wanted no encouragement from any Officer to inflame our Troops with a Martial Spirit. The . . . thoughts of their massacred friends was Sufficient.172

From this time on the British never came south of Detroit, and the Indians were far more peaceful than before.

STUDY ON 13.

1. Why should Kentucky have been called the dark and bloody ground? 2. Give all the proofs you can that the Indians were set on by the British to attack the American settlements. 3. In what other part of the Revo-· lution have we seen the British employing Indians? 4. Why was it meaner for the British to sell scalping-knives to the Indians to use on the Americans than to come and fight us themselves? 5. Why should the English offer so much money for Boone? 6. How did it happen that the people in Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes were French? 7. Under whose rule were they before Clark came? 8. Why should they be so easily persuaded to join Clark against the English? 9. What sort of temper does Clark mean when he says This would have stoped any set of men that was not in the same temper that we was? 10. How did they show this temper? 11. What had put them in this temper? 12. What do we know of Clark's education? 13. How had he been fitted for his work in the Revolution? 14. What states now occupied did he win away from the British? 15. Who might claim it, now that he had won it? 16. Who were the heroes of the West, and why do we call them heroes?

Supplementary Reading.-Daniel Boone's Autobiography. Joseph Doddridge, The Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1763–1783. Albany, 1876. George Rogers Clark, Campaign in the Illinois. Cincinnati, 1869. The Capture of Vincennes, in John Esten Cooke's Stories of the Old Dominion. Roosevelt's Winning of the West, chapters on Clark.

14. LAST YEARS OF THE WAR; ARNOLD; THE HEROES OF KING'S MOUNTAIN.

We marched to the Cowpens - brave Campbell was there,
And Shelby and Cleveland, and Colonel Sevier,

Taking the lead of their bold mountaineers,
Brave Indian fighters, devoid of all fears.

They were men of renown-like lions so bold.
Like lions undaunted, ne'er to be controll'd,
They were bent on the game they had in their eye,
Determined to take it to conquer or die.

- Old Carolina Ballad. 178

Arnold's Treason. One of the saddest events in the latter part of the war was the treason of Benedict Arnold. From the beginning of the Revolution, he had been in trouble with Congress. When, in 1777, five new Major-Generals were ap pointed, he was neglected; and Washington wrote to Congress:

Surely a more active, a more spirited and sensible officer, fills no department in your army... it is not to be presumed, . . . that he will continue in service under such a slight." 174

After some delay, this wrong was righted; but in spite of his gallantry at Saratoga, General Gates said nothing of his services when he reported the battle to Congress. When he had somewhat recovered from his wound, he was given command in Philadelphia. Here he married the daughter of a leading Tory, lived in great style, and became involved in heavy debts. He was thought to have misused public money, and Washington had to reprimand him.

Nevertheless, at his request, Washington gave him the command of West Point. The British were anxious to get posses

sion of this post, and Arnold offered to betray it to them for £6315 and a generalship in the British army.

André, a young British officer, was sent to make the arrangements. On his way back to New York, he was seized and afterwards hanged. Arnold escaped to a British man-of-war and was made a British general. Hardly had he left West Point before Washington arrived, and shortly knew all.

Hamilton brought him the despatch, just before dinner, and Washington communicated its contents to General Knox, alone; saying, "Whom can we trust now?"

When Washington sat down to dinner, no unusual emotion was visible on his countenance. He was grave and silent, but not more so than often happened when recent tidings from the army occupied his thoughts. At the close of the meal he beckoned Lafayette to follow him, passed to an inner apartment, turned to his young friend without uttering a syllable, placed the fatal despatch in his hands, and then, giving way to an ungovernable burst of feeling, fell on his neck and sobbed aloud.... “I believe," said Lafayette in relating this anecdote, "that this was the only occasion throughout that long and sometimes hopeless struggle that Washington ever gave way, even for a moment, under a reverse of fortune; and perhaps I am the only human being who ever witnessed in him an exhibition of feeling so foreign to his temperament. As it was, he [soon] recovered himself, and when we returned to his staff, not a trace remained . . . either of grief or despondency.175

Arnold received his reward, and afterwards fought against his country. A traveller who met him in England wrote:

The innkeeper informed me that one of his lodgers was an American General . . . I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. "No," he replied, and, after a few minutes of silence, noticing my surprise, he added, "I am perhaps the only American who cannot give you letters for his own

country, all my relations I had there are now broken, I must never return to the states." He dared not tell me his name; it was General Arnold! I must confess that he excited my pity... for I was a witness of his agony.176

The Fight at King's Mountain. By midsummer of 1780, the British had gained control of Georgia and South Carolina. But they had no peace in their possession; for Marion, the "Swamp Fox," and Sumter with his men, kept up a constant Indian warfare from the swamps, the woods, and mountains; but the most famous and positive success of the Americans was at King's Mountain. The following account of this sharp fight was gathered from the conversations and letters of those who were engaged in it:

In September, 1780, Maj. Ferguson, who was one of the best and. most enterprising of the British officers in America, had succeeded in raising a large body of Tories, who, with his own corps of regulars, constituted a . . . force of eleven hundred and twenty-five

Ferguson had marched near the Blue Ridge, and [thence sent word to Colonel Shelby, a Carolina pioneer, that unless he surrender] he would come over the mountains, and put him to death, and burn his whole county.

It required no further taunt to rouse the patriotic indignation of Col. Shelby.... [He, with JOHN SEVIER and others, resolved to] raise all the force they could, and attack Ferguson; . . . their united forces numbered about one thousand riflemen.

[The march at the last was through a pouring rain, so that] the men could only keep their guns dry by wrapping their bags, blankets, and hunting shirts around the locks. [Ferguson, meanwhile, had posted himself on King's Mountain.] The summit was bare, while the sides of the mountains were covered with trees. Ferguson's men were drawn up in close column on the summit. .. [Just as the fight began, one of their colonels thus addressed the Southern patriots:] "You are not to wait for the word of com

mand.... I will show you, by my example, how to fight; I can undertake no more. Every man must consider himself an officer, and act from his own judgment. Fire as quick as you can, and stand your ground as long as you can."

The mountain was high, and exceedingly steep. . . . In most places we could not see them till we were within twenty yards of them. They repelled us three times with charged bayonets; but being determined to conquer or die, we came up a fourth time, and fairly got possession of the top of the eminence.

The slaughter of the enemy was great... still Ferguson's proud heart could not think of surrender. He swore he would never yield to such... banditti, and rushed out from his men, sword in hand, and cut away until he broke his sword, and was shot down. His men, seeing their leader fall, immediately surrendered. ... The battle lasted one hour.177

Colonel Shelby afterwards became the first governor of Kentucky; John Sevier was the first governor of Tennessee.

FIRST STUDY ON 14 AND LIST OF REVOLUTIONARY EVENTS.

1. Make a list of the services which Arnold had rendered his country before his treason. (See List of Revolutionary Events.) 2. What were his good qualities as an officer? 3. What was there suspicious about him before his treason? 4. What may have tempted him to commit this act of treason? 5. It may be held that Arnold had really changed his opinion about the Revolution and have become a Tory before 1780; if this were so, ought we still to call him traitor? 6. How could he have acted so as to avoid this name, if he had really turned Tory? 7. Mark with red the British victories from the time of Burgoyne's surrender until Arnold's treason. 8. Mark with blue the American victories. 9. What parts of the country were seats of war? 10. Where did the Americans gain victories that you could not indicate on the map?

SECOND STUDY ON 14 AND REVOLUTIONARY LIST OF EVENTS. 1. Mark on your outline map with red the British victories from the beginning of 1780 to September 1, 1781. 2. Mark with blue the Ameri