6. Idea of the South-west in 16th Century, after Sloane MSS. 7. Reference Map of Mexico, Central America, and the Indies

8. Reference Map of Physical Geography and Native Races of North America. Colored.

9. Joliet's Map of North America

10. Reference Map of French Settlements in North America (MacCoun). Colored .

11. Reference Maps of English Settlements in North America:

15

Facing

16

Facing

20

38

50

Facing

51

88

Facing 100

14. Reference Map of Mississippi Valley

15. Land Claims of the Thirteen Original States (MacCoun). Col

187

Facing 195

18. Reference Map of United States West of the Mississippi,

Facing 283

19. Reference Map of British America .

20. Charleston Harbor

21. Reference Map for Civil War

290

.

326

22. Reference Map of United States in 1891.

OUTLINE MAPS NEEDED FOR WORK.

1. Outline Map of World.

2. Outline Map of North America.

3. Outline Map of United States West to Santa Fé. tline Map of United States West to Mississippi.

5. Outline Map of United States West from Mississippi.

6. Outline Map of Southern and Middle States for use in Civil War.

GROUP I.

GEOGRAPHY BEFORE COLUMBUS: 1000 B.C.-1492 A.D.

1. WHAT THE ANCIENTS KNEW ABOUT GEOGRAPHY.

And we set in order all the gear throughout the ship and sat us down; and the wind and the helmsman guided our barque. And all day long her sails were stretched in her seafaring; and the sun sank and all the ways were darkened. She came to the limits of the world, to the deep-flowing Ocean. - HOMER, Odyssey, xi.1

(From Alabaster Slab found in the Palace of Sennacherib. - RAWLINSON'S Phoenicia.)

The Men of Tyre and Sidon. - A thousand years before Christ was born, the men of Tyre and Sidon were putting to sea

[The small figures scattered through the text refer to the list of authorities placed after the index; the... found throughout the extracts indicate omissions.]

in their good ships of cedar and fir, with cargoes of cloth, scar let and blue, with trinkets of glass and porcelain, with fine cut gems and fragrant spices; and sailing along the Mediterranean and about the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea, they traded off their wares for all manner of things, and brought home again to their great gay fairs, linen from Egypt and silver from Spain, — spices and wool and precious woods from Arabia, gems from Persia, -slaves and silver and wool from Greece, — ebony, ivory and slaves from the African shore.

Herodotus and the Greeks.

- The men of Tyre and Sidon never made any record of what they knew about geography, but the Greeks, after they came to be civilized, tried to make maps of those parts of the world which were known. These early maps are now all lost, but we can form an idea of how they looked from what Herodotus wrote about the world. He was a Greek of Asia Minor, who lived and wrote about 500 years before Christ. He says:

The extreme parts of the inhabited world somehow possess the most excellent products. . . . For in the first place, India is the farthest... toward the east...: in this part then all animals . . are much larger than they are in other countries. . . . In the next place, there is abundance of gold there. . . . And certain wild trees there bear wool... that in beauty and quality excels that of sheep; and the Indians make their clothing from these trees. Again, Arabia is the farthest of inhabited countries towards the south; and this is the only region in which grow frankincense, myrrh, cassia, cinnamon...; and there breathes from Arabia, as it were, a divine odour. [Towards the south-west, Ethiopia is] the extreme part of the habitable world. It produces much gold, huge elephants, . . . and ebony. . . .

These, then, are the extremities of Asia and Libya [Africa]. Concerning the western extremities of Europe... though I have

diligently inquired, I have never been able to hear from any man who has himself seen it, that there is a sea on that side of Europe.2

Within a hundred years after this, the Greeks knew that the world was a sphere, and suspected that India could be reached by sailing westward from Spain.

The Roman Geographers. About the time that Christ was born, the Romans were the strongest and most civilized people in the world; and about 43 A.D. one of them wrote a book on geography in which we find the following description of India:

ROMAN IDEA OF THE WORLD. (Adapted from Ptolemy's Geography of 1507.)

India is a fertile land, rich in sundry sorts of men and beasts. There grow ants no smaller than the biggest dogs, which, they say, like griffins, guard the gold dug from the depths of the earth, putting those that touch it in danger of their lives. So fat and fertile is the soil in places, that honey droppeth from the leaves and the trees bear wool. . . .

Near Tamos [in India], is the Golden Isle, and near Ganges, the Silvery Isle; and the Ancients say, that the soil of the one is gold, and that of the other, silver.3