North German Confederation.

See Ger-

many.
Northmen, wars with Charles the Great,
185; ravages in France and Germany,
193, 201; settled in Italy, 198, 199, 200;
siege of Paris, 201; settlement, 202; in
England, 203, 204, 205; conquest of Eng-
land, 206.

Northumberland, d. of, 336; e. of, 270, 271.
Northumbria, kingdom of, 178, 179, 180.
Norway, early history to 1103, 208; from
death of Magnus Barfod to union of Cal-
mar, 1103-1397, 238; to 1524, 276, 351;
to 1789, 409; ceded to Sweden, 479, 483;
war with Sweden, 484; constitutional
contest in, 526.

Nctables, assembly of, 447.
Notium, battle of, 69.

Nottingham, e. of, impeached, 270.
Nottingham, e. of, sec. of, state, 385, 433;
pres. of council, 436.

Novara, battle of, 319, 488, 494.

Nova Scotia, granted to sir Wm. Alexan-
der, 295, 299; ceded to England, 393;
422, 439; fisheries in, 432.

Novgorod, 208, 277.

Novi, battle of, 461.

Nullification proclamation, 553.

Numa Pompilius, k. of Rome, 88.
Numantia, destruction of, 123.
Numerianus, Roman emp., 158.

Numidia, divided between Bocchus and
Gauda, 121, 127, 142.

Nuremberg, peace of, 303; fortified camp
of, 312.

Nymphenburg, alliance of, 401.
Nystadt, peace of, 397.

Olaf, the Lap-king, of Sweden, 208.
Oldcastle, sir John, 271.

Old French and Indian war, 420.
Oldenburg, 409; house of, 351; annexed
to France, 473.
Oliva, peace of, 373.
Olivarez, 332.

Ollivier, ministry of, 512, 532.
Olmütz, conference of, 498; siege of, 404.
Olybrius, Roman emp.,
162.
Olympiad, first, 50.
Olympian festival, 42.
Olympias, 77.

Olynthiac orations, 72.

Olynthus, battle of, 65; 70; alliance with
Philip, 71; revolt and destruction, 72.
Omar, 182, 192.

Omar Pacha, 499.

Ommiads obtained the caliphate, 182: over-
thrown by Abbasides, 183; founded cal.
iphate of Cordova, 183, 209.

O'Neil, Hugh.

Onomarchus, 72.

See Tyrone.

Opequan, battle of, 558.

Opium war, 542, 561.

Oppius, Spurius, 98,

Optimates, 101.

Orange, William of (the Silent), 330, 331.
Orban Frère, ministry, 525.

Orchomenus, battle of, 131.

Ordinance for the government of the terri-

tory northwest of the Ohio, 433.

Ordinances instead of acts passed by long
parliament, 347.

Orebro, peace of, 474.

Oregon admitted to the Union, 556; boun-
dary decided, 543, 560; treaty, 554.
Orellana, Francisco, 288.

Oaths of allegiance and supremacy, 386.
Obelisks, 3.

Ocampo circumnavigates Cuba, 284.

384; victory of La Hogue 387; created
earl of Orford, impeached, 388.
Organic statute, 490.

Orinoco, discovery of, 283.

Odin, 164, 165.

Orleanists, 530.

Orleans besieged by Attila, 173; maid of,
260; cap. of Burgundy, 181; battle of,
518.

Orleans, d. of, murdered, 259; death, 530;
Gaston of, conspiracies of, 325, 326, 366;
Philip of, regent, 445; Philip Egalité,
450; execution of, 455.

Orleans, house of, strife with Burgundy,
259; comes to the throne in France,
317; again in 1830, 489, 529; expelled,
530

Otho. For German rulers, see Otto.
Otho, Roman emp., 151.

Otis, James, 422, 423.

Otterburne. See Chevy Chase.

Otto the Finne, marg. of Brandenburg,
249.

Otto I., k. of Greece, accession, 489; ex-
pulsion, 505.

Otto I. the Great, emp. of the H. R. E.,
195; II., 196, 197; III., "Wonder of the
World," 197; IV., of Brunswick, 223.
Otto of Nordheim, 199.

Otto of Wittelsbach, 222.

Otto the Illustrious, d. of Saxony, 194.
Ottocar, k. of Bohemia, 244.
Oudenarde, battle of, 392, 435.

Oudh, province in India, 22; under the
Guptas, 24; independence of, 442: an-
nexation, 546.

Oudinot, 475, 477, 480.

Ovando, 283.

Overbury, sir Thomas, 341.
Ovidius Naso, P., 83, 148.

Oxenstierna, Axel, 313, 314, 315.

Oxford, parliament of Charles I. at, 348.
Oxford, e. of (Harley), lord high trea-
surer, 435; dismissed, 435; impeached,

437.

Ireland to Henry II., 232; Innocent III.,
contest with John, 233; council of Con-
stance proclaims its superiority, 251;
Boniface VIII., quarrel with Philip
the Fair, 254; Babylonish captivity in
Avignon, 255, 263; great schism, 263:
reformation, 301; council of Trent, 305;
anti-reformation, 306; Alexander VI,
Gregory XIII., reform of calendar, 327;
dispute with Henry VIII., 334; bull ap-
portioning the undiscovered portions of
the world, 353; Pius VI. and Joseph II.,
408; Pius VI., seized by the French, 459
concordat of 1801, 463; Pius VII., seized
by Napoleon, 473; receives the papal
states again, 483; Pius IX., 492; revolt
in Rome suppressed by French, 493;
honorary president of the Italian league,
502; Vatican council papal infallibility,
512; temporal power of the pope abol-
ished, 518; guarantee for the pope, 520;
contest with Italy, Prussia, Switzerland,
521;
Leo XIII., 524.

Papal states founded, 184; estates of
Matilda obtained, 223; independent of
the empire, 263; declining prosperity,
416; cession of Bologna, Ferrara, the
Romagna, 458; transformation into the
Roman republic, 459; without Romagna,
Bologna, and Ferrara restored to the
pope, 464; incorporated with France,
473; restored to the papacy, 483; Bo-
logna, Ferrara, Romagna, incorporated
with Italy, 402; patrimonium Petri to be
protected by Italy, 503; patrimonium
Petri also incorporated, 518.
Paper, improvement in, 279.
Paphlagonia, 21, 136.
Papin, Denis, 486.

Papirius Carbo, 125, 127, 130, 131; Cursor,
105.

Papists disabling act, 381.
Pappenheim, 311, 312.

Paraguay, discovery of, 286; rule of Fran-
cia, 488.

Paris, Lutetia Parisiorum, occupied by La-
bienus, 139; court-camp of Childebert
I., 181; siege by Otto II., 196; siege by
the Northmen, 201; capital of the French
monarchy (see Laon), 202; entrance of
the allies, 481; second capture, 484;
siege, 517; bombardment, 519: capitu-
lation, 519; second siege, 530. See, also,
France.

Paris, peace of 1763, 422, 439; of 1783,
431, 441 between Sweden and France,
473; of 1814, 481; of 1815, 485; closing
the Crimean war, 501.
Paris, son of Priam, 47.
Paris, Matthew, 235.

66

Parker, archb. of Canterbury, 338.
Parliament, in England, the witan, 177;
p. of Simon of Montfort, 234; taxation
without consent of p., illegal, 266; first
perfect p., 267; separation into two
houses, 268; the "good p.," the won-
derful p.," 269; English in the house
of commons, 271; grand protestation
342; petition of right, 343, scene in the
commons, 343; no p. for 11 years, 344;
the "short p.," 345; the " 'long p.,
345; "Rump," 376; Barebone's p.,"

376; long p. dissolved, 378; resume of
its history, 378, n.; convention P.,
378; "cavalier p.," 378; convention p.,
385; first triennial p., 388; first p. of
Great Britain, 434; first septennial p.,
437; Wilkes, 440; speeches printed, 440;
contractors and revenue officers excluded,
441; first imperial p., 520; Catholics first
admitted, 339; reform act, 540; annual
p. demanded, 542; property qualification
abolished, Jews admitted, 2d reform act,
544.

Parliament of France, explained, 254; mixed
chambers, 324; mixed chambers in 4 par-
liaments, 324; resistance of the p. of
Paris, 366; p. of Paris abolished, but re-
stored, 446; again abolished, 447.
Parliament of Germany, 493-498.
Parma ceded to Spanish Bourbons, 403, 416;
ceded to France, 463; given to Napoleon's
wife, 481; incorporated with Sardinia,
502.

Parma, d. of, 331, 458.
Parmenio, 74, 75.
Parnell, 545.

Parthenon, built, 64; blown up, 416.
Parthenopean republic, kingdom of Naples
transformed into, 460; abolished, 461.
Parthia, on the plateau of Iran, 24; revolt
subdued by Darius, 27; geography of,
29; revolt under Arsaces, 29; kingdom
of, wars with Rome, etc., 30; kingdom
of, 78; Crassus, 140; war with Trajan,
153; dissolution of monarchy, 30, 155.
Partholan, k. of Ireland, 38.

Partition of Poland, I., 411; II., 413; III.,
414.

Partition of Prussia proposed, 404.
Partition treaties, 391.

Paschal II., pope, 201; III., 221.

Paskevitch, 489, 490, 495, 499.

Passarowitz, peace of, 397.

Passau, convention of, 305, 317.
Patkul, 394, 395.

Patná, massacre of, 444.

Patricians, origin, 88, 90; conflicting views
concerning, 94; conflict with the plebei-
ans, 95, 96, 97, 100; create a new office,
but soon lose exclusive control of all
offices, 101.

Paul I., tsar of Russia, 459, 462, 463.
Paul IV., pope, 327.

Paullus, L. Æmilius, 112; consul, falls at
Cannæ, 115; the younger, victory over the
Lusitanians, 118; defeated Perseus, 120.
Paulus Diaconus, 186.
Pausanias, 60, 61, 69.

Pavia, 175; siege, 184; battle of, 303.
Peasants' war, in Germany, 302.

Pedro, I., emp. of Brazil, 488; II., 488.
Peel, Robert, home sec., 539; first adminis
tration, 540; second administration, 542.
Peking, treaty of, 502, 543, 562.

Pelagius, 183.

Pelasgians, 43, 49.

Pelham, Henry, administration, 438.
Pélissier, 500.

Pelopidæ, 44.

Pelopidas, 70, 71.

Peloponnesian war, 64-69.

Persians, 191.

Penates, 84.

Penda, k. of Mercia, 179, 180.
Peninsula campaign of McClellan, 557.
Peninsula War, 471, 537.
Penn, William, 360, 377.
Pennsylvania granted to William Penn,
359; government taken from Penn, 362;
new charter obtained by Penn, 362.
Penny postage in England, 542.
Penobscot, 294, 300

Penrith, battle of, 438.
Penruddock, rebellion of, 376.
"Pensioned," parliament, 378, 381.
Pensions, 552.

Pentarchy of the great powers, 482,
Pentland Hills, battle of, 379.
Pepperell, William, 419.
Pequigny, peace of, 274.
Pequot war, 297.
Perceval, 537.

Percy, Harry (Hotspur), 270.
Perdiccas, 74, 76.
Père la Chaise, 381.

Pergamon, kingdom of, 78, 124.
Pericles, rival of Cimon, 62; administr
tion of, 64; death, 65.
Périer, 486, 527; ministry of, 529.
Perioci, 50.

Perozes, k. of Persia, 189.
Perperna, 132, 133.
Perpetual peace, 319.
Perry, com., at Yedo, 562.
Perseus, k. of Macedonia, 78, 120.
Persia, geography, 24; religion, 24, 25,
revolt under Cyrus, 26; old Persian em.
pire, ib.; conquests of Cambyses and Da
rius, 27; administration of the empire,
28; war with the Greeks of Asia Minor,
ib.; of Europe, 28, 56; decline and fall of
the empire, 29; subject to Parthia, 30;
new Persian empire founded, ib., 155,
187; wars with Rome, 190; restored to
the limits reached under Darius, 191;
conquest by Arabs, 192, 193.

Persian wars, I., II., 56; III., 58; IV.,
60.

Pert, sir Thomas, 285.

Pertinax, Roman emp., 154.

Peru, exploration of, 286; conquest of by
Pizarro, 287; a free state, 488.
Perusia, civil war of, 145.
Pescennius Niger, 155.
Peshwá, 443, 541.

Peter, k. of Aragon, 226; III., 276; IV,
276.

Peter the Cruel, k. of Castile, war with,
258, 276.

Peter I., the Great, tsar of Russia, 374; in
England, 388; war with Charles XII., k.
of Sweden, 394, 395, 896, 410; II., 410;
III., 406, 411.

Peter the Hermit, 200, 213.
Peter de la Mare, 269.
Peter des Roches, 234.

Peter de Vinea, 225.

Peterborough, lord, 434.

Peterborough, sack of, 204.

Peterloo. See Manchester Massacre.
Peterwardein, battle of, 397.

Pétion, 451, 454.

Petrarca, Francesco, 263.

Pharnaces, 142, 143.
Pharsalus, battle of, 141.
Phidias, 64.

161.

Philadelphia, foundation of, 360; occupied
by British, evacuated, 429; centennial
exhibition at, 560.

Philadelphia, burning of the frigate, 549.
Philæni, altars of, 19.

Philip, d. of Anjou. See Philip V., k. of
Spain.

Philip the Fair, archd. of Austria, 253,
301, 328.

Philip the Bold, d. of Burgundy, 258; the
Good, 259.

Philip I., k. of France, 203, 226; II., Au-
gustus, crusade, 215; Bouvines, 223;
reign, 226; intrigues against Richard of
England, 232: trouble over Ingebord,
235; III., le Hardi, 254; IV., le Bel, 254;
V., le Long, 255; VI., 257.
Philip, landgr. of Hesse, 304, 305.
Philip, k. of Macedonia, 71; V., k., war
with Rome, 116, 118; with Antiochus,
119.

Philip, d. of Orleans. See Orleans.
Philip II., k. of Spain, war with Henry
II., of France, 321; claim to French
crown, 324: reign, 330; III., 331; IV.,
331; V., claim urged by Louis XIV., 391;
war of Spanish succession 392; recog-
nized in Spain, 393; claimant for Aus-
trian succession, 400; reign, 414.
Philip of Swabia, emp. of the H. R. E.,

223.

Philip, king, Indian chief, 359.
Philiphaugh, battle of, 348.

Philippi, founded, 71; battle of, 145.

Philippics of Demosthenes, 72; of Cicero,
144.

Philippus Arabs, Roman emp., 156, 188.
Philistines, 7, 8, 14.

Philocrates, peace of, 72.
Philomelus, 72.
Philopomen, 80.

Phips, sir Wm., gov. of Mass., 361.
Phocæans, 19, 26.
Phocion, 70, 79.
Phoebidas, 70.

Phoenicia, Phoenicians, expeditions of Ra-
messu I., 5; war of Psamethik I., 6;
subject to Tiglath-Pileser I., 14: geog-
raphy, 16; religion, 16, 17; constitution
of the cities, 17; Sidon's greatest power,
ib.; voyages and colonies, ib.; rise of
Tyre, 18, foundation of Carthage, ib.;
decline of Phoenician cities, 19; subject
to Assyria, Egypt, Babylon, Persia, ib.;
to Macedon, the Seleucidæ, the Ptole-
mies, 20; retains native rulers under
Persia, 26, 37; P. refuse to assist Camby-
ses against Carthage, 27; revolt sup-
pressed by Artaxerxes III., 29; never
visited Britain, 37.

Phraates, name of several Parthian kings,
1., 29; II., 30; III., first war with Rome,

30; IV., attacked by Antonius, 30. war
with Augustus, 148.

Phraortes, 15, 25.

Phratries, 54.

Phrixos, 46.

Phrygia, 21, 22.

Phylæ, 45, 54.

Piacenza, 416, 467.

Piasts, Poland under the, 277.
Piccolomini, 313, 314. See Æneas Silvius.
Picenum, 81, 83, 141.

Pichegru, 455, 456, 459, 465.
Piedmont, settled by Celts, conquered by
Rome, 35, 118; under the East Goths,
174; under the Langobards, 175, con-
quered by Charles the Great, 184; Caro-
lingians in, 198; Otto I. conquers Be-
rengar of Ivrea, 195, 196; Henry II.
conquers Ardoin, 197; Lombard league
and Frederic Barbarossa, 219-222; Fred-
eric I., 224; divided into small states,
262; under dukes of Savoy, 327; who
became kings of Sardinia, 415; Napoleon
occupies P., 458; Cisalpine republic, 459;
abolished 460; restored, 462; Italian re-
public, 464; Napoleon, k. of Italy, 467;
ceded to France, 467; Lombardo-Vene-
tian kingdom ceded to Austria, 483; rev-
olutionary movements, 487; war between
Austria and Sardinia, 494; intervention
of France, Austrians expelled, 502, 503.
Pierce, Franklin, 555.
Piers Plowman, 268.

Pignerol ceded to France, 325.
Pilgrims, 294.

Pillnitz, conference, 451; declaration 452.
Pilpay, fables of, 191.
Pindar, 73.

Pinerolo, pacification of, 377.
Pinto in Japan, 355.

Pinzon Vincent Yanez, 284.

Pipin, d'Heristal, 183; the Small, k. of the
Franks, 175, 184.

Piræus, fortified, 58, 61, 64; blockade of,
69, 70.

Pirates, war against, 134.

Pisa, conquered by Genoa, 263; council
of, 251.
Pisistratus, 54.

See Chatham.

Pistoria, battle of, 137.
Pitt, William, the elder.
Pitt, William, the younger, sketch of life,
441; first administration, 442, 535; sec-
ond administration, 536; death, 537.
Pius II., pope, 253; VI, 407; VII., con-
secrated Napoleon I., 465; imprisoned,
473; returned to Rome, 482; IX., at-
tempted reforms of, 492; death, 524.
Pizarro, Francisco, 286, 287.
Placida, 161.

Plague in Germany, 248; in London, 379,
Plains of Abraham, battle of, 422.
Plantagenet, house of, 231.
Plassey, battle of, 443.

Platææ, battle of, 60; surrenders, 66.
Plato, 69.

Plebeians, traditional origin, 89; true ori-
gin, 90, 91, 92; admitted to senate, 94;
contest with patricians, 95; tribunes,
95; comitia tributa, 96, 97; secession,
96 one plebeian consul, 101; all offices
opened to, 101, 107.

Plevna, capture of, 522.

Plinius, the elder, 152.
Plistoanax, 63.
"Plon-Plon," 466, 534.
Plowden, sir Edward, 293.
Plunkett, execution of, 382.

Plymouth, council of, 294; surrenders
charter, 297; settlement of, in New Eng-
land, 294.

Plymouth Company, 291, 293.
Pocahontas, 291.

Poischwizt, armistice of, 476.

Poitiers, battle of (Charles Martel), 183;
(Black Prince), 258.

Poitou, acquired by England, 226, 231,
258; lost, 260.

Poland, kingdom formed, 168; war with
Henry II., 197; with Conrad II.; sub-
mits to empire, 198; under the Piasts,
united with Lithuania, 277; Jagallons;
P. an elective monarchy, 352; elector of
Saxony, k. of P., 372; republic, 374;
Stanislaus, k., 395; truce of, 397; war
of the Polish succession, 398, 414; first
division, 411; second, 413; third, 414;
kingdom of, 483; revolution in 490.
Pole, Michael de la, 269.
Pole, Reginald, card., 335, 338.
Polignac ministry, 527.
Polk, James K., 554.
Pollentia, battle at, 171.
Polo, Marco, 242, 282.
Polycrates of Samos, 7.
Polygnotus, 64.
Polysperchon, 76.

Pombal, marquis of, 415.

Pomerania, extinction of the ducal house,
314; given to Sweden and Brandenburg,
316; lost by Sweden, Hither P. given to
Prussia, 396; Hither P. ceded to Den-
mark, 479; to Prussia, 482.
Pompadour, marquise de, 403, 446.
Pompeii, 83, 152.

Pompeius (Magnus), subjected the Jews to
Rome 11; consul, 129; joined Sulla,
131; war with Sertorius, 133; defeats
the pirates, 134; command in Asia, 135;
first triumvirate, 137; consul, 140; de-
feat at Pharsalus, 141; death, 142, 143;
Sextus escaped to Spain, 142; repulsed
Cæsar, 143; treaty with triumvirs, 145;
defeated and died, 146.
Ponce de Leon, 284.
Pondicherri, 443.

Porsena of Clusium, 95.

Port Royal, foundation of, 290; razed by
Argal, 292; captured by Phips, 361; by
English, 363.

Porteous riots in Edinburgh, 438.
Portland, d. of, administration, 537.
Porto Bello captured by Vernon, 438.
Portocarrero, card., 391.

Portugal granted to Henry, count of Bur-
gundy, 240; his son becomes king of
Portugal, ib.; P. reaches its greatest
power, discoveries, and settlements, 276,
280; Portuguese in India, 354; Emman
uel the Great; Spanish province; revolt,
332, 393; house of Braganza; earth-
quake of Lisbon, 415; refuses to join
continental system; occupied by French,
470; peninsula war, 471; revolution, 488.
Poscherun, treaty of, 475.
Potemkin, 412, 413.

Potocki, Felix and Ignaz, 413.
Potosi, mines of, 288.
Poutrincourt, 290.
Powhattan, 291.

Poyning's law. See statute of Drogheda.
Præmunire, statute of, 269, 270.
Prætorship, established, 101; first ple-
beian, 102; limit of age for, 120; num-
ber of, 122; pro-prætors, 122.

Pragmatic sanction of St. Louis, of France,
227; of Charles VII., revoked, 260; of
the emp. Charles VI., 398, 403.

Prague, battle of, 404; compact of, 252;
congress at, 476; peace of, 314, 510; uni-
versity of, founded, 248; secession of
Germans, 251; lectures in Czechish lan-
guage established, 526.
Presbyterians, 350.

President, engagement with the Little Belt,
551.

Pressburg, anti-Jewish riots, 526; peace of,
467.

Preston, 425.

Preston, battle of, 437.

Preston Pans, battle of, 351, 438.
Pretender, old P., 437; young P., 438.
Priam, 47.

Pride's Purge, 351.
Prie, marquise de, 446.
Prim, murdered, 512.

Prince Edward's Island, 287.

Princes in the Tower, murder of, 275.

Princeton, battle of, 428; foundation of

college at, 419.

Pring, Martin, 290.

Printing, invention of, 211, 253, 279.

Probus, Roman emp., 157.

Proconsuls, the first, 105; proconsular

provinces, 123.

Propertius, S., 148.

Property qualification abolished, 544.
Prophets in Israel, 9.

Pro-prætors, 122.

Proscriptions, under Sulla, 132; unde
the second triumvirate, 145.

Protectorate in England, 376.

Protestant union, 308.

Protestants, 303.

Providence, foundation of, 297.

Providence Plantations, charter of, 358.

Provisions of Oxford, 234.

Prusias, 78, 120.