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ABBREVIATIONS: a. abbot; adm.

INDEX.

admiral; b.= bishop: burgr. = burggrave: c. count;
duke; e.earl; el. elector; g. d. = grand duke; H. R. E. Holy Roman Empire; k.=
king: landg. landgrave; margr. margrave; pr. prince; q.queen; U. S. = United States

d.

of America; visc. viscount.

AACHEN, 186, 195. See Aix-la-Chapelle.
Aahmes, kings of Egypt: I., 4; II., 7.
Abbasides, rule of the, 183.

Abdel-Kader captured by the French, 527.
Abd-er-Rahman: I., founded caliphate of
Cordova, 183, 209; III., 209.
Abdul-Aziz, deposition of, 521.
Abdul Hamid, II., 521; Kerim, 522.
Abel, k. of Denmark, 236.
Aberdeen administration, 543.
Abö, Peace of, 409.

Abolitionists, organization of the, 553.
Aboukir, battle of, 460.
Abraham, 7.

Absalon, bishop, 235.
Abu-Bekr, 192.

Abul Abbas, overthrows Ommiads, 183.
Abydos, battles of, 68.

Abyssinia, Christian kingdom of, 190.
Abyssinian expedition, 545.

Académie Française founded, 326.
Acadia, explorations in, 290; French claims
to, 363; limits of, 364, n.; granted to
St. Etienne, 364; ceded to England, 363,
419; dispersion of the French inhabit-
ants, 421.

Achæan League, 43, 48; under Aratos, 79;
under Philopoemen, 80; fall, 80; first
Macedonian war, 118.
Achæan War, 80, 122.
Achæmenidæ, 25-27.

Achaia, 39, 48; Roman province, 80, 146;
duchy of, 216.

Achilles, 47.

Acilius Glabrio, 119, 135.

Açoka, emp. of Magadha, 23.

Acre, conquest of, in 3d crusade, 215;
taken by Mamelukes, 217; repulse of
Napoleon, 460.

Act for the better government of India,
544; of confederation, 483; of grace,
387; of mediation, 464; for perpetual par-
liament, 345; of settlement, 388; of su-
premacy under Henry VIII., 335, under
Elizabeth, 338; of uniformity, 338, en-
forced by James I., 340, under Charles
II., 379; of Vienna, 482; final act, 483,
487.

Actium, Corcyræans victorious at, 65; de-
feat of Antonius, 146.
Adalbert, archb. of Bremen, 199.
Adams, John, defends Preston, 425; mem-
ber of Continental Congress, 426, 427;
negotiates treaty with France, 429; vice-
pres., 547, 548; pres., 548.

Adams, John Quincy, sec. of state, 551:
pres., 552.

Adams, Samuel, 426.

Addington administration, 536.
Addison, Joseph, 436.

"Addled "parliament, 341.

Adelheid, empress, married Otto 1., 195
regent in Italy, 197.
Adhemar of Puy, 214.
Adherbal, 126.

Adlerkreuz, Gen., 472.

Adolf of Nassau, elected k. of Germany, 244.
Adolf Frederic, k. of Sweden, 409.
Adrianople, battle of, 159, 171; peace 01,
489; agreement of, 523.

Ediles, plebeian, 96; curule, 101; pay for
the great games, 120.

Ægatian Islands, victory of Catulus, 111.
Ægina, Doric community, 63; war with
Athens, 57; tributary to Athens, 63; as-
signed to Athenian citizens, 65.
Egospotami, battle of, 69.

Alfred the Great, k. of England, 204.
Ælia Capitolina, 12, 153.

Elle, leader of the South Saxons,
Emilianus, 156.

Æneas, 87.

Eneas Sylvius, 253. See Pius II.
Eolian tribes, 43; colonies, 49.

177.

Equi, wars with Rome, 97, 98, 100; receive
Roman citizenship, 105.

Ærarii, 92.

Escendun, Danes defeated at, 204.
Æschines, 72.

Eschylus, 64.

Æthelflæd, lady of the Mercians, 204.

Æthelred, kings of England, I., 203, 204;
II., the Unready, 205.

Æthelstan, k. of England, 204.
Ethelwulf, k. of England, 203.
Aëtius, 172; defeats Attila, 173.

Etolian League founded, 79; assists Rome,
116.

Afghan war, first, 546; second, 547.
Afghans of Ghor, supremacy in India, 211.
Africa, circumnavigated by Egyptians (?),
6; by Portuguese, 279, 280; Roman
province, 121; Cæsar's war, 142; Octavi-
anus administers, 146; Vandal king-
dom, 172; fall of the Vandal power, 174.
Agamemnon, 47.

Agathocles, k. of Syracuse, 20.

Age of Augustus, 147; of Louis XIV.,
371; of Pericles, 64.

Agesilaus.. of Sharta, 70, 71.

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Aguirre, Lope de, 288

Alexander, tsar of Russia: I., accedes,
403; defeated at Austerlitz, 467: in the
war of 1813, 477; in London, 482, 500:
;
II., 500; murder, 525; III., 525.
Alexandria, founded, 74; capital of Egypt,
77; Vespasian, 151; captured by Per-
sians, 191; captured by Arabs, 182; by
the French, 460; bombarded by the Eng-
lish, 546.

Alexandrine library founded, 77.
Alexandrine war, 142.

Alexis, tsar of Russia, 374.

Alexius Comnenus, Greek emp., 214.
Alfonso III., k. of Aragon, 276

Ahmad Shah, emp. of India, 442; Durani, Alfonso X., k. of Castile, 225, 240.

invades India, 442, 443.

Ahmednagar, kingdom, 353, 389.

Ahuramazda, 24, 25.

Ainos, 33.

Aistulf, k. of Langobards, 175, 184.

Alfonso XII., k. of Spain, 521.

Alford, battle of, 348.

Algarbe, kingdom of, 276.

expedition, 489, 527.

Algeria, exp. of Charles V., 304; French

of

Ali, 182.

See,

Alien bill. 535.

Alien and sedition laws in U. S., 549.
Alkassor, battle of, 332.

Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of 1668, 367;

1748, 403, 419, 438; congress, 487.
also, Aachen.

Ajax, 47.

Akbar the Great, 353, 354.

Akkad, 13.

Alabama, admitted to the Union, 552.
Alabama claims settled, 545, 560.
Alamanni, on the Rhine, 170; occupy
Germania superior, 172; defeated by
Chlodwig, 173.

Alamgir II., emp. of India, 442.
Alani, 170, 171.

Alarçon, explores the Colorado, 287.
Alaric, k. of West Goths, 171.
Alaska purchase, 559.

Alá-ud-dán, sultan of Delhi, 241.
Alba Longa, 87; destruction, 89.
Albanian league, 525.

Albemarle, d. of, 379. See, also, Monk.
Alberoni, card., 397.

Albert, the Bear, margr. of Brandenburg,
218, 219.

Albert I., emp. of H. R. E., of Austria,
245; II., 253.

Albert, c. of Holstein, 235.

Albert, d. of Mecklenburg, 237, 238.

Albert, of Saxe-Coburg, marries Victoria,
542; dies, 544.

Albertine line, in Saxony, 305.

Albigenses, 227.

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Alcantara, order of, 240, 328.

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Alkmar, battle of, 461.
"Alleluia victory," 38.
Allen, Ethan, 427.
Allersheim, battle of, 315.
Allia, battle of the, 100.

537.

"Alliance of the three kings," 497.
Allouez, in New France, 364.
"All the talents'"' ministry,
Alma, battle of the, 500.
Almagro, Diego de, 286, 287.
Almanza, battle of, 434.
Almanzor 209.

Almeida, 280; siege of, 473.

Almoadan. See Toorán-sháh.

Almohades, conquer Spain, 240.
Almoravides, conquer Spain, 209, 240.
Alp Arslan, 210.

Alsace, formerly Germania superior, 172;
ceded to France, 316; protestants in,
369; ceded to the German empire, 519.
Alsen, island of, 506.

Altranstädt, peace of, 395,

Alva, duke of, in the Netherlands, 330.
Alvarado, 287.

Alyattes, k. of Lydia, 21, 25.

Amadeus I., k. of Spain, 512, 520.

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Alcibiades, 66; trial and flight, 68; death, Amberg, battle of, 458.

Aleppo, sultanate of, 210.

Alesia, siege of, 139.

Alessandria built, 221.

Alexander, prince of Bulgaria, 524.
Alexander, the Great, k. of Macedonia, 73;
expedition to Persia, 20, 29, 73; invades
India, 23, 75; plans to Hellenize the East,
75; his death, 76.

Alexander, Popes: III., 221; V., 251; VI.
327.

Ambiorix, 139.

Amboise, conspiracy of, 321; peace of, 321.
Amboyna, massacre of, 342, 354.

Ambrosius, b. of Milan, 161.

Amendments to U. S. Constitution, first
ten, 547; 11th, 548; 12th, 549; 13,
558; 14th, 559; 15th, 560.
Amenemhat, kgs. of Egypt: I., conquers
Nubia; II., III., built lake Meri, 4
Amenhotep, III., k. of Egypt, war with
Syrians, etc., 4; his statue (Memnon), 5.
America, alleged discovery, 280 n.; dis
covery by Northmen, 280; by Columbus,
279; named, 283; conquest of Mexico

285; conquest of Peru, 286; Coligny's
colonies, 288; Virginia explored, 289;
foundation of Port Royal by French, 290
English colonies, 291; Dutch and Swed-
ish settlements, union of the colonies,
298; New France and the Arctic re-
gion, 299; British, Dutch, and Swedish
colonies, 357; King Philip's war, 359;
King William's war, 361; Queen Anne's
war, 363; French settlements and dis-
coveries, 363; King George's war, 419.
French and Indian war, 420; Stamp act,
423; Continental Congress, war of inde-
pendence, 426; signing the Constitution,
433. See Canada, United States, Spanish

colonies.

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Anaxagoras, 64.

Ancus Marcius, k. of Rome, 89.

Andelot, François d', 321.

Andernach, 139; battle of 193, 195.
André, major, 431.

Andrew II., k. of Hungary, crusade, 216.
Andriscus (Pseudo-Philippus), 122.
Andros, Sir Edmund, 361.
Angelus, dynasty of, 240.

Anglas, Boissy d`, 456.

Angles, settle in Britain, 172, 176; east,
north, 178; middle, 179.

Anglican Church, 338.
Anglo-Saxon chronicle, 204.

Ansgarius, 207, 208.
Anson, voyage of, 438.
Antalcidas, peace of, 70.
Anthemius, Roman emp., 162.
Anti-corn law league, 542.
Anticosti, discovery of, 287.
Antietam, battle of, 557.
Antigonus, 76, 77; Gonatas, 77.
Antiochia, 77; capture of, 190.
Antiochus, III., the Great, k. of Syria, 29,

119.
Antipater, 76, 79.
Anti-reformation, 306.
Antium, 104.

Anton, k. of Navarre, 321.
Antoninus, emp. of Rome, rebuilds Agrico-
la's wall, 38; reign, 154.
Antonius, C., consul, 136, 137.
Antonius, M., war with Pompeius, 141; as-
sumes control upon Cæsar's death, 144;
follows Cleopatra, 145; second triumvi-
rate, 145; governor of the East, 145;
Parthian war, 30, 146; defeat and death,
146.

Antwerp, capture of, 331.
Anville, d', in America, 419.
Apepi, k. of Egypt, 8.
Aphrodite, 3, 17.

Apis, sacred bull, 2, 27.

Apollo, saves Croesus, 26; oracle of, 51.
Appius Claudius, decemvir, 98; the censor,
102, 106; cæcus, 108; caudex, 110.
Apries. See Hophra.

Apulia, 83, 141.

Aquæ Sextiæ, battle of, 127; colony of,
125.

Aquillius, 129.

Aquilonia, battle of, 106.

Aquitania, 34, 182.

Arabia, tributary to Assyria, 14; invaded
by Seti I., 5; by Romans, 148; Roman
province, 153; invaded by Chosroës, 190.
Arabian dynasty in Chaldea, 13.
Arabs, conquest of Africa, 182; of Spain,
183; war with the Greek empire, 210;
crusades against, 213; conquest of Per-
sia, 193; invasions of India, 211; dy-
nasties in India, 241; capture of Con-
stantinople, 260, 278. See Moors.

Anglo-Saxons. See Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Aragon, united with Catalonia, 240; wars

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with the Moors and with Castile, 276;
united with Castile, 328. See Spain.

Angoulême, c. See Francis I., k. of Aranda, 415.

France.

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Aratus, 79.

Arausio, battle of, 127.

Arbela, battle of, 74.

Arc, Joan of.

See Darc.

Arcadius, Greek emp., 161.

Archelaus, 130.

Archidamus, 65.

Archons, development, 51; elected by all

citizens, 53; reduction of their power,
55.

Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of, 481.
Arcole, battle of, 458.
Arcot, Nawáb of, 443.
Ardaghan, 523, 524.
Ardoin of Ivrea, 197.
Areopagus, 53, 62.

Argal, deputy gov. of S. Virginia, 292; al-
leged submission of Dutch to, 298; expe
dition to Mt. Desert, 299.

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Aristophanes, 64.

Aristotle, 73.

Ark of the Covenant, 8.

Arkansas admitted to the Union, 553.
Arles, kingdom of, 198.
Arlington, 380.

Armada, Great, 331, 339.

Armagnacs, attack Basle, 253; massacred,
259.

Armed neutrality, 412; renewed, 536.
Armenia, 12, 78; invaded by Asshur-natzir
pal I., 14; subject to Assyria, 14, to Me-
dia, 25, to Cyrus the Persian, 26; attacked
by the Parthians, 30; Roman province,
153; conquered by Sapor, 188; reduced
by M. Aurelius, 193; ceded to Russia,
523.

Arminius defeats Varus, 149; after-history,
167.

Armorica, Venetii in, 138; Britons emi-
grate to, 172.

Arnim, 312.

Arnold of Brescia, 221.

Arnold, Benedict, siege of Quebec, 427;
defeat on Champlain, 428; his treason,
430.

Arnulf of Carinthia, 193.
Arpads in Hungary, 277.
Arques, battle of, 324.

Arsaces, founder of the Parthian mon-
archy, 29; dynastic name of all the Par-
thian monarchs (I.-XXX.), 29, 30.

Arsacidæ, 155.

Arses, emp. of Persia, 29.

Art in Greece, 64; in Italy, 327.
Artabanus I., k. of Parthia (Arsaces VIII.,
30; III. (Arsaces XXX.), last k. of
Parthia, defeated by Artaxerxes 30, 187.
Artaphernes, 57.

Artavasdes, k. of Armenia, 146.
Artaxata, 135; captured, 150, 154.

Artaxerxes, k. of Persia, I., 28; II., defeats
the younger Cyrus, 29; III., 29; Artax-
erxes I. founds the new Persian empire,
30, 187; II., 189.

Artemis, 21.

Artemisium, battle of, 59.
Artenay, battle of, 518.
Artevelde, Jacob van, 257.

Arthur, k. of the Silures, 37; traditions
concerning him in the N. and S., 178;
cycle of romances, 235.
Arthur, d. of Brittany, 226; death, 233.
Arthur, Chester A., pres. of the United
States, 560.

Articles of confederation, 429; of Perth,

341.

Artois, c. of, 450.

Arundel, e. of, impeached, 270; executed,
339.

Aryans, uncertainty concerning, Introd
iv.; in Asia Minor, 21; primitive home
24; Celts, 34.

Aschaffenburg, battle of, 510.
Asculum, battle of, 108.
Ashantee war, 545.

Ashburton treaty, 554.

Ashby and White, case of, 434.
Ashera, Phoenician goddess, 17.
Ashikaga shoguns, 278, 355.
Ashley, 380.

Asia, Roman province, 124.
Aske, Robert, rebellion of, 335
Aspasia, 64.

Aspern, battle of, 472.

Assam, 389, 541.

Assandun, battle of, 205.
Assaye, battle of, 541.
Asshur, 12, 13.

Asshurbanipal, emp. of Assyria, 6, 15.
Asshur-ebil-ili, k. of Nineveh, 15.
Asshur-natzir-pal I., emp. of Assyria, 14.
Assignats, issued, 450; decline two thirds,
454; total amount issued, 457. See
Mandats.

Assizes of Clarendon, 232.
Associations of nobles, 250.
Assyria, geography, religion, 12; civiliza-
tion, chronology, 13; art, 15: no Assyr-
ian conquest of Egypt under Shashang
I., 5 n. 2; conquest of Egypt by Esar-
haddon, 6; independent empire, 13;
height of power, 15; fall of the empire,
15,25; attacks Iran, 25; northern A. sub-
ject to Rome, 30, 153.

Astarte, 16, 17

Asturia, kingdom of, 183, 209.
Astyages, k. of Media, 21, 25, 26.
Atahuallpa, inca of Peru, 287.

Athalaric, k. of West Gotas, 174.
Athanasius, 159.
Athaulf, 171, 172.

Athena, identified with Neïth, 2.
Athenion, 128.

Athens, ally of the Ionian cities, 28, 40;
founded, 44; old constitution, 51: re-
forms of Solon, 52; Pisistratus, reforms
of Clisthenes, 54; burned by Xerxes,
59; hegemony of, 61; war with Sparta,
64; under Pericles, 64; surrender of,
69 thirty tyrants, 69; Demetrius Po-
liorcetes in, 79; captured by Sulla,
13; adorned by Hadrian, 153; duchy of,
216; captured by Venetians, 416.
Greece.

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Athos, Mt., 56, 58.

Atlanta evacuated, 558.
Atlantic cable laid, 487, 544.

Atreus, 44.

See

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Auckland, lord, gov. gen. in India, 546.
Auerstädt, battle of, 469.
Aughrim, battle of, 387.

Augsburg, founded, 167; diet at, 303;
confession of, 303; religious peace of,
306; peace of, 317; league of, 370.
Augures, college of, 85.
Augustine in Britain, 179.
Augustus, Cæsar Octavianus, emp. of Rome,
his reign, 147; family, 148; death, 149.
Augustus II., elector of Saxony, elected k.
of Poland, 374; part in northern war,
394, 395; III., elected k. of Poland, 398;
claimant for the Austrian succession,
400; death, 411.

Aurangzeb, emp. of India, deposes his
father, 354; his reign, 389.

Aurelianus, emp. of Rome, 157; Persian
war, and death, 188.

Aurelius, Marcus, Rom. emp., war with
Parthia, 30; reign, 154.

Aurunci, 86, 103.

Austerlitz, battle of, 467.

Australia, first convicts sent to, 535.
Austrasia, 181-183, 187.

Austria, Östmark reëstablished, 196; made
a duchy, 221; house of Hapsburg, 244;
Hungarian succession secured to, 278;
circle of, 300; anti-reformation in, 309;
peace of Carlowitz, 372; war of the Span-
ish succession, 391; peace of Rastadt,
394; peace of Passarowitz, 397 alliance
with Spain, 398; pragmatic sanction, 398;
war of Austrian succession, 400; seven
years' war, 403; reforms of Joseph II.,
406; alliance with Prussia, 452; first co-
alition against France, 452; peace of
Campo Formio, 459; second coalition,
460; peace of Luneville, 462; indemnifi-
cations, 455; third coalition, 467; peace
of Pressburg, 467; Francis I., resigns the
crown of the H. R. E., becomes emperor
of Austria, 468; war with France, 471;
peace of Vienna, 472; alliance with Na-
poleon, 474; war of liberation, 477; con-
gress of Vienna, 482; influence in Ger-
many and Italy, 487; Ferdinand I., 491;
revolutionary movements, 491, 493; war
with Sardinia, 494; Hungarian revolt, 494;
Francis Joseph I., 495; general constitu-
tion, 495; abolished, 495; German em-
pire, 497; war with France and Sardinia,
loss of Lombardy, 502; February consti-
tution, 504; war with Denmark, 505;
with Prussia, 507; with Italy, 510; with-
draws from German confederation, 510;
union of crowns of Austria and Hun-
gary, 511; occupies Bosnia and Herzego-
vina, 524; alliance with Prussia, 525;
disturbances in Bosnia, 525.

Austrian succession, war of, 400, 438, 446.
Austro-Prussian war, 507.
Austro-Sardinian war, 532.
Authari, 175.

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Babar, founds Mughal empire, 353.
Babenberg, house of, feud with house of
Conrad, 194; receives the Eastmark, 196;
becomes extinct, 244.

Babington, conspiracy of, 339.
Babylon, capital of Babylonia, 12; centre
of the Chaldean empire, 13: founded by
Ninus (?), 14; adorned by Nebuchadnez-
zar, 16; captured by Cyrus, 26; revolt
and recapture, 27.

Babylonia, geography, 12; religion, 12; civ-
ilization, chronology, 13; dependent on
Elam, independent (old or Chaldean em-
pire), 13; subordinate to Assyria, 13, 14;
revolt under Nabopolassar, 15, 25; new
empire, the leading Eastern power, 16;
becomes a Persian province, 16, 26; re-
volt against Darius, 27; subject to Mith-
ridates I. of Parthia, 30.

Babylonish captivity of the Jews, 11; of
the papacy, 263.

341; im-

Bacallaos (Newfoundland), 288.
Bacon, Francis, lord chan.,
peachment of, 342.
Bacon's rebellion, 359.
Bacon, Roger, 235.
Bactria, geography, 24; religion, 24; em-
pire of, 25; subject to Parthia, 30.
Badajos, geographical congress, 286; siege,
473.

Baden, peace of, 394; becomes an electo-
rate, 464; joined allies, 479.
Bæcula, battle of, 117.
Bæda, 180.

Baffin, voyage of, 299.

Bagdad, caliphate of, 183; under the Ab-
basides, 210; destroyed by Mongols, 241.
Baglerne, 238.
Bagradas, 141.

Bahadur Shah, emp. of India, 442, 546.
Bahamas, 358

Bahram (Varahran VI.), 191.
Bailly, mayor of Paris, 450, 451, 455.
Bajasid, 523.
Bajazet I., 278.
Bájí Ráo, 443.

Balaclava, battle of, 500.
Bálají Bájí Ráo, 443.
Balas, emp. of Persia, 189.
Balbinus, Cælius, 156.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 284.
Baldur, 164, 166.

Baldwin, k. of Jerusalem, I., 214, 234; II.
to V., 214.

Baldwin, of Flanders, 216.

Avars, assist Alboin, 175; subjugated by Balfour, defeats Claverhouse, 381.
Charles the Great, 185, 192.

Avesta, 24.

Baliol, Edward, k. of Scotland, 264, 268.
Ball, John, 268, 269.

Baltimore, Lord, 293.

Avignon, Popes at, 263; annexed to France, Ballard, conspiracy of, 339.

452.

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Bamberg, diet of, 221.

Banér, Swedish general, 312, 314.

Bank of England, chartered, 388; stopped

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