men,* who were styled "The Lord's Proprietors of the Province of Carolina."

The new company was granted almost as great powers as had been given to Calvert, and little was asked in return except allegiance to the Crown. The future freemen of the colony were to give their consent to legislation, but otherwise, that too was in the power of the grantees. No colony in America started out with such grand plans as this. The territory was immense; the charter provided for officers with highsounding titles, and for a hereditary nobility hedged in in such a way that no others than those of the privileged class could ever enter it, a "chamberlain's court," with control of all fashions, habits, badges, games and sports, a grand Council of Appeal, and provision for freedom of conscience, though the Church of England was established as "the only true and orthodox" religion. This complicated and singular constitution was framed by John Locke, the philosopher. The admirers of the great Shaftesbury fondly thought that it would endure forever, and yet before it actually reached the colonists, they had met in legislative assembly and established a simple code of laws that became the actual statutes of the Carolinas; were confirmed by the proprietors, and re-enacted in 1715.

The colonists who came over at first were not of the classes adapted to build up a pioneer settlement. The settlements did not thrive; and though parties came from New England, New York, Scotland, Ire

* These proprietors were the Duke of Albemarle (General Monk), the historian Clarendon, the Earl of Craven, Lord John Berkeley, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Baron Ashley (from 1672, Earl of Shaftsbury), Sir George Carteret, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, of Virginia, younger brother of Lord Berkeley.

land, and France, besides the Mother Country, there were constant troubles and little progress. Few towns were founded, but the people lived on plantations somewhat remote from each other. Carolina was a harbor for the persecuted. The first minister arrived in 1672. He was a Friend, and was well received. In the autumn of the same year George Fox, the founder of the Friends, arrived and was welcomed to a safe asylum. He became guest of the Governor, and expounded to him as well as to others, the doctrines of his sect. He departed as he had come, without molestation. The settlers were of various sorts. There were poor cavaliers, dissenters from England, Dutch from the New Netherlands, Presbyterians from Scotland, Huguenots from France, sent from their homes. by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, some Irish, and many from Virginia, who fled from justice.

William Penn, son of Sir William Penn, the English Admiral in the time of Charles II., bought the proprietary rights in the colonies of the Friends in the Jerseys, in 1682, and having, in 1681, received from the crown a patent for the territory now forming the State of Pennsylvania,* he drew up a liberal scheme of government, and prepared to embark with a colony. Being of Welsh family, Penn intended to call the new State New Wales, but King Charles insisted that it should be named Pennsylvania. No one was to be forced to attend or support any religious service whatever, and all who acknowledged one eternal God were

* In payment of a debt of sixteen thousand pounds due to his father. The land granted is described in the charter, now in existence at Harrisburg, as the "tract of land in America lying north of Maryland, on the east bounded with Delaware River, on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable.”

WILLIAM PENN ARRIVES.

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to be allowed freedom of conscience, the privileges being greater than those offered by the proprietors of Carolina, who did not propose to tolerate Jews.

There had been other attempts at settlement in Pennsylvania before this. In 1643, a Swedish colony was formed at Tinicum Island, under John Printz, and Chester (then Uplandt) was founded in 1648. Many emigrants were immediately attracted to Pennsylvania. A German company under Franz Pastorius, bought fifteen thousand acres, and three vessels came over under the direction of William Markham, a cousin of Penn, in 1681. The next year Penn himself arrived on the ship Welcome, with one hundred emigrants, mostly Friends. He landed at Newcastle (Delaware), was warmly received, and in November visited the site. of Philadelphia, where a house was already partially completed. Here he laid out squares, streets, and avenues, some of which still retain the names he gave them; the city itself bearing a name that he fixed upon it with the hope of establishing there a feeling of brotherly love.

On the fourteenth of October, 1682, Pein met the Indians of the Lenni Lenape nation, under an old elm at Kensington (then Shackamaxon), to confirm a treaty which had been made with them, and so firmly was it established, and so well kept, that the savages respected its terms for sixty years, and there was no war with the Indians before the Revolution.*

The next year a school was begun. The first yearly *Penn's grant covered the tracts upon which the Swedish settlements had been established for more than a generation, and conflicting claims arose which were not all adjusted with the same equity that Penn has been represented as having practised in dealing with the Indians.