chase all those furs . . . and the merchants who purchase these make great gain thereby, I assure you.'

STUDY ON 3.

1. Of what country was the Khan lord? 2. What country was "Cipangu"? 3. "Seilan"? 4. "Cathay"? 5. "The Land of Darkness": 6. Give your reasons for thinking so in each case. 7. What new countries did Marco Polo describe to Europe? [See Ptolemy's Map, p. 5.] 8. Why was his evidence about these countries especially valuable? 9. Why should people now be more anxious than ever to find safe and easy ways of getting to India, and the other countries of the east? 10. What made it hard to get to these countries? 11. What were "spices"? 12. Make a list of the products of Asia mentioned in these extracts from Marco Polo. 13. How long after Christ was born did Marco Polo live? (See list, p. 17.),

Supplementary Readings. The return of Marco Polo to Venice, in Yule's Marco Polo, Vol. I., p. 4 of the introduction. Coleridge's Kubla Khan, a poem inspired by the reading of Marco Polo.

LIST OF IMPORTANT EVENTS CONNECTED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOG RAPHY, 1000 B.C.-1492 A.D.

A. BEFORE THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.

Men of Tyre and Sidon trade to Southern Europe.
Herodotus writes on geography and history.

Alexander the Great makes an expedition to India.

B. AFTER THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.

1st Century.

2d Century.

5th Century.

Strabo and Pomponius Mela write works on geography.
Ptolemy's geography appears. (See p. 6.)

Some Chinese priests, according to the Chinese records, sail thousands of miles eastward, and reach a great country they call Fusang.

1095. The Crusades begin, and the Crusaders bring the mariner's

compass into Europe.

REFERENCE MAP OF WESTERN EUROPE.

1170. - Prince Madoc of Wales, with his Welsh companions, is said to have sailed westward, and is thought by some to have reached America. 1271.- Marco Polo's travels begin. (See p. 12.)

14th Century.

Gunpowder begins to be used in Europe.

1402.- Canary Islands colonized.

1419.- Madeira Islands colonized by the Portuguese.

- Printing invented, by German and Dutch workmen.

...

By the help of Almighty God. . . this book was printed . . . in the year of our Lord 1460, in the good town Mainz, belonging to the famous German nation ... and that too, without the help of pen or pencil . . . but by the wonderful fitting together of Types.—Inscription at the end of one of the first books ever printed.8:

...

1460.- Cape Verde Islands discovered by the Portuguese.

1469. The mouth of the Congo discovered by the Portuguese.

1486. — The Cape of Good Hope discovered by the Portuguese. 1471-1492. The writings of Pomponius Mela, Ptolemy, Marco Polo, John Mandeville, and other geographers and travellers, printed; among them, a rare old book called The Image of the World, in which a learned cardinal maintains that one could if the wind were favorable . . . go from the Arabian Gulf to the Pillars of Hercules [Gibraltar] in a few days.?

FIRST STUDY ON LIST.

1. Take outline map of the world, and mark with a blue pencil or paint, the coast-lines of those parts of the world known to Herodotus; in red, the coast-lines of the new parts known to the Romans, in green the coast-lines of those parts discovered by the Northmen, and of those made known to Europe by Marco Polo; in black, of those parts discovered by the Portuguese before 1492. 2. What parts of the world were still unknown to Europe in 1492? 3. Who had made Asia known to Europe? 4. Africa? 5. How long did it take to explore from the Canaries to the Cape of Good Hope? What motive had led people to discover new countries? 7. What land might Fusang have been? 8. Write at least five lines on The way to India before 1492.

SECOND STUDY ON LIST.

1. In what century was printing invented? 2. In what two ways were records kept before this time? 3. Give an example of each way from your previous lessons. 4. Which was the safest of these two ways of keeping records? 5. Why? 6. Why should books be cheaper after printing was

invented? 7. Why should more people learn how to read after printing was invented? 8. Before this, how did most men find out what was in books? (See inscription given from Marco Polo's book, p. 12.) 9. If printing had been invented before Leif discovered Vinland, what might have happened? 10. If gunpowder had been known to the Northmen, how would it have helped them keep Vinland? H. How would the mariner's compass have helped them?-12. How could men tell which way was east or north before they had the compass? 13. When would these means fail them?