bread, both army, garrison and country." In September the British began the siege; of which Captain John Knox, one of Wolfe's officers, tells the story:

...

Sept. 4, 1759.- We threw a few shells into the town, in the beginning of the night; since that time, all has remained quiet.. This forenoon two ranging officers . . . arrived express from .. Crown-Point: this great journey was performed in twenty-seven days, and the route they took was, first to

Boston, thence up Kennebec River. . . . The intelligence which we have lately. received. . . of the success of our arms at Ticonderoga, Crown-Point and Niagara is confirmed by these expresses.

Sept. 12. ... At nine o'clock this night, our army [embarked] in high spirits [to surprise the citadel of Quebec]. Weather favourable, a star-light night.

Sept. 13.-Before daybreak this morning we made a descent upon the north shore. . . . As fast as we landed, the boats put off for reinforcements, and the troops formed with much regularity: ... General [Wolfe was] ashore with the first division. We lost no time here, but clambered up one of the steepest precipices that can be conceived, being almost a perpendicular, and of an incredible height. As soon as we gained the summit, all was quiet, and not a shot was heard...; it was by this time clear day-light. . . . We then . . . marched . . . till we came to the plains of Abraham; an even piece of ground which Mr. Wolfe had made choice of.

[Then followed the battle;] what galled us most was a body of Indians and other marksmen they had concealed in the cover

and in coppice. [At last the French] gave way.... Our joy at this success is inexpressibly damped by the loss of ... General James Wolfe.... Montcalm died late last night. [When acquainted with the fact that] his wound was mortal, he calmly replied... "So much the better,. I am happy I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Some time before this great

...

man departed, we are assured he paid us this compliment," It is a great consolation to me to be vanquished by so brave and generous an enemy. . . .” After our late worthy General . . was carried off wounded . . . he desired those who were about him to lay him down; . . . One of them cried out "They run, see how they run." "Who runs?" demanded our hero. ... The Officer answered, "The enemy, Sir, . . . they give way everywhere." Thereupon the General rejoined, "Go one of you, my lads, to Colonel Burton tell him. . . to cut off the retreat of the fugitives..." Then, turning on his side, he added, "Now God be praised, I will die in peace:" and thus expired.

BRITISH SOLDIER.

(After Cut in Grant's "British Battles.")

Sept. 18.-The keys of the ports [gates of Quebec] were given up this evening to General Townshend, and the... [English] flag was displayed on the citadel.102

FIRST STUDY ON 14, AND LIST OF EVENTS FROM 1753-1763.

1. If the English could get Quebec, what else could they get? 2. What difficulties had the English to meet in taking Quebec? 3. What difficulties had the French in holding it? 4. How could news get from one part of the army to another at this time? 5. Why did not the messengers from Crown Point go straight through Canada? 6. How did their news help in the siege of Quebec? 7. Why was Quebec attacked by night? 8. What proves that General Montcalm was a generous man? 9. Why would he rather

die than see the surrender of Quebec? 10. What proves that General Wolfe was a cool-headed man? 11. What other quality of character does this same extract prove him to have had? 12. What was the end of the French and Indian War? 13. Point out on the map the territory owned by the English after it was over. 14. How long did it last?

SECOND STUDY ON 13, 14, AND LIST OF EVENTS.

1. Take your outline map for the colonial period and mark with a red cross the English victories in the French and Indian War. 2. Mark with blue the places where the French were victorious. 3. What parts of the country were the centres of the war? 4. Why was Fort Duquesne so important? 5. The forts along Lake Champlain? 6. Quebec? 7. Why was it called the French and Indian War? 8. Why should the colonists on either side make better soldiers than the regular troops sent over from Europe? 9. Why did Washington say that the English must have Indians to fight for them if they were going to succeed? 10. When had the English colonists fought the French colonists before?

Supplementary Reading. — Parkman's The Heights of Abraham, in Library of American Literature, VIII. 104; also, in his Montcalm and Wolfe. Cooper's Last of the Mohicans, and Leather-Stocking Tales.

Along the Mississippi. - The French and Indian War was over, and into the new lands which England had won from France, Englishmen began to press; some, to man the old

French forts, some to trade, some to preach, and some to settle. These are the men who can best tell us of that frontier life. Our first extract is from the journal of an English officer, sent to examine the state of the western country:

The Kaskaskies village. . . consists of 80 houses, well built, mostly of stone, with gardens, and large lots. The inhabitants generally live well, and have large stocks of cattle and hogs.

The French carry on the trade all around us by land and water.

Even the small quantity of skins and furrs [that the Indians hereabouts] get by hunting, is carried under our nose [to the French]....

We hardly have the dominion of the country, or as much credit with the inhabitants as to induce them to give us anything for money, while our neighbors [the French] have plenty on trust.

The French have large boats of 20 tons, rowed with 20 oars, which will go in seventy odd days from New Orleans to the Illinois. These boats go to the Illinois twice a year.

104

A Pioneer Family. Life on the Ohio frontier is thus described by the son of an early settler:

I well remember that, when a little boy, the family were sometimes waked up in the dead of night, by an express with a report that Indians were at hand. The express came softly to the door, or back window, and by a gentle tapping waked the family.... The whole family were instantly in motion. My father seized his gun and other implements of war. My stepmother waked up, and dressed the children as well as she could, and being myself the oldest... I had to take my share of the burdens to be carried to the fort. . . . Besides the little children we caught up what articles of clothing and provisions we could get hold of in the dark, for we durst not light a candle or even stir the fire. All this was done with the utmost despatch and the silence of death. The greatest care was taken not to awaken the youngest child. To the rest it was enough to say, Indian and not a whimper was heard afterwards. Thus it often happened that the whole number of families belonging to a fort who were in the evening at their homes, were all in their little fortress before the dawn of the next morning. 10

Daniel Boone's Entrance into Kentucky. —

It was on the first of May, in the year 1769, that I . . . left my family and peaceful habitation... in North Carolina, to wander through the wilderness of America, in quest of the country of Kentucke, in company with John Finley [and four others]. . . .

On the seventh day of June. . . we found ourselves on Red-River, where John Finley had formerly been trading with the Indians, and from the top of an eminence, saw with pleasure the beautiful level