ROTIFERA-ROTTERDAM.

called by the marriage of his eldest son, Lionel, to his cousin Charlotte, daughter of the Baron Charles, Anselm, Solomon, and Charles all died in 1856, the first-named dying childless at Frankfurt, and leaving a fortune valued at from 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 florins Baron LIONEL DE R., eldest son of Nathan, and head of the London house, was born in London in 1808, and educated at Göttingen. He was early initiated by his father into the business of the firm, and has steadily and successfully applied himself to extend its colossal operations. He was elected for London in 1847, and at each election claimed to take the oaths and his seat in the House of Commons. The latter words of the oath on the true faith of a Christian'- he insisted upon omitting, as not being binding on his conscience.' He was then desired to withdraw from the House, and patiently awaited the fate of the bill of Jewish Emancipation, which usually passed the House of Commons, and was rejected by the Upper House. In 1858 he was, on the motion of Mr Duncombe, placed on a committee which was to hold a conference with the House of Lords, and this was virtually the means of establishing Jewish emancipation. The Commons sent up another bill, and a general belief prevailed that if it were, like the rest, thrown out by the lords, Jewish members would be admitted by resolution of their own House, instead of by act of parliament. The lords gave way, merely taking measures to prevent the admission of Jews into the upper chamber. Baron R. thereupon (July 1558) took the oaths and his seat amid the cheers of the House, and has ever since (1865) continued to represent the city of London. His brother NATHAN, and two or three other members of the Hebrew faith have since been elected to the House of Commons. As the members of each successive generation are received into the co-partnership, and the cousins, like crowned heads, usually intermarry,, and as their immense wealth is being continually augmented by a safe and profitable business, the name and operations of the firm, as public-loan contractors, dealers in bullion, and bill-discounters, promise to last as long as some royal dynasties.

ROTIFERA. See ROTATORIA.

ROTTENBURG, a town in Würtemberg, seven miles south-west from Tubingen, is situated on the Neckar. Pop. 5996. The castle, built in 1216, is now the House of Correction. In the neighbourhood are extensive hop-fields, orchards, and vineyards. The Roman station Sumelocennis stood on the site of R., and remains of roads and viaducts have been found.

former being north of that line, the latter extending southward to the Maas. Broad canais or bavens full of shipping, cut the Buitenstad into mani and lofty houses face the quays on either sie The largest canals are the Leuvenhaven and Onder haven, which trend inward from the Maas, and the Scheepmakershaven, Wijnhaven, Blaak, Harin vliet, and Nieuwhaven, parallel with the river. E rapidly extending in all directions. The populat a has doubled within 50 years, and on January 1, 1863, it amounted to 111,403-the Protestants numbering 73,256; Roman Catholics, 33,747 ; aLi Jews, 4410. During 1862, the births were 4253, rather more than 7 per cent. being illegitimate Pop, January 1, 1864, Î12,728.

The industries are varied, including sugar-refining. gin-distilling, the making of liqueurs, beer-brewar iron-founding, soap-boiling, the manufacture of vinegar, cigars, patent oil, sail and hair-cloths, articles of gold and silver, ship-building, &c. The works of the Netherlands' Steamboat Co, as Feijnoord, employ 700 men. The shipping trule is extensive, 2486 vessels arriving from sea-voyag¶ in 1863, and 2590 departing. Of these, 503 sallkés and 970 steam-ships, came from ports in Great Britain and Ireland; $45 sailing, and 970 steamvessels clearing out thither. A large trathc carried on with Germany, Belgium, and the mtere of the Netherlands, the steam-boat entries al.ne being 8762.

In 1863, the refined sugar exported rewbed 65,250,000 Netherlands' pounds. Large quantities of butter, cheese, yeast, madder, flax, fruits, &c., also live-stock, are annually exported to Great Britain.

R. has railway communication with the other cities of the Netherlands, Germany, and Belzum It is about 20 miles from the mouth of the Maas the great commercial highway between the open sea and the Rhine provinces of Prussia The man cipal government consists of a burgomaster, 4 wethouders (aldermen or bailies), and 34 councers R. has 4 Dutch Reformed Churches, 1 French Protestant, 1 English Episcopal, 1 Engiish Presbyterian, and 1 Scotch church, 6 Roman Cathoue chapels, and 1 Jewish synagogue. The chos are good, and subsidised by the municipaute, There are 3 for gymnastics; a normal school, one for training boys for sea, with (1863) 129 pupus, medical school, with 44 students; an institute f the deaf and dumb, at which 93 boys and 32 gris are educated by 15 teachers, 64 of the pupus twing admitted free; a grammar school called the Eras mius; and several institutions for arts, 8CHD-TS, architectural drawing, and music. The medical school has an anatomical museum; the Batavian Society possesses a good collection of philosophical instruments, books and models. The pubic ba ings are not remarkable for beauty. One of the best, the Museum Boijmans, with many valide paintings and works of art, was destroyed by are in 1863. The Exchange, built in 1722, is a par rectangular building of hewn stone. The bis vital, on the Coolsingel, a handsome erection, with exeviest internal arrangements, January 1, 1864, hai 25 ROTTERDAM (dam or dike of the Rotte), patients. The St Laurence Church, built at the after Amsterdam, the largest city in the Nether-end of the 15th c., is a spacious building, resting m lands, and a place of great commercial activity, is situated at the confluence of the Rotte with the Maas, in the province of South Holland. It forms a triangle with the apex to the north, and the base stretching along the river, ships from all parts of the world discharging their cargoes in front of the Boompjes, a splendid row of houses shaded with trees. The Hoog Straat, built on the dam or dike formed to repel inundations, divides the city into the Binnenstad and Buitenstad, the

ROTTENSTONE, a mineral consisting chiefly of alumina, with about ten per cent. of carbonaceous matter, and a little silica. It is supposed to be formed by decomposition of shale. It is found in Derbyshire, England, in Wales, and near Albany, in the state of New York. It is brown; either grayish, reddish, or blackish. It is soft, and easily scraped to powder, and is well-known to housewives, being much used for cleaning and polishing brass and other metals.

14 Gothic pillars, and ornamented with a ba truncated tower, the top of which is reacted by 326 steps. It has a splendid organ, and several beauti marble monuments, in honour of De Witt, Admiral Kortenaar, and other distinguished men Arm statue of Erasmus, stands on the Great Market and the house in which he was born is pointed cat in the Breede Kerk Straat, which leads to the Grest Church. The city is being added to and improvid and the water-way to the sea deepened and altered,

ROTTI-ROUEN.

so as to avoid the hindrances to the navigation with Laval and the rest of Flanders in linen which are caused by the sand-banks at the present manufactures. Pop. (1862) 37,000. mouth of the Maas.

ROTTI, an island in the Indian Archipelago, belonging to the Dutch, lies to the south-west of Timor, between 10° 39′-10° 56′ S. lat., and 122° 57' -123 29′ E. long.; pop. 75,000. Its greatest length, from east to west, is 36 miles, and the breadth from Termano, on the north, to Tilly, on the south, about 11 miles. The surface, though hilly, is nowhere more than 600 feet above the sea, and the fertile soil produces a rich vegetation.

The most valuable product is the Lontar palm, the wine or juice of which, either used fresh or thickened by boiling, and preserved in pots, forms a leading article of food. Next in importance is the Gabang tree, which bears large quantities of fruit, in size and shape like apricots, the fibre yielding a good tow, and the pith a sort of sago. Coco-nut, plantain, banana, and mango-trees are abundant. There is a great variety of timber trees, as beautiful manufacturing and trading cities of France, and the ebony, mahogany, and several sorts well adapted for ship-building, The Rottinese plant millet, tobacco, rice, &c. R. is famed for a small but noble and hardy race of horses, which are bought for exportation at about £1, 6s. each. There are many buffaloes, sheep, goats, swine, deer, fowls, &c. Edible nests, tripang tortoise-shell, and wax are articles of export. Horses, swine, palm-wine, syrup, sugar, and native sail-cloth are exported to Timor, and cotton fabrics, cotton, beads, iron, iron-work, powder, guns, and arrack received in exchange.

The Netherlands' Missionary Society have made considerable progress in Christianising the natives, who are a fine-looking race, originally, it is thought, from Java See Land en Zeetogten in Nederlands Indie, door Johannes Olivier; Reis door den Indischen Archipel, door L. J. van Rhijn.

ROUBLE, RUBLE, or RUBEL, the unit of the Russian money system. Pieces of peltry formed, in early times, the ordinary medium of exchange in Russia; but about the beginning of the 15th c., silver bars came more and more into use for larger payments, and to make up intermediate sums, pieces of the bars were cut off. It was in this cutting off, in Russian, rubat, that the name rouble originated. The present silver rouble is equivalent to 38. 21d. sterling, nearly. Half, quarter, fifth, tenth, and twentieth parts of a rouble are also coined in silver; and gold coins of nominally five roubles (demi-imperials, really worth 5 roubles 15 copecs), and three roubles (imperial ducats) are also in circulation. The present Russian state paper-money is at par with the coinage. The rouble is divided into 100 copecs. ROUEN (Lat. Rotomagus), one of the principal capital of the dep. of Seine-Inférieure, is situated on the right bank of the Seine, 87 miles northwest of Paris by railway. The ramparts have been converted into spacious boulevards, which, as well as the quays that line the river-banks, are little if anything inferior to the boulevards and quays of Paris. The deep waters of the Seine form a commodious port, which is generally crowded with ships of all nations, from vessels of 300 tons. to the smallest river-craft. A stone-bridge and a suspension-bridge connect the Faubourg St Sever, on the left bank of the river, with the city, which is at once one of the most picturesque and one of the busiest and liveliest places in France. Some of the streets are well and regularly built, with fine modern stone houses; but the greater part of R. consists of old, ill-built, but picturesque streets and squares, with tall, narrow, quaintly-carved, ROTTWEIL, a small town of Wurtemburg, on a wooden-bound, and gabled houses. Among the declivity on the left bank of the Upper Neckar, 38 many beautiful Gothic churches for which it is miles east-north-east of Freiburg in Baden. It con-noted, the finest are the cathedral and the church of tains a beautiful exchange, a number of interesting St Ouen. The former, one of the noblest metropochurches, and two powder-mills. Its manufactures litan churches of France, is a remarkably fine are silk, cotton, and woollen fabrics, and its corn- specimen of Gothic architecture. It is built in market is one of the most important in the kingdom. cruciform shape, and has two towers at the sides Pop. about 3716. of the west entrance, and a lofty tower (464 feet high) terminating in a cast-iron spire, which was erected after the destruction by fire in 1822 of the old wooden belfry, which bore the date of 1544. It was erected by Philippe-Auguste between 1200 and 1220, and contains, in its 25 highly-ornamented chapels, numerous monuments of great interestamong others, those of Duke Rollo of Normandy, and his son, William Long-Sword. The heart of Richard Cœur de Lion is preserved, together with numerous other relics, in the sacristy. The church dral, is one of the most interesting buildings in R.; of St Ouen, which is almost as large as the catheand in its present restored state, presents a pure and elegant specimen of Gothic architecture. Among the other buildings of R., the finest are the Palais de Justice, belonging to the 15th c., and built for the parliament of the province; the Hôtel de Ville, with its public library of 40,000 volumes, and its gallery of pictures; and the Hôtel Dieu, one of the educational, and scientific institutions; and next to largest of its kind. R. has numerous benevolent, Lyon, is perhaps the most important manufacturing town in the empire. The principal branches of industry are cotton manufactures, including the checked and striped cottons specially designated as Rouenneries, nankeens, dimity, lace, cotton-vel vets, shawls, &c. R. has also extensive manufao. tories of hosiery, mixed silk and wool fabrics, blankets, flannels, hats, cordage, cotton and linen

R. is the site of an ancient Roman colony, among the ruins of which was discovered, besides a large number of other valuable antiquities, now preserved in the buildings of the gymnasium, a now well-known piece of mosaic work, upon which, among others, are an excellent drawing of Orpheus, and a number of profile drawings of the larger kinds of game, of chariot-races, and of gladiatorial encounters.

ROTUNDA, a building with circular exterior and interior, such as the Pantheon of Rome.

ROTURIER (according to Duncange, from rupturarius, a peasant; ab agrum rumpendo), one of the ignoble classes, who, during the early period of the feudal system, were separated from the highborn by almost as broad a line of demarcation as that which divided liberty from servitude. When the feudal theory of knight's-service came to be recognised as the only principle of gentle tenure, the term roturier came to be applied to the part of the population who continued to hold by the older or allodial tenure.

ROUBAIX, a flourishing manufacturing town in the north of France, in the dep. of Nord, and six miles north-east of Lille. It has risen into importance only in the present century. Numerous mills and factories, as well as dye-works and tanneries, are in operation. R. rivals Elbeuf and Louviers for woollen cloths and carpets, and vies

ROUGE-ROUGE ET NOIR.

yarus, shot, steel, lead, chemicals, paper, &c. Among other branches of industry, we may mention shipbuilding, and machinery in various departments, R. is the seat of an archbishop, a High Court of Justice for the department, a Tribunal of First Instance, and of Commerce, &c. Pop. (1862) 94,679. History. As the original capital in France of the Northmen, who took possession of it in 842, and settled there in accordance with the agreement which Charles the Simple was compelled to make with their leader Rollo, R. presents special points of interest to Englishmen. It was the residence of the dukes of Normandy till Duke William, in 1066, on his conquest of England, transferred the seat of his court to London; and, till the time of Richard Coeur de Lion, it continued to be the capital of Normandy, and was the seat of government of the Norman possessions of William the Conqueror's successors; but in 1204, it was taken by siege by the French king, Philippe Auguste, and annexed with the main part of the duchy to the French crown. During the wars of Henry V. and Henry VI. of England, it was under the power of the English from 1419 to 1449, when it was retaken by the French under Charles VII. It was during this temporary period of its occupation by the English, that the heroic Joan d'Arc was burned alive (1431) as a witch in the square of the city, in which stands her statue, and which is called in memory of her, Place de la Pucelle.

figure). The game is played as follows: one of the tailleurs (or dealers, who manage the table, take charge of the bank, and keep an eye on the players takes up his position at one side of the table, opposite to the croupier (another tailleur), and unseals,

TAILLEUR

CROUPIER

Rouge et Noir.

in the presence of the players, six packs of caria which are first counted, then shuffled by severa tailleurs, and returned to the first tailleur, was presents them to one of the players to be cut. is performed by the insertion of a blank card a in any part of the pack, which is then adjusted, and the game proceeds. Each player must stake s money on some one of the four chances, denominated noir, rouge, couleur, and l'inverse, which will be afterROUGE, a preparation of safflower, used to give wards explained. After the stakes have been is i an artificial colour to the cheeks, and, when pro- on the table (those for the noir being laid on either perly prepared, said to be perfectly innocuous to of the quarters marked with a black; and the those who use it. The colour is obtained through for the rouge, on either of the quarters marked a long and elaborate process, by precipitating it with a red diamond; those for the 'couleur on cue from the safflower, by means of citric acid or of the transverse bands; and those for the 'inverse lemon-juice, on to prepared cotton. It is then on one of the yellow circles at the end of tar washed out of the cotton with a solution of soda, table), the tailleur takes a handful of cards ir m and again precipitated with citric acid; but previous the top of the pack, and deals first for the nor, to adding the acid, finely-powdered French chalk taking one card after another from the top of the is added to the solution, which becomes coloured, handful and placing them on the table side by side, and falls down, when the precipitation takes place, till the number of pips on them amounts to re giving the necessary body, and a peculiarly silky than 30, when he stops. He then deals out another lustre to the colouring matter. Jeweller's rouge is a row in a similar manner for the ronge, till, as bei re, preparation of iron formed by calcining sulphate of the number of pips amounts to more than 3 la iron or green vitriol, until the water of crystallisa-reckoning the number of pips, the ace is counted as tion is expelled; it is then roasted in a strong heat, and afterwards washed with water, until it no longer affects litmus paper. Liquid rouge is the red liquor left in making carmine.

one, the other plain cards according to the number of pips, and the court-cards 10 each. It will thus be seen that the number to which each of the two rows of cards amounts, must be more than 30 and

ROUGE CROIX, one of the pursuivants belong. not more than 40. If the value of the first row a ing to the heraldic establishment of England, gener-nearer 31 than that of the second, then the first ally allowed to be the most ancient, although the row, or noir, wins, if the contrary is the case, tha period of institution is uncertain. The title is the second row, or rouge wins. Couleur wa derived from the red cross of St George, the patron if the first card tabled by the tailleur is of the

saint of England.

ROUGE DRAGON, the title of a pursuivancy founded by Heury VIL, on the day before his coronation. The name is taken from the supposed ensign of Cadwaladyr, the last king of the Britons, ancestor of that monarch. The red dragon was also sometimes used by Henry VIL as a supporter. ROUGE ET NOIR (Fr. 'red and black'), TRENTE UN (thirty-one), or TRENTE ET QUARANTE (thirty and forty'), is a modern game of chance, which is played by the aid of packs of cards on a table covered with green cloth. The table is of a form similar to that shewn in the figure. It is divided into four portions, each marked in the centre with a diamond, the diamonds being alternately red and black; and these quarters are further separated, two and two, by bands which cross the table at its narrowest part. At the end of the table are a series of concentric bands painted of a yellow colour (not represented in the

winning colour; thus, for instance, if the first cari
but if the first card dealt be not of the wi
laid down is a 'spade' or 'club,' and if not W18,
colour, then inverse wins, and couleur loses 14
(and no more) of the four chances can be wing
chances at one time; and the winning play
have their stakes increased by an equal sum from
the bank, and then withdraw their stake an:
winnings, while the stakes of the losers are rand
by the tailleurs to the bank in the catre d
the table. When the value of the first,
row, is equal to that of the second, or rouge row, it
is a refait, and the dealer must commence to dal
anew from the cards remaining in his hand, when
the refait occurs, the player may either with:raw
his stake, or stake on a different chance, with the
same or more or less money as he thinks proper.
The game of Rouge et Noir would be an even one
between the players and the bank, were it not fat
the following regulation: When the pants int
for the noir and the rouge each amount to 31 y' sa

ROUGH-CAST-ROULETTE.

refait de Trente-et-un '), the half of all the stakes on enters a hole the number of which is found in his each of the chances belongs to the bank, and this column, he is paid 3 times his stake. Those who prefer the players may either pay or have their stakes staking their money on any of the chances marked 'put in prison,' the next deal determining whether on the edge of the table, if they win, receive double they shall belong to the bank or be restored to the their stake (their stake and as much more), and player. If a second doublet of 31 occurs in the deal under the following circumstances: The pair' wins immediately succeeding, the stakes which were in when the ball falls into a hole marked by an even prison are diminished by one half, which goes to the number; the impair,' if the hole is marked odd; bank, and the other half is 'put into the second the manque,' if the hole is numbered from 1 to 18 prison,' from which it requires two successive win-inclusive; the 'passe,' if it is numbered from 19 to nings of the player to regain them. The chance of 36 inclusive; the rouge,' if it is coloured red; and 'un refait de trente-et-un" is about once in 64 deals. the 'noir,' if it is coloured black. If the ball should This game superseded Faro (q. v.) and Biribi in France about 1789, but along with Roulette (q. v.), was forbidden by law in 1838.

ROUGH-CAST, a kind of coarse plaster mixed with gravel, which is applied to the exterior of walls to protect them from the weather. It is also called Harling in Scotland, where it is much used.

ROULERS, a town of West Flanders, Belgium, 19 miles south-south-west of Bruges. In the vicinity flax is extensively grown, and in the town itself linen is largely bleached and manufactured. Pop. 11,200.

ROULETTE (Fr. 'a little wheel'), a game of chance which, from the end of last century till the beginning of 1838, reigned supreme over all others in Paris. It is now chiefly confined to the German and Italian spas and other favourite summer resorts, and it is said that fully 200,000 francs (£8000) is spent annually by the keepers of these roulette tables in advertising in the Parisian journals. This game, which is purely one of chance, is played on a table (see fig.) of an oblong form, covered with green cloth, which has in its centre a cavity, of a little more than two feet in diameter, in the shape of a punch-bowl. This cavity, which has several copper bands round its sides at equal distances from each other, has its sides fixed, but the bottom is movable round an axis placed in the centre of the cavity; the handle by which motion is communicated being a species of cross or capstan of copper fixed on the upper extremity of the axis. Round the circumference of this movable bottom are 38 holes, painted in black and red alternately, with the first 36 numbers, and a single and double zero, as shewn in the figure; and these 38 symbols are also figured at each end of the table in order that the players may place their stakes on the chance they select. Along the margin of the table and at each end of it are painted six words, pair, passe, noir, impair, manque, rouge, which will be afterwards explained. Those who manage the table and keep the bank are called tailleurs. The game is played as follows: One of the tailleurs puts the movable bottom in motion by turning the cross with his forefinger, and at the same instant throws into the cavity an ivory ball in a direction opposite to the motion of the bottom; the ball makes several revolutions, and at last falls into one of the 38 holes above mentioned, the hole into which it falls determining the gain or loss of the players. A player may stake his money on 1, 2, or any of the 38 numbers (including the zeros), and shews what number or numbers he selects by placing his stake upon them; if he has selected a number or zero corresponding to the one into which the ball falls, he receives from one of the tailleurs 36 times his stake—viz., his stake and 35 times more-if he selected only 1 number, 18 times if 2 numbers, 12 times if 3 numbers, &c. The blank rectangles at the bottom of each of the 3 columns of numbers figured on the table, are for the reception of the stake of that player who selects a column (12 numbers) as his chance, and if the ball

98

18

08

87

61

81

Passe.

Noir.

Passe.

Pair.

fall into either of the holes marked with the single or the double zero, the stakes of those players who venture upon the 6 chances last described are either equally divided between the bank and the players, or as is more commonly the case, they are put in prison,' as it is called, and the succeeding trial determines whether they are to be restored to the players or gained by the bank. Should it so happen that at this trial the ball again falls into one of the two holes (the chance against its occurring is 360 to 1) marked with zeros, then half of the stakes in prison are taken by the bank, and the remainder are put into the second prison,' and so on. The tailleurs thus have an advantage over the players

ROUND-ROUND TOWERS.