ROSE-ROSE ACACIA.

The genus Lowea has been separated from Rosa by Lindley, chiefly on account of the simple leaves. The only known species is a native of Central Asia.

which sends forth branching excrescences, so that yellow externally, and bright red on the inside.— It seems overgrown with moss, the flower-which The INDIAN R., or CHINA R. (R. Indica), is a native is only known as a double rose-being exquisitely of China, was thence carried to India, and is now also beautiful and fragrant; the PROVENCE or CABBAGE common in Europe, being a hardy plant, which does R., one of the most common, and also one of the not suffer from the frosts of winter in any part of finest roses; the small-flowered BURGUNDY R., &c. Britain, although it was at first introduced as a -The FRENCH R. (R. Gallica) is a native of the greenhouse plant. It is one of the most important south of Europe. Many varieties of it are culti- additions recently made to our flower-gardens and vated, particularly very beautiful double ones. It shrubberies; flowering not only in the middle of is distinguished by its hard leaves, which have a summer, with the other roses, but throughout the peculiar dryness, and its much expanded petals. year, even in winter, when the weather is mild. It has a fainter smell than R. centifolia, but its It is now very common throughout Europe. The petals are more astringent, and are preferred for name MONTHLY R. is often given to it from a notion the preparation of Vinegar of Roses and Conserve of that it flowers every month. The NOISETTE R., Roses-The DAMASCUS or DAMASK R. (R. Damas-remarkable for its extremely rich corymbs, and the cenai, a native of Syria, is much cultivated, and is TEA R., of which the dried leaves have a fine sometimes called the MONTHLY R., which name, fragrance, and are said to be used in China for however, is more frequently given to the China flavouring tea, are regarded as varieties of it. The Bose. The Musk R. (R. moschata) is a native of odour of the flower is much fainter than that of the north of Africa and the south of Spain. Its many other roses; and the bush is never large. flowers have a strong and delightful fragrance; Some kinds of R., as the China R., are easily they are white, and disposed in rich corymbs. It propagated by cuttings, the other kinds by layers. has been cultivated in England since the end of The finer varieties are budded on stocks of some the 16th century.-The DoG R. (R. canina) is com- common kind. Many of the kinds require much mon in Britain, and throughout Europe, also in pruning and attention of the gardener. The old the north of Asia, growing in thickets and hedges. shoots are cut out, and the young wood thinned It varies, even in a wild state, in the colour of its and shortened. The flowering of a rose-bush may flowers, which are red, pale, or white. It has long be retarded by cutting it closely down late in straight shoots, which are often used as stocks for spring, and it will blossom when other roses have ornamental rose-trees, other kinds of R. being disappeared. Roses grow well in all ordinary soils, badded upon them. The bark of the root was but are very sensitive to atmospheric influences, formerly esteemed of peculiar virtue in preventing and do not succeed amidst the smoke of towns. fatal consequences from the bite of a mad dog; whence the name of the species.-The VILLOUS R. (R. rillosa), another common British species, has the fruit larger and more fleshy than the Dog Rose. The leaves are downy.-The FIELD R. (R. arvensis) is common in many parts of Britain, in woods and bedges. It has white flowers. It is remarkable for its trailing habit, and long climbing or pendulous twigs, on account of which it is frequently planted and trained to cover walls and trellises. It is often called the AYRSHIRE R., although that name is shared by another kind of similar habit, which is regarded as a deciduous variety of the EVERGREEN R. (R. sempervirens), a native of the south of Europe. These often make shoots of 20 feet in a season. Of the same habit also is the MANY-FLOWERED R. (R. multiflora), a native of China and Japan, a very fine species, but not amiciently hardy for the colder parts of Britain.Very different in habit is the SCOTCH R., or BURNET-LEAVED R. (R. spinosissima), a species common on heaths, sands, and chalk downs, in many parts of Britain; a low compact bush, with very small leaves and flowers. It is occasionally ROSE, in Heraldry. The heraldic rose is drawn found in unfertile situations, so dwarfed in size as in a conventional form, as in the subjoined woodcut, not to measure more than three inches from the and never with a stalk, except when expressly very tip of the root to the centre of the flower directed by the words of blazon. Being (which is undiminished in size). Many fine double sometimes argent and sometimes gules, varieties are now in cultivation.-The ALPINE R. it cannot be designated proper; but (R. Alpina) is a beautiful ornament of the Alps and when blazoned barbed and seeded of other mountains of Central Europe, remarkable proper,' it is meant that the barbs are for its flower-stalks bending down in an arch after to be green, and the seeds gold or flowering-The SWEET BRIER R. (R. rubiginosa) yellow. The rose gules was the badge is a bushy species, with small leaves and flowers, of the Plantagenets of the House of s native of Britain, but more common in some Lancaster, and the rose argent of that of York. parts of continental Europe, growing in open bushy The York rose was sometimes surrounded with rays places, and remarkable for the sweet balsamic as of the sun, and termed rose en soleil. As a mark smell of its leaves, on account of which it is much of cadency, the rose has been used as the difference planted in hedges and shrubberies. A kindred of the seventh son. species (R. suaveolens) is found in North America. -The YELLOW R. (R. lutea), a native of Germany, is chiefly remarkable for the colour of its flowers, which, however, have a disagreeable bug-like odour. A fine variety is much cultivated, with petals

The fruit of roses is used in medicine. See HIP. A mildly astringent and agreeable syrup, and other preparations, are made from the rapidly dried petals and buds of the French rose. A syrup is similarly made from the petals of the Hundred-leaved R.; and water distilled from them, Rose Water, is employed for various purposes on account of its agreeable odour. Rose Vinegar, made by steeping rose petals in vinegar, is useful as an external application in headaches, for dissipating unpleasant smells in apartments, &c. Conserve of Roses is made of the petals of roses pounded with sugar, and is useful as an astringent in diarrhoea of children. Oil or Otto (q. v.) of Roses is one of the most valuable of perfumes.

Rose-bushes are often much injured by a species of Aphis (A. rosa), a small green insect, which swarms upon the leaves. A reddish fungus, Puccinia rose, often covers the leaves in the latter part of summer.

Rose.

ROSE, THE, a popular name for Erysipelas (q. v.), which is also known as St Anthony's Fire, Ignis Sacer, &c.

ROSE ACACIA. See ROBINIA.

ROSCOMMON-ROSE

spirit, especially with reference to the Reformation, Church, and the rest Protestants of other dea were severely criticised by others.

nations. R. dates from the 13th c., when it are R. at one time had thoughts of adopting the bar around a Dominican abbey, founded by the O Conse as a profession; but about the year 1800, he became in 1257, and a castle built soon after by Sir Robert partner in a Liverpool bank, a step which involved de Utford, the remains of both of which struct r him eventually in great pecuniary embarrassment. still exist. R. is a market-town, in which era s In 1806, he was returned to parliament for Liver- the principal commodity. It has scarcely any pool in the Whig interest, and had the gratification manufacture, and little commercial enterprise of taking part in the abolition of the slave-trade, any kind. It returned two members to the Irish but did not again come forward after the dissolu- parliament, but was disfranchised at the Union. tion in 1807. He was, throughout, a consistent opponent of the war with France, against which he published several pamphlets, and was on all points the advocate of liberal opinions. He took an active part in founding the Liverpool Royal Institution, and was a zealous promoter of literature, and patron of the tine arts. R. died at Liverpool, June 30, 1831. During the latter years of his life, he devoted himself much to the study of botany, and in honour of him, a rare genus of Monandrian plants

received in 1826 the name Roscoea.

ROSCOMMON, an inland county of Ireland, in the east of the province of Connaught, and bounded on the east by the river Shannon, is 60 miles long from north to south, by 40 miles from east to west. Area, 607,691 acres, of which 440,522 are arable, and 142,900 were under crop in 1862. The population, in 1861, was 175,436, of whom 150,490 were Catholics, 5227 were Protestants of the Established Church, and the rest Protestants of other denominations. The surface of R., which belongs to the central plains of Ireland, is level, with undulations rising in the south into the Slieve Bawn range, the highest point of which is 867 feet in height; and on the north, into the Curlew Mountains, of which Slieve Curkagh attains a height of 1098 feet. Its principal rivers are the Shannon (q. v.) and the Suck. R. communicates by means of the Midland Great Western, the Southern and Western, and North-western railways, with all the extremities of the kingdom. In geological structure, it belongs to the central limestone formation, in some districts of which the sandstone protrudes. The soil in the central district is in general light, but fertile, sad affords the finest sheep-pasture in Ireland --the celebrated Plain of Boyle. Some portions also contain a rich and fertile loam, which produces good cereal crops; but the chief industry of the R. farming population is the feeding of sheep and cattle, especially the former.-The county can hardly be said to possess any manufacture worthy

of mention. The chief towns are Roscommon

ROSCREA', a market-town of the enty of

Tipperary, Ireland, 94 miles south-west-by west from Dublin, with which it is connected by a firan a from the Great Southern and Western R1war. The population, in 1861, was 3543, of whom 27 were Catholics, 243 Protestants of the Establishe Church, with a few dissenters. R. is a very ancient town, dating back to the early Christian perisi, when a monastery was built upon this site in the beginning of the 7th century. The modern to wa is tolerably well built; the Roman Catholic Char n is a handsome structure; and there are coussiere able remains of the ancient greatness of the place— a castle, a lofty round tower, 80 feet high, ani ruma of two abbeys. The only manufacture is coarse woollen cloth, but there is a considerable mark-s for agricultural produce. There are several schools, some with endowments of ancient date.

ROSE (Rosa), a genus of plants of the natural order Rosacea, consisting of shrubs, generally with prickly steins and pinnate leaves, the leaves ter minating in a single leaflet; stipules at the base of the leaf-stalks; the calyx 5-tid, its tube contracted at the summit, and finally becoming fleshy, ani forming a chief part of the fruit; the corella o¿ five petals; the stamens numerous; the sty.s springing from the narrowed throat of the caI, free, or aggregated into a column. The flowers are generally of the red tint well known as rose-cour sometimes striped. The fruit (Hip or Hẹp com but sometimes white, more rarely yellow, an gists of the enlarged and coloured tube of the caly I within which are contained many Achenua (q. vj amidst prickly hairs. The species are very name rous, even after allowance has been made for There is no genus of plants in which the linaits of great number of varieties elevated into species. species are more difficult to detine, or in wuch In Withering's British Botany, published nar tie varieties are more apt to be regarded as spe end of last century, only five British spies of la (q. v.), Boyle, Castlerea, Elphin, Strokestown. are given; in Hooker and Arnott's British Fr Ballinasloe and Athlone lie upon the border, and are reckoned as species by some botanists, are notari 19 species are recognised, whilst many TIDA, partly within this county. R., in the ante- English period, was the country of the septs of MacDermot, as mere varieties. O'Daly, O'Kelly, and above all, O'Conor, of which temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, and there were two branches, that of the O'Conor Roe of its colder regions, even to Lapland and Haisem (red), and that of O'Conor Don or Dhun (brown). Bay. They have long been among the chief The present representative of the O'Conors, the favourites in flower gardens, for the beauty O'Conor Don, is one of the very few Irish princes other flower, emblems of everything beautaral fragrance of their flowers; and, more than any who have succeeded to the hereditary estates of delightful. Countless varieties-single and deZ»«, «® R. sends two members to the imperial parliament.have been produced by cultivation, which it It possesses a vast number of antiquities of the often extremely difficult to refer to their on, sal Celtic period, raths, &c.; a portion of a round species-Amongst the ancients, the R was sacred tower at Oran, several remains of strong castles of to Eros or Cupid, and Aphrodite or Venus, and the English period, and some fine ecclesiastical was accounted the emblem of joy and love, and at ruins, of which Boyle, Roscommon, Tulsk, and the same time of prudence. Its opening bruis ats a favourite poetic image of innocence and purity — Clonshanville are the principal. Among the roses best known to the ancients the HUNDRED-LEAVED R. (R. centifolia), excessed by no other species in beauty and fragrance. It is a native of the Caucasus, and has been cultivatest in gardens from very ancient times. Amort a numberless varieties are the Moss R., the càiză vá

their ancestors.

ROSCOMMON, the capital and assize town of the county of the same name, Ireland, in the middle of the county, 96 miles west-by-north from Dublin. The population, in 1861, was 2699, of whom 2406 were Catholics, 253 Protestants of the Established

Roses are natives of all the

ROSE ROSE ACACIA.

yellow externally, and bright red on the inside.—
The INDIAN R., or CHINA R. (R. Indica), is a native
of China, was thence carried to India, and is now also
common in Europe, being a hardy plant, which does
not suffer from the frosts of winter in any part of
Britain, although it was at first introduced as a
greenhouse plant. It is one of the most important
additions recently made to our flower-gardens and
shrubberies; flowering not only in the middle of
summer, with the other roses, but throughout the
year, even in winter, when the weather is mild.
It is now very common throughout Europe. The
name MONTHLY R. is often given to it from a notion
that it flowers every month. The NOISETTE R.,
TEA R., of which the dried leaves have a fine
fragrance, and are said to be used in China for
flavouring tea, are regarded as varieties of it. The
odour of the flower is much fainter than that of
many other roses; and the bush is never large.
Some kinds of R., as the China R., are easily
propagated by cuttings, the other kinds by layers
The finer varieties are budded on stocks of some
common kind. Many of the kinds require much
pruning and attention of the gardener. The old
shoots are cut out, and the young wood thinned
and shortened. The flowering of a rose-bush may
be retarded by cutting it closely down late in
spring, and it will blossom when other roses have
disappeared. Roses grow well in all ordinary soils,
but are very sensitive to atmospheric influences,
and do not succeed amidst the smoke of towns.

The genus Lowea has been separated from Rosa by Lindley, chiefly on account of the simple leaves. The only known species is a native of Central Asia.

which sends forth branching excrescences, so that it seems overgrown with moss, the flower-which is only known as a double rose--being exquisitely beautiful and fragrant; the PROVENCE OF CABBAGE R., one of the most common, and also one of the finest roses; the small-flowered BURGUNDY R., &c. -The FRENCH R. (R. Gallica) is a native of the south of Europe. Many varieties of it are cultivated, particularly very beautiful double ones. It is distinguished by its hard leaves, which have a peculiar dryness, and its much expanded petals. It has a fainter smell than R. centifolia, but its petals are more astringent, and are preferred for the preparation of Vinegar of Roses and Conserve of Roses-The DAMASCUS or DAMASK R. (R. Damas-remarkable for its extremely rich corymbs, and the cena), a native of Syria, is much cultivated, and is sometimes called the MONTHLY R., which name, however, is more frequently given to the China Rose. The MUSK R. (R. moschata) is a native of the north of Africa and the south of Spain. Its flowers have a strong and delightful fragrance; they are white, and disposed in rich corymbs. It has been cultivated in England since the end of the 16th century.-The DoG R. (R. canina) is common in Britain, and throughout Europe, also in the north of Asia, growing in thickets and hedges. It varies, even in a wild state, in the colour of its flowers, which are red, pale, or white. It has long straight shoots, which are often used as stocks for ornamental rose-trees, other kinds of R. being budded upon them. The bark of the root was formerly esteemed of peculiar virtue in preventing fatal consequences from the bite of a mad dog; whence the name of the species.-The VILLOUS R. (R. villosa), another common British species, has the fruit larger and more fleshy than the Dog Rose. The fruit of roses is used in medicine. See HIP. The leaves are downy.-The FIELD R. (R. arvensis) A mildly astringent and agreeable syrup, and other is common in many parts of Britain, in woods and preparations, are made from the rapidly dried petals hedges. It has white flowers. It is remarkable and buds of the French rose. A syrup is similarly for its trailing habit, and long climbing or pendu-made from the petals of the Hundred-leaved R.; and lous twigs, on account of which it is frequently water distilled from them, Rose Water, is employed planted and trained to cover walls and trellises. It for various purposes on account of its agreeable is often called the AYRSHIRE R., although that odour. Rose Vinegar, made by steeping rose petals name is shared by another kind of similar habit, in vinegar, is useful as an external application in which is regarded as a deciduous variety of the headaches, for dissipating unpleasant smells in EVERGREEN R. (R. sempervirens), a native of the apartments, &c. Conserve of Roses is made of the south of Europe. These often make shoots of petals of roses pounded with sugar, and is useful 20 feet in a season. Of the same habit also is the as an astringent in diarrhoea of children. Oil or MANY-FLOWERED R. (R. multiflora), a native of Otto (q. v.) of Roses is one of the most valuable of China and Japan, a very fine species, but not perfumes. ufficiently hardy for the colder parts of Britain.— Very different in habit is the SCOTCH R., or BURNET-LEAVED R. (R. spinosissima), a species common on heaths, sands, and chalk downs, in many parts of Britain; a low compact bush, with very small leaves and flowers. It is occasionally ROSE, in Heraldry. The heraldic rose is drawn found in unfertile situations, so dwarfed in size as in a conventional form, as in the subjoined woodcut, not to measure more than three inches from the and never with a stalk, except when expressly very tip of the root to the centre of the flower directed by the words of blazon. Being (which is undiminished in size). Many fine double sometimes argent and sometimes gules, varieties are now in cultivation.-The ALPINE R. it cannot be designated proper; but (R. Alpina) is a beautiful ornament of the Alps and when blazoned barbed and seeded of other mountains of Central Europe, remarkable proper,' it is meant that the barbs are for its flower-stalks bending down in an arch after to be green, and the seeds gold or flowering. The SWEET BRIER R. (R. rubiginosa) yellow. The rose gules was the badge is a bushy species, with small leaves and flowers, of the Plantagenets of the House of a native of Britain, but more common in some Lancaster, and the rose argent of that of York. parts of continental Europe, growing in open bushy The York rose was sometimes surrounded with rays places, and remarkable for the sweet balsamic as of the sun, and termed rose en soleil. As a mark smell of its leaves, on account of which it is much of cadency, the rose has been used as the difference planted in hedges and shrubberies. A kindred of the seventh son. species (R. suaveolens) is found in North America. -The YELLOW R. (R. lutea), a native of Germany, chiefly remarkable for the colour of its flowers, which, however, have a disagreeable bug-like odour. A fine variety is much cultivated, with petals

Rose-bushes are often much injured by a species of Aphis (A. rosa), a small green insect, which swarms upon the leaves. A reddish fungus, Puccinia rosa, often covers the leaves in the latter part of summer.

Rose.

ROSE, THE, a popular name for Erysipelas (q. v.), which is also known as St Anthony's Fire, Ignis Sacer, &c.

ROSE ACACIA. See ROBINIA.

ROSE APPLE-ROSENMÜLLER.

ROSE-NOBLE-ROSETTA.

in Vetus Testamentum (11 vols. Leip. 1788-1835), is be of most frequent occurrence during the prevala most comprehensive and learned production, well ence of measles and scarlatina. The diseases with worthy of consultation on any important point of which it may be confounded are erythema, measles, biblical criticism. Other works of R.'s are: Handbuch and scarlatina, and it is sometimes impossible to für die Literatur der biblischen Kritik und Exegese (4 discriminate with certainty between roseola and vols. Gött. 1797-1800); Das alte und neue Morgen-mild cases of scarlatina, when the former is lad oder Erläuterungen der Heiligen Schrift (6 vols. attended with sore throat. The treatment is very Leip. 1818-1820); Handbuch der biblischen Alter- simple, as the disease would probably always thuiskunde (4 vols. Leip. 1823-1831); Institutiones terminate favourably if left entirely to itself. If od Fundamenta Lingua Arabica (Leip. 1818); and there is a suspicion that the case should turn Asalecta Arabica (2 vols. Leip. 1825-1826).-A out to be one of scarlatina, an emetic of ipecayounger brother, JOHANN CHRISTIAN ROSENMÜLLER cuanha should be given, and the bowels should b. 1771, d. 1820), also acquired a reputation as a be freely acted on. In ordinary cases, a few days' writer on anatomy, &c. confinement to the house, a spare and non-stimuROSE-NOBLE (commonly called also penny of lating diet, saline laxatives such as Seidlitz pow. gold), an English gold coin, first struck by King ders-and an occasional warm bath, if there is much Edward III. in 1334, and current at the value of cutaneous irritation, or if the eruption has a ten6 8d. sterling; half-nobles, oboli, or gold half-dency to recede too suddenly, constitute all the treatment that is expedient. pence, and quarter-nobles, otherwise called gold farthings and quadrantes, were also coined soon after. The term 'rose-noble' was given to the coin because it was of the same value as the noble,' a money of account, and was stamped on one side with the figure of a rose. The Rose-noble and its haives and quarters ceased to be coined after 9 Henry V.; but the ‘noble,' the money of account, was used till a much more recent period.-The noble also existed in the Scotch coinage, and was equivalent to one-twelfth of the English coin.

ROSE OF JERICHO (Anastatica hierochuntica), a plant of the natural order Crucifera, which grows in the sandy deserts of Arabia; and on rubbish, the roofs of houses, and other such situations, in Syria and other parts of the East. It is a small, bushy, herbaceous plant, seldom more than six inches high; with small white flowers; and after it has flowered, the leaves fall off, and the branches become incurved towards the centre, so that the plant assumes an almost globular form, and in this state it is often blown about by the wind in the desert. When it happens to be blown into water, the branches expand again, and the pods open and let out the seeds. Numerous superstitions are connected with this plant, which is called Rosa Maria, or Rose of the Virgin. If taken up before it is quite withered, the plant retains its hygrometric property of contracting in drought and expanding in moisture, for

years.

ROSES, WAR OF THE, a disastrous civil contest which desolated England during the 30 years from 1455 to 1485, sacrificing 80 princes of the blood, and the larger proportion of the ancient nobility of the country. It was so called because the two factions into which the country was divided upheld the two several claims to the throne of the Houses of York and Lancaster, whose badges were the white and the red rose respectively. After the House of Lancaster had possessed the throne for three generations (see PLANTAGENET), Richard, Duke of York, whose title to the throne was superior to that of Henry VI., began to advance, at first somewhat covertly, his claim to the throne. In 1454, he was appointed Protector of the realm during Henry's illness, and on the king's recovery, he declined to give up his power, and levied an army to maintain it. For an account of the Wars of the Roses, see EDWARD IV., EDWARD V., RICHARD III., and HENRY VII. The accession of Henry VII. may be said to have terminated the Wars of the Roses, although the reign of Henry was from time to time disturbed by the pretensions of Yorkist impostors.

ROSETTA, a city of Egypt, situated on the west bank of the old Bolbitic branch of the Nile, about 4 miles above the mouth, in 31° 25′ N. lat., and 30° 28' 20' E. long. The name is supposed to be an old Egyptian one, and to have been derived from Rusat, or the mouth of the plains. Here was discovered ROSEO'LA is a common skin disease, included in the so-called Rosetta Stone, or trilingual inscription the division Rashes, and sometimes described under in the hieroglyphic, demotic or enchorial, and Greek the term Scarlet Rash. In some cases, it begins with language, which was the key to the interpretation of light febrile symptoms and gastric disturbance, the hieroglyphs. It is of black basalt, about 3 feet which subside in two or three days, when the rash 7 inches in length, and 2 feet 6 inches in width, appears; in other cases, no preliminary fever occurs. containing about one-third of the hieroglyphic, and The eruption first appears upon the face, neck, and nearly all the Greek and Roman portions, the upper test, in specks or small patches, which have a ten-part and portion of the side having been broken dency to coalesce; and in severe cases, the whole away. The contents of the inscription are a decree Furface of the body assumes a uniformly red tint. in honour of Ptolemy Epiphanes by the priests The eruption is usually accompanied by itching of of Egypt assembled in a synod at Memphis, on the affected parts, and by redness and slight soreaccount of his remission of arrears of taxes and dues nes of the throat, and seldom lasts more than two owed by the sacerdotal body. It was set up 195 or three days, when it gradually fades away; and B. C., and is the only one of the numerous examples its disappearance is not followed by the desquamation ordered to be placed which has been brought to of epidermis, which is one of the natural sequela of light. This monument was discovered in 1799 by scarlatina and certain other skin diseases. The rash M. Boussard, a French officer of engineers, during difers considerably in appearance in different cases. the French occupation of Egypt, in an excavation The disease is never contagious, and one attack made at Fort St Julien, near Rosetta. More recent affords no immunity from a second.

Among the causes of roseola may be mentioned the irritation excited by dentition, gastric and intestinal irritation, excessive acidity of the stomach, the sudden checking of profuse perspiration, the drinking of cold water when the body is overbeatei, &c. It often precedes the distinctive eruphons of small-pox and varioloid; and is noticed to

excavations have shewn that it was found on the

site of a temple dedicated by the Necho II. of the 26th dynasty to the solar god Atum, or Tum. By the Arabs, R. is called Rashid. It first rose into importance when the accumulation of mud had silted up the Damietta branch, and destroyed the importance of that city. It has been much praised for its verdure and charming gardens, which