic of the Seven Ionian Islands (the latter by treaty of 1815, Nov. 5, which was made an integral part of the peace of Vienna. See p. 482. These islands were given to Greece by the treaties of Nov. 14, 1863–Nov. 29, 1864. See p. 505).

6. Sweden retained Norway, which had been ceded to her at the peace of Kiel (p. 479), with a constitution of its own; Denmark was indemnified with Lauenburg.

7. The nineteen cantons of Switzerland were increased to twentytwo by the accession of Geneva, Wallis, and Neuchâtel (at once canton and a principality).

8. Restoration of the old dynasties in Spain, in Sardinia, which received Genoa, in Tuscany, Modena, the Papal States. The Bourbons were not reinstated in Naples until 1815, as Murat had secured possession of that state for the present by his desertion of Napoleon.

News of the discontent in France with the government of the Bourbons, and of the discord in the bosom of the congress of Vienna, as well as the invitations of his adherents, encouraged the deposed emperor to return to France.

1815. Landing of Napoleon at Cannes

March 1. with 1,500 men. Forced march upon Paris. All troops sent against him, even Ney with his corps, went over to him. March 13. Proclamation of the ban against Napoleon by the monarchs of Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, France, Spain, Portugal, and Sweden.

King Louis XVIII. fled to Ghent.

March 20. Napoleon entered Paris. The Hundred Days, March 20 to June 29, 1815.

Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia, concluded a new March 25. Alliance at Vienna against Napoleon, whereby each power engaged to furnish an army of 180,000 men. All Eu

ropean nations were invited to join the alliance. One after another all the states joined it except Sweden, which was occupied in crushing with military power the resistance of Norway to the personal union. The sum of the contingents furnished against Napoleon amounted to over a million men.

May. Napoleon found himself obliged to make some apparent concessions to the liberal party in France. Champ de Mai : Acte additionel. In Belgium concentration of a Prussian army under Blücher and an English-German under Wellington, against Napoleon.

Murat, who had declared for Napoleon, defeated by the Austrians at Tolentino (May 3). Naples captured May 22. Murat fled to France. Reinstallation of Ferdinand as king of Naples.

June 14. Napoleon crossed the boundary of Belgium. Engagement

at Charleroi; the advance guard of the Prussians under Ziethen forced back. June 15, Napoleon defeated Blücher in the June 16. Battle of Ligny,

after a brave resistance (Blücher in personal danger), and drove him back. Blücher marched upon Wavre. Ney defeated by the prince of Orange in the

June 16. Battle of Quatre-Bras.

Meantime concentration of the British, Hanoverians, Dutch, and Upon this force Napoleon hurled

The duke of Brunswick fell. army of Wellington, consisting of troops from Brunswick and Nassau. himself with superior numbers. 1815, June 18. Battle of Waterloo and Belle Alliance, called by Napoleon the battle of Mont St. Jean.

Napoleon thought he had insured the prevention of the juncture of the Prussians under Blücher with the English under Wellington, by directing Grouchy to engage the former. By afternoon Wellington's army, though still unyielding, had suffered so heavily that the day was only saved by the arrival of the Prussians under Blücher. Complete defeat of the French, whose army, pursued by Gneisenau, was entirely scattered. Meanwhile Grouchy, on whose help Napoleon had relied, was engaged at Wavre against Thieleman, whose corps he by some unexplained error took for the whole Prussian army.1

June 22. Abdication of Napoleon in favor of his son.
July 1. Arrival of the allies before Paris.

July 7. Second capture of Paris.

Entrance of Blücher and Wellington. Return of Louis XVIII. Arrival of the two emperors, and of the king of Prussia. Meantime Napoleon fled to Rochefort, where, after futile attempts to escape to America, he surrendered himself to the British admiral Hotham on the ship-of-the-line Bellerophon, who conveyed him to England. Thence, by a unanimous resolve of the allies, he was transported as prisoner of war to St. Helena, where he arrived in October († May 5, 1821).

1 Thiers, Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire, xx.; Ropes, Who Lost Wa terloo? Atlantic Monthly, June, 1881.