STUDY ON II.

1. Why were the New England Federalists discontented with the general government? 2. How was the produce of their forests and fisheries excluded from every foreign market? 3. What did they threaten to do if they were not relieved? 4. What would each of the following classes of people think of the protective tariff? A Kentucky farmer, who raised horses and pigs; a Southern planter, who raised cotton; a New England manufacturer of cotton goods; a Portuguese salt-maker. 5. What did the Southerners mean by saying let them remember, that we are the descendants of a noble ancestry, and profit by the lessons of history? 6. What did the South Carolinians try to nullify by their ordinances? 7. What did they propose to do if they were forced to pay the taxes? 8. What example did they think they were following, when they resolved to do this? 9. How was this case different? 10. What had the Constitution pronounced the duty of Andrew Jackson to be? 11. What did he evidently intend to do if the South Carolinians seceded? 12. What do you understand by a compromise tariff?

Supplementary Reading. · Recollections of a Lifetime, by S. G. Goodrich [Peter Parley], chs. ix. and xvii. of Vol. I.; xxi. of Vol. II.

12. THREATS TO THE UNION;

UNION; THE SLAVERY

QUESTION.

MONROE, J. Q. ADAMS, JACKSON, VAN BUREN, HARRISON, AND TYLER, Presidents.

If I could be instrumental in eradicating this deepest stain upon the character of our country. ; if I could only be instrumental in ridding of this foul blot that revered state which gave me birth, or that not less beloved state which kindly adopted me as her son, I would not exchange the proud satisfaction which I should enjoy for . . . all the triumphs ever decreed to the most successful conqueror. - Speech of Clay in 1827.241

The Missouri Compromise. Another question threatened the Union. That part of the Louisiana Purchase which is now

Missouri was, by 1820, ready to be admitted as a state; the question was whether she should come in with slavery or without. From the diary of John Quincy Adams, then in the Cabinet of President Monroe, we gather something of the history of this question:

[Feb. 23d, 1820.]-... Members of the House of Representatives called upon me, and, conversing on the Missouri slave question, which at this time agitates Congress and the nation, asked my opin ion... of agreeing to a compromise. The division in Congress and the nation is nearly equal on both sides. The argument on the free side is, the . . . duty of preventing the extension of slavery in the immense country from the Mississippi River to the South Sea. The argument on the slave side is, that Congress has no power by the Constitution to prohibit slavery in any State, and, the zealots say, not in any Territory. The proposed compromise is to admit Missouri . . . without any restriction . . . as to slavery, but to prohibit the future introduction of slaves in all territories of the United States north of 36° 30' latitude. I told these gentlemen that my opinion was, the question could be settled not otherwise than by a compromise. . . .

March... 2d. The compromise of the slave question was this day carried in Congress [by the influence of Clay]. .

...

242

The Abolitionists. About 1830, a society was formed in the Northern states, whose principles were as follows:

We maintain... that no man has a right to enslave or imbrute his brother. . .

That every American citizen who retains a human being in involuntary bondage as his property, is, according to Scripture. . . a manstealer.

That the slaves ought instantly to be set free, and brought under the protection of law. . . .

That all those laws which are now in force, admitting the right of slavery, are therefore, before God, utterly null and void. . . .

We maintain that no compensation should be given to the plantsemancipating their slaves. ...

Our trust for victory is solely in God. We may be personally feated, but our principles never! Truth, Justice, Reason, Humanmust and will gloriously triumph. . . .

243

Men who thought like this were called Abolitionists; and their ief paper, the Liberator, edited by William Lloyd Garrison, ways bore the motto,- No Union with Slaveholders.

We can see how the Abolitionists were looked at in the South om the following speech of Mr. Calhoun, the South Carolina Enator:

Under this relation [of slavery] the two races have long lived in eace and prosperity. . . . While the European race has rapidly creased in wealth and numbers... the African race has... a gree of comfort which the laboring classes in few other countries joy.... There is no other example in history in which a savage ople, such as their ancestors were... have ever advanced so pidly in numbers and improvement.

...

It is against this relation between the two races that the blind nd criminal zeal of the Abolitionists is directed a relation that Low preserves in quiet and security more than 6,500,000 human eings, and which cannot be destroyed without destroying the peace nd property of nearly half the states of the Union. . . . It is madess to suppose that the slaveholding States would quietly submit o be sacrificed. Every consideration-interest, duty, and humanty, -the love of country, the sense of wrong,... and, finally, Hespair would impel them to the most daring... defence of property, family, country, liberty, and existence.244

The Slave in Africa. The condition of the negro in Africa may be gathered from the following account which an African slave gives of his early home:

My father. . . contented himself with five wives. My moth was the only one who had a son, and she was, consequently, in hig favor.... [She] taught me to bow down every morning before hideous image which . . . was tolerably well carved, and intende I suppose, to represent the devil: it had a wide mouth stretchin from ear to ear, long tusks, and huge goggle eyes. The words m mother taught me were only a few monotonous petitions to this hideous monster to do me no harm not to burn me, or kill me, or run away with me. It was the worship of fear and terror, not of love.... I remember, at one time, the army having returned, with [my father] at their head of course, bringing fifty prime prisoners that an uncommon jollification was resolved upon and ... a barre of rum and other requisites for the carousal were brought [and they all] continued to drink and smoke and feast during the night.245

[We hear of an African king holding a festival where] abou 500 or 600 of his subjects were sacrificed for his recreation. . Thieves and other offenders, together with the remnant of unpur chased slaves . . . are reserved by them to be sacrificed to their gods; which horrid ceremony takes place at least once a month.246

STUDY ON 12, LIST AND MAPS.

1. What was the Missouri Compromise? 2. Between whom was it made? 3. What free states had been admitted up to this date of 1820? 4. What slave states? 5. What do you notice in regard to the order of their admis sion? 6. Why do you think this order was followed? 7. Take your Out line Map for this period, and mark with a red line the boundary between free! soil and slave soil in 1820. (See index and list.) 8. What was the dif ference between the view that the Abolitionists took and the view of Washington in regard to doing away with slavery? 9. How did they justify' their view? 10. How did he justify his view? 11. How did the Abolitionists threaten the Union in the North? 12. In the South? 13. In what ways were the ancestors of the slaves savages? 14. How did bringing them to this country as slaves civilize them? 15. In which country were their lives safer?

Supplementary Reading. - Lowell's Ode to William Lloyd Garrison. Whittier, Voices of Freedom.

13. TRADE AND LIFE FROM 1815-1845; LOCAL

PICTURES.

MONROE, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, JACKSON, VAN BUREN, HARRISON, AND TYLER, Presidents.

One of the things we were most curious about on arriving in America, was o visit the extreme limits of European civilization. . . . After we left New Work and advanced towards the north-east, our destination seemed to flee before s. We traversed places celebrated in Indian history; we reached valleys amed by them; we crossed streams still called by the names of their tribes; out everywhere the wigwam had given way to the house- - the forest had fallen - where there had been solitude there was now life. A French Traveller in 831.247

The following extracts from newspaper and magazine notices, and from the accounts of travellers will tell us what was being done and what was to be seen in our country in these years of Our history.

At Pittsburgh. —

[1814] This morning the steam boat Vesuvius intended as a regular trader between New Orleans and the falls of Ohio, left Pittsburg.... Everything being in perfect order, she passed... in front of the town. . . firing a salute. Most of the citizens were assembled on the bank as she passed. . . .

I endeavored to keep pace with her along the road which skirts the river. But she moved so rapidly, that after riding three miles and a half in nineteen minutes, I gave up the attempt. . 248

[1820] Whenever the soot-cloud is driven before the wind, long streets are revealed lined with well-built . . . dwellings, with here and there a stately mansion, or dusky palace belonging to some lord of coal-pits and ore-beds.

Hark! how enterprise and industry are raging away! while steam and water power shake the hills to their very foundations! . . . every breeze is redolent with nameless odours of factories and work-shops;